Computer memory can be divided into three main types: cache memory, primary/main memory, and secondary memory. Primary memory is the working memory of the computer, usually made up of semiconductor devices like RAM and ROM. Secondary memory is for long-term storage, includes magnetic disks, optical disks like CDs/DVDs, and tapes. Memory is also divided into smaller units called cells that each have a unique address from 0 to the total memory size minus one.
Basic Computer Operations. Input: Information and programs are entered into the computer through Input devices such as the keyboard, disks, or through other computers via network connections or modems connected to the Internet.
Computer literacy is defined as the knowledge and ability to use computers and related technology efficiently, with skill levels ranging from elementary use to computer programming and advanced problem solving.
Microcomputers (personal computers)
Microcomputers became the most common type of computer in the late 20th century. The term “microcomputer” was introduced with the advent of systems based on single-chip microprocessors. The best-known early system was the Altair 8800, introduced in 1975. The term "microcomputer" has practically become an anachronism.
This presentation will be discussing Computer systems, include the computer along with any software and peripheral devices that are necessary to make the computer function. The study will review the function of computer systems and be able to design a computer system.
Introduction, Memory Hierarchy, Random Access Memory (RAM), Types of RAM, Read Only Memory (ROM), Types of ROM. Introduction, Classification of Secondary Storage Devices, Magnetic Tape, Magnetic Disk, Optical Disk, Magneto Optical disk.
Basic Computer Operations. Input: Information and programs are entered into the computer through Input devices such as the keyboard, disks, or through other computers via network connections or modems connected to the Internet.
Computer literacy is defined as the knowledge and ability to use computers and related technology efficiently, with skill levels ranging from elementary use to computer programming and advanced problem solving.
Microcomputers (personal computers)
Microcomputers became the most common type of computer in the late 20th century. The term “microcomputer” was introduced with the advent of systems based on single-chip microprocessors. The best-known early system was the Altair 8800, introduced in 1975. The term "microcomputer" has practically become an anachronism.
This presentation will be discussing Computer systems, include the computer along with any software and peripheral devices that are necessary to make the computer function. The study will review the function of computer systems and be able to design a computer system.
Introduction, Memory Hierarchy, Random Access Memory (RAM), Types of RAM, Read Only Memory (ROM), Types of ROM. Introduction, Classification of Secondary Storage Devices, Magnetic Tape, Magnetic Disk, Optical Disk, Magneto Optical disk.
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Basic training on computer and internet for all age group. Now learn computer and internet on your own and surprise your loved ones!
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Computer Introduction-Lecture02 for applied scince college students, Seiyun University , yemen 2023-2024 Academic year. لطلاب كلية العلوم التطبيقية بجامعة سيئون
مقدمة في علوم الحاسوب المحاضرة الثانية
Basic training on computer and internet for all age group. Now learn computer and internet on your own and surprise your loved ones! :)
Lets Just Go For It! Wish you an Awesome Leaning Experience.
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Students, digital devices and success - Andreas Schleicher - 27 May 2024..pptxEduSkills OECD
Andreas Schleicher presents at the OECD webinar ‘Digital devices in schools: detrimental distraction or secret to success?’ on 27 May 2024. The presentation was based on findings from PISA 2022 results and the webinar helped launch the PISA in Focus ‘Managing screen time: How to protect and equip students against distraction’ https://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/education/managing-screen-time_7c225af4-en and the OECD Education Policy Perspective ‘Students, digital devices and success’ can be found here - https://oe.cd/il/5yV
Instructions for Submissions thorugh G- Classroom.pptxJheel Barad
This presentation provides a briefing on how to upload submissions and documents in Google Classroom. It was prepared as part of an orientation for new Sainik School in-service teacher trainees. As a training officer, my goal is to ensure that you are comfortable and proficient with this essential tool for managing assignments and fostering student engagement.
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
How to Make a Field invisible in Odoo 17Celine George
It is possible to hide or invisible some fields in odoo. Commonly using “invisible” attribute in the field definition to invisible the fields. This slide will show how to make a field invisible in odoo 17.
Welcome to TechSoup New Member Orientation and Q&A (May 2024).pdfTechSoup
In this webinar you will learn how your organization can access TechSoup's wide variety of product discount and donation programs. From hardware to software, we'll give you a tour of the tools available to help your nonprofit with productivity, collaboration, financial management, donor tracking, security, and more.
Ethnobotany and Ethnopharmacology:
Ethnobotany in herbal drug evaluation,
Impact of Ethnobotany in traditional medicine,
New development in herbals,
Bio-prospecting tools for drug discovery,
Role of Ethnopharmacology in drug evaluation,
Reverse Pharmacology.
2. Memory Cell & Organization
• A memory is just like a human brain. It is used to store data and instructions. Computer memory
is the storage space in the computer, where data is to be processed and instructions required for
processing are stored. The memory is divided into large number of small parts called cells. Each
location or cell has a unique address, which varies from zero to memory size minus one. For
example, if the computer has 64k words, then this memory unit has 64 * 1024 = 65536 memory
locations. The address of these locations varies from 0 to 65535.
• Memory is primarily of three types −
• Cache Memory
• Primary Memory/Main Memory
• Secondary Memory
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3. Cache Memory
• Cache memory is a very high speed semiconductor memory which can speed up the CPU. It acts as a buffer
between the CPU and the main memory. It is used to hold those parts of data and program which are most
frequently used by the CPU. The parts of data and programs are transferred from the disk to cache memory
by the operating system, from where the CPU can access them.
• Advantages
• The advantages of cache memory are as follows −
• Cache memory is faster than main memory.
• It consumes less access time as compared to main memory.
• It stores the program that can be executed within a short period of time.
• It stores data for temporary use.
