This document provides an outline for a lecture on Egyptian ore deposits. It begins with an introduction discussing ancient Egyptian mining and then provides an overview of the types of mineral deposits that are known to occur in Egypt, including gold, copper, tin, zinc, lead, and various other metallic and non-metallic ores. It then discusses different classifications that have been proposed for Egyptian ore deposits, grouping them based on factors like the time of deposition, metallogenic aspects, and tectonic-magmatic stages. The document concludes by presenting a proposed classification scheme that categorizes Egyptian ore deposits into groups based on their associated rock assemblages and modes of formation.
Occurrences of asbestos, vermiculite, corundum, magnesite and talc, are typically associated with Pan-African ultramafic rocks such as peridotite, serpentinite, gabbro, and norite.
Migif-Hafafit area in the Eastern Desert of Egypt contains asbestos-vermiculite deposits at several sites, occurs in the magnesium-rich metapelitic schist-ultramafic complex.
Ever wondered what makes the industrial minerals market tick? Just how does it differ from the metal minerals market? Thinking of investing in industrial minerals?
Industrial Minerals Basics: Executive Primer is a concise overview presentation for a quick but informed assessment of key elements of the industrial minerals business. Ideal as an introduction for first timers, or as a refresher for those already in the business.
Contents:
What are industrial minerals?
Why are they so important?
How is the market structured?
How is the market driven?
Summary
Which key factors influence success?
Please contact me with any questions or comments: mike@modriscollminerals.com
Manganese ore deposits are widely scattered in various districts in Egypt.
They occur at some localities in Sinai Peninsula and at a few localities in the Eastern Desert.
Manganese deposits are known:
in the Um Bogma district in west central Sinai; and
in the Halaib "Elba" district in the southern portion of Eastern Desert.
In addition, minor occurrences are known in Wadi Mialik near Abu Ghosun and Ras Banas in the Southern Eastern Desert, and Wadi Abu Shaar El Qibli (Black Hill), to the north of Hurghada
Occurrences of asbestos, vermiculite, corundum, magnesite and talc, are typically associated with Pan-African ultramafic rocks such as peridotite, serpentinite, gabbro, and norite.
Migif-Hafafit area in the Eastern Desert of Egypt contains asbestos-vermiculite deposits at several sites, occurs in the magnesium-rich metapelitic schist-ultramafic complex.
Ever wondered what makes the industrial minerals market tick? Just how does it differ from the metal minerals market? Thinking of investing in industrial minerals?
Industrial Minerals Basics: Executive Primer is a concise overview presentation for a quick but informed assessment of key elements of the industrial minerals business. Ideal as an introduction for first timers, or as a refresher for those already in the business.
Contents:
What are industrial minerals?
Why are they so important?
How is the market structured?
How is the market driven?
Summary
Which key factors influence success?
Please contact me with any questions or comments: mike@modriscollminerals.com
Manganese ore deposits are widely scattered in various districts in Egypt.
They occur at some localities in Sinai Peninsula and at a few localities in the Eastern Desert.
Manganese deposits are known:
in the Um Bogma district in west central Sinai; and
in the Halaib "Elba" district in the southern portion of Eastern Desert.
In addition, minor occurrences are known in Wadi Mialik near Abu Ghosun and Ras Banas in the Southern Eastern Desert, and Wadi Abu Shaar El Qibli (Black Hill), to the north of Hurghada
Sulfide mineralization are the main resource for exploiting Pb, Zn, and Cu metals in Egypt.
Sulfide mineralization is represented by four sulfide types of the different setting, lithology and ages, namely:
i) Lead-Zinc sulphide Deposits
ii) Cu-NiCo sulphide Deposits
This type of mineralization is well represented in Abu Swayel in South Eastern Desert. The ore is closely related to mafic-ultramafic and gabbro of ophiolitic rocks.
iii) Cu-Ni sulphide deposits
This type of mineralization occurs in layered mafic-ultramafic intrusions like gabbro rocks at Akarm and El Geneina .
iv) Stratiform Massive Sulphide (Zn-Cu-Pb) Deposits
This type of mineralization is represented by a group of small lenses associated with talc deposits in South Eastern Desert at: Um Samuki, Helgit, Maakal, Atshan, Darhib, Abu Gurdi, and Egat.
What is an ore?, Ore deposit environments, Formation of Mineral Deposits, Endogenous (Internal) processes, Exