This document discusses different types of computer memory and storage devices. It describes volatile memory like RAM that loses data when power is removed, and non-volatile memory like ROM that retains data without power. RAM is divided into SRAM and DRAM. Storage devices include hard disks with platters that store data magnetically, floppy disks, CDs, DVDs, and magnetic tapes. Each storage type has advantages for different use cases in terms of capacity, portability, write capabilities, and more.
A full ppt about computer memory.It will contain all data about computer memory like types of memory,ram and rom, types of ram and rom and cache memory.
RAM(Random Access memory) is a volatile memory.RAM is our working memory storage. All the data, which the PC uses and works with during operation, are stored here. Data are stored on drives, typically the hard drive. However, for the CPU to work with those data, they must be read into the working memory storage, which is made up of RAM chips.
Historical review:
Back in the 80's, PC's were equipped with RAM in quantities of 64 KB, 256 KB, 512 KB and finally 1 MB. Around 1990, advanced operating systems, like Windows, appeared on the market, that started the RAM race. The PC needed more and more RAM. That worked fine with the 386 processor, which could address larger amount of RAM. The first Windows operated PC's could address 2 MB RAM, but 4 MB soon became the standard. The race has continued through the 90's, as RAM prices have dropped dramatically. Today it would be foolish to consider less than 64 MB RAM in a PC. The OS like windows Xp requires better than this.
What is RAM? Why is it called Random Access Memory? What does Volatile & Non-Volatile Memory Means? What is SAM? Why is it called Sequential Access Memory? Other uses of RAM? What is Virtual Memory? What is RAM Disk? What is Shadow RAM?... By the end of this Presentation you will be able to answer these questions, so start Sliding the Slides!
A full ppt about computer memory.It will contain all data about computer memory like types of memory,ram and rom, types of ram and rom and cache memory.
RAM(Random Access memory) is a volatile memory.RAM is our working memory storage. All the data, which the PC uses and works with during operation, are stored here. Data are stored on drives, typically the hard drive. However, for the CPU to work with those data, they must be read into the working memory storage, which is made up of RAM chips.
Historical review:
Back in the 80's, PC's were equipped with RAM in quantities of 64 KB, 256 KB, 512 KB and finally 1 MB. Around 1990, advanced operating systems, like Windows, appeared on the market, that started the RAM race. The PC needed more and more RAM. That worked fine with the 386 processor, which could address larger amount of RAM. The first Windows operated PC's could address 2 MB RAM, but 4 MB soon became the standard. The race has continued through the 90's, as RAM prices have dropped dramatically. Today it would be foolish to consider less than 64 MB RAM in a PC. The OS like windows Xp requires better than this.
What is RAM? Why is it called Random Access Memory? What does Volatile & Non-Volatile Memory Means? What is SAM? Why is it called Sequential Access Memory? Other uses of RAM? What is Virtual Memory? What is RAM Disk? What is Shadow RAM?... By the end of this Presentation you will be able to answer these questions, so start Sliding the Slides!
Primary memory (main memory)
complete knowledge about main memory Ram Rom and its kinds
with history and pictures
try it to believe it
Main memory refers to physical memory that is internal to the computer
ROM(Read Only Memory ) is computer memory on which data has been prerecorded. Once data has been written onto a ROM chip, it cannot be removed and can only be read.
Secondary memory is where programs and data are kept on a long-term basis. Common secondary storage devices are the hard disk and optical disks. The hard disk has enormous storage capacity compared to main memory. The hard disk is usually contained inside the case of a computer.
Computer memory is any physical device capable of storing information temporarily or permanently.
Memory is the most essential part of a computer.
Without memory there would be no computer, as we know it today.
Modern computers use semiconductor memory
It is made up of thousands of circuits (paths) for electrical currents on a single silicon chip
This can be divided into three categories
-Internal processor Memory
-Main Memory
-Secondary Memory
Primary memory (main memory)
complete knowledge about main memory Ram Rom and its kinds
with history and pictures
try it to believe it
Main memory refers to physical memory that is internal to the computer
ROM(Read Only Memory ) is computer memory on which data has been prerecorded. Once data has been written onto a ROM chip, it cannot be removed and can only be read.
Secondary memory is where programs and data are kept on a long-term basis. Common secondary storage devices are the hard disk and optical disks. The hard disk has enormous storage capacity compared to main memory. The hard disk is usually contained inside the case of a computer.
Computer memory is any physical device capable of storing information temporarily or permanently.
Memory is the most essential part of a computer.
Without memory there would be no computer, as we know it today.
Modern computers use semiconductor memory
It is made up of thousands of circuits (paths) for electrical currents on a single silicon chip
This can be divided into three categories
-Internal processor Memory
-Main Memory
-Secondary Memory
Storage devices
This lesson includes the following sections:
Categorizing Storage Devices
Magnetic Storage Devices
Optical Storage Devices
Storage devices hold data, even when the computer is turned off.
The physical material that actually holds data is called a storage medium. The surface of a floppy disk is a storage medium.
The hardware that writes data to or reads data from a storage medium is called a storage device. A floppy disk drive is a storage device.
The two primary storage technologies are magnetic and optical.
Diskettes (floppy disks)
Hard disks
High-capacity floppy disks
Disk cartridges
Magnetic tape
Compact Disk Read-Only Memory (CD-ROM) A magnetic disk's medium contains iron particles, which can be polarized—given a magnetic charge—in one of two directions.
Each particle's direction represents a 1 (on) or 0 (off), representing each bit of data that the CPU can recognize.
A disk drive uses read/write heads containing electromagnets to create magnetic charges on the medium.
Digital Video Disk Read-Only Memory
(DVD-ROM)
CD-Recordable (CD-R)
CD-Rewritable (CD-RW)
PhotoCD
Palestine last event orientationfvgnh .pptxRaedMohamed3
An EFL lesson about the current events in Palestine. It is intended to be for intermediate students who wish to increase their listening skills through a short lesson in power point.
Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
In Odoo, the multi-company feature allows you to manage multiple companies within a single Odoo database instance. Each company can have its own configurations while still sharing common resources such as products, customers, and suppliers.
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
Ethnobotany and Ethnopharmacology:
Ethnobotany in herbal drug evaluation,
Impact of Ethnobotany in traditional medicine,
New development in herbals,
Bio-prospecting tools for drug discovery,
Role of Ethnopharmacology in drug evaluation,
Reverse Pharmacology.
How to Split Bills in the Odoo 17 POS ModuleCeline George
Bills have a main role in point of sale procedure. It will help to track sales, handling payments and giving receipts to customers. Bill splitting also has an important role in POS. For example, If some friends come together for dinner and if they want to divide the bill then it is possible by POS bill splitting. This slide will show how to split bills in odoo 17 POS.
This is a presentation by Dada Robert in a Your Skill Boost masterclass organised by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan (EFSS) on Saturday, the 25th and Sunday, the 26th of May 2024.
He discussed the concept of quality improvement, emphasizing its applicability to various aspects of life, including personal, project, and program improvements. He defined quality as doing the right thing at the right time in the right way to achieve the best possible results and discussed the concept of the "gap" between what we know and what we do, and how this gap represents the areas we need to improve. He explained the scientific approach to quality improvement, which involves systematic performance analysis, testing and learning, and implementing change ideas. He also highlighted the importance of client focus and a team approach to quality improvement.
2. Index
• Introduction
• Memory
– Volatile
• RAM
– SRAM
– DRAM
– Non volatile
• Differnce between RAM and ROM
• Storage devices
– Hard disk
– Floppy disk
– Magnetic Disk
– Optical
• CD-ROM
• CD-Recordable (CD-R)
• CD-R/W
• DVD
– Magnetic Tape
3. INTRODUCTION
• Computer memory is the storage space in
computer where data is to be processed and
instructions required for processing are
stored.
• Memory is primarily of two types
• Internal Memory - cache memory and
primary/main memory
• External Memory - magnetic disk / optical
disk etc.
5. Volatile memory:
• It also known as volatile storage & temporary
memory.
• Volatile memory retains the information as
long as power supply is on, but when power
supply is off or interrupted the stored memory
is lost.
• Eg : RAM
6. Non-volatile Memory:
• Non-volatile memory is typically used for the
task of secondary storage, or long-term
persistent storage
• Examples of non-volatile memory
include read-only memory flash memory and
early computer storage methods such
as paper tape and punched cards.
7. RAM
• A RAM constitutes the internal memory of the
CPU for storing data, program and program
result
• It is read/write memory. It is called random
access memory (RAM).
• RAM is of two types:
– Static RAM (SRAM)
– Dynamic RAM (DRAM)
8. STATIC RAM (SRAM)
• The word static indicates that the memory
retains its contents as long as power remains
applied.
• SRAM chips use a matrix of 6-transistors and no
capacitors.
• Static RAM is used as cache memory needs to be
very fast and small.
• SRAM uses more chips than DRAM for the same
amount of storage space, thus making the
manufacturing costs higher.
9. DYNAMIC RAM (DRAM)
• DRAM, unlike SRAM, must be
continually refreshed in order for it to
maintain the data.
• All DRAMs are made up of memory cells.
These cells are composed of one capacitor and
one transistor.