• Disadvantages
• The disadvantages of cache memory are as follows −
• Cache memory has limited capacity.
• It is very expensive. Bali Thorat
4. Primary Memory (Main Memory)
• Primary memory holds only those data and instructions on which the computer is currently
working. It has a limited capacity and data is lost when power is switched off. It is generally made
up of semiconductor device. These memories are not as fast as registers. The data and instruction
required to be processed resides in the main memory. It is divided into two subcategories RAM
and ROM.
• Characteristics of Main Memory
• These are semiconductor memories.
• It is known as the main memory.
• Usually volatile memory.
• Data is lost in case power is switched off.
• It is the working memory of the computer.
• Faster than secondary memories.
• A computer cannot run without the primary memory.
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5. Secondary Memory
• This type of memory is also known as external memory or non-volatile. It is slower than the main
memory. These are used for storing data/information permanently. CPU directly does not access
these memories, instead they are accessed via input-output routines. The contents of secondary
memories are first transferred to the main memory, and then the CPU can access it. For example,
disk, CD-ROM, DVD, etc.
• Characteristics of Secondary Memory
• These are magnetic and optical memories.
• It is known as the backup memory.
• It is a non-volatile memory.
• Data is permanently stored even if power is switched off.
• It is used for storage of data in a computer.
• Computer may run without the secondary memory.
• Slower than primary memories.
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6. • there are two types of secondary memory – fixed and removable.
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7. Hard Disk Drive
• Hard disk drive is made up of a series of circular disks called platters arranged one over the other
almost ½ inches apart around a spindle. Disks are made of non-magnetic material like aluminum
alloy and coated with 10-20 nm of magnetic material.
• Standard diameter of these disks is 14 inches and they rotate with speeds varying from 4200 rpm
(rotations per minute) for personal computers to 15000 rpm for servers. Data is stored by
magnetizing or demagnetizing the magnetic coating. A magnetic reader arm is used to read data
from and write data to the disks. A typical modern HDD has capacity in terabytes (TB).
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8. CD Drive
• CD stands for Compact Disk. CDs are circular disks that use optical rays, usually lasers, to read and
write data. They are very cheap as you can get 700 MB of storage space for less than a dollar. CDs
are inserted in CD drives built into CPU cabinet. They are portable as you can eject the drive,
remove the CD and carry it with you. There are three types of CDs −
• CD-ROM (Compact Disk – Read Only Memory) − The data on these CDs are recorded by the
manufacturer. Proprietary Software, audio or video are released on CD-ROMs.
• CD-R (Compact Disk – Recordable) − Data can be written by the user once on the CD-R. It cannot
be deleted or modified later.
• CD-RW (Compact Disk – Rewritable) − Data can be written and deleted on these optical disks
again and again.
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9. DVD Drive
• DVD stands for Digital Video Display. DVD are optical devices that can
store 15 times the data held by CDs. They are usually used to store
rich multimedia files that need high storage capacity. DVDs also come
in three varieties – read only, recordable and rewritable.
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10. Pen Drive
• Pen drive is a portable memory device that uses solid state memory rather than
magnetic fields or lasers to record data. It uses a technology similar to RAM,
except that it is nonvolatile. It is also called USB drive, key drive or flash memory.
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11. Blu Ray Disk (BD)
• Blu Ray Disk (BD) is an optical storage media used to store high
definition (HD) video and other multimedia filed. BD uses shorter
wavelength laser as compared to CD/DVD. This enables writing arm to
focus more tightly on the disk and hence pack in more data. BDs can
store up to 128 GB data.
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12. Floppy disk (FD)
• A floppy disk is a magnetic storage medium for computer systems. It came in several different
sizes, including the 8-inch and the 3.5-inch, and is composed of a thin and flexible magnetic disk
sealed in a square plastic carrier. The different types of floppy disks required a different floppy
disk drive.
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13. Tape Drive
• A tape drive is one of the oldest data storage devices which allows for
reading and writing data on a magnetic tape. Even though most
organizations have since switched to disks or cloud storage devices for
their primary storage, tape is still widely used for backup and
recovery purposes.
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14. RAM
• RAM (Random Access Memory) is the internal memory of the CPU for storing
data, program, and program result. It is a read/write memory which stores data
until the machine is working. As soon as the machine is switched off, data is
erased.
• RAM is volatile, i.e. data stored in it is lost when we switch off the computer or if
there is a power failure. Hence, a backup Uninterruptible Power System (UPS) is
often used with computers. RAM is small, both in terms of its physical size and in
the amount of data it can hold.
• RAM is of two types −
• Static RAM (SRAM)
• Dynamic RAM (DRAM)
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15. ROM
• ROM stands for Read Only Memory. The memory from which we can
only read but cannot write on it. This type of memory is non-volatile.
The information is stored permanently in such memories during
manufacture. A ROM stores such instructions that are required to
start a computer. This operation is referred to as bootstrap. ROM
chips are not only used in the computer but also in other electronic
items like washing machine and microwave oven.
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16. PROM (Programmable Read Only Memory)
• PROM is read-only memory that can be modified only once by a user.
The user buys a blank PROM and enters the desired contents using a
PROM program. Inside the PROM chip, there are small fuses which
are burnt open during programming. It can be programmed only once
and is not erasable.
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17. EPROM (Erasable and Programmable Read
Only Memory)
• EPROM can be erased by exposing it to ultra-violet light for a duration of up to 40 minutes.
Usually, an EPROM eraser achieves this function. During programming, an electrical charge is
trapped in an insulated gate region. The charge is retained for more than 10 years because the
charge has no leakage path. For erasing this charge, ultra-violet light is passed through a quartz
crystal window (lid). This exposure to ultra-violet light dissipates the charge. During normal use,
the quartz lid is sealed with a sticker.
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