• DRAM is used for most system memory
because it is cheap and small
10. Difference between RAM & ROM
RAM ROM
VOLATILE MEMORY NON VOLATILE
Data in ram is not permanently written
when power off, data deleted
Permanently, not erased
Ram: DRAM & SRAM ROM: PROM & EPROM
It requires flow of electricity to retain data It does not requires electricity to retain
data
Ram is the memory available for the
operating system programs and process
to use when the computer is running
Rom is the memory that comes with your
computer that is pre-written to hold the
instructions for booting up the computer
11. STORAGE DEVICES :
• Storage devices are used to maintain
programs, data, and information for later use.
• Storage devices include: magnetic tapes,
magnetic disks, floppy disks, zip disks, optical
discs, CDs, DVDs, and hard disks
• Primary storage: is the storage provided by
memory in a computer system .
12. Hard Disks
• A hard disk is a higher capacity medium, with up to hundreds of
gigabytes.
• They are usually non-removable, but removable hard disks are becoming
more common
• They can be both read from and written to.
• The basic technology used in hard disks is similar to that of magnetic tape
• Magnetic material is layered onto a high-precision aluminum disk
• The disk head can move to any point on the platter almost instantly
compared to tape
• With tape, the head touches the tape. With disks, the head never
touches the platter
• Tape moves at approx 5 cm/s. Disk platters move at up to 7500 cm/s (272
km/h!)
13. Floppy Disk:
• A floppy disk is a low capacity disk which may be removed from the
computer.
• Those holding a small amount of data (typically 1.44 Mb) and ‘Super
floppies’ known as ZIP disks (typically 100 Mb)
• Data may be written to and read from a floppy. A small notch can be
used to make the disk read-only.
• They are small lightweight and easy to transport.
• Ideal for backups of small amounts of data or for transfer of data from
one machine to another.
• Floppy Drives are common to most if not all computers.
• On the down side, they may be easily misplaced, damaged or stolen.
• There is a risk of transferring VIRUSES
14. Magnetic Disks :
• Disk substrate coated with
magnetizable material (iron
oxide…rust)
• Substrate originally was aluminium - Is
now glass
– Improved surface uniformity
• Increases reliability
– Reduction in surface defects
• Reduced read/write errors
– Lower flight heights (head rides on air gap)
– Better stiffness
– Better shock/damage resistance
15. Disk Data Layout
•The platter in a concentric set of
ringds called Tracks
•There can be thousands of tracks
per surface
•Adjacent tracks are separated by
gaps
•Data are transferred to and from
the disk in sectors
16. Cylinders
•The set of all tracks in the
same relative position on the
platter is referred to as a
cylinder
•All shaded part are cylinder
17. Multiple Platters
• Multiple –platter disks
employ a movable head, with
one read write per platter
• All heads are mechanically
fixed so that all are at the same
distance from the centre of the
disk and move together
19. • Originally for audio
• 650Mbytes giving over 70 minutes audio
• Polycarbonate coated with highly reflective
coat, usually aluminium
• Data stored as pits
• Read by reflecting laser
• Constant packing density
• Constant linear velocity
Optical Storage CD-ROM
20. CD-ROM Format
• Mode 0=blank data field
• Mode 1=2048 byte data+error correction
• Mode 2=2336 byte data
21. CD-ROM for & against
• Large capacity (?)
• Easy to mass produce
• Removable
• Robust
• Expensive for small runs
• Slow
• Read only
22. Other Optical Storage
• CD-Recordable (CD-R)
– WORM
– Now affordable
– Compatible with CD-ROM drives
• CD-RW
– Erasable
– Getting cheaper
– Mostly CD-ROM drive compatible
– Phase change
• Material has two different reflectivity's in different phase
states
23. DVD - what’s in a name?
• Digital Video Disk
– Used to indicate a player for movies
• Only plays video disks
• Digital Versatile Disk
– Used to indicate a computer drive
• Will read computer disks and play video disks
• Dogs Veritable Dinner
• Officially - nothing!!!
24. DVD - technology
• Multi-layer
• Very high capacity (4.7G per layer)
• Full length movie on single disk
– Using MPEG compression
• Finally standardized (honest!)
• Movies carry regional coding
• Players only play correct region films
• Can be “fixed”
25. DVD – Writable
• Loads of trouble with standards
• First generation DVD drives may not read first
generation DVD-W disks
• First generation DVD drives may not read CD-
RW disks
• Wait for it to settle down before buying!
28. Conclusion
• If there is one thing that nearly every computer
owner needs, it is a place to store his data. Data
storage is one of the areas of computing that has
evolved most in recent years, and computer
storage devices are now incredibly varied in
terms of cost, performance, size and storage
space. Each type of computer storage device has
its own advantages, and you may find that the
ideal solution for your storage needs involves a
combination of storage types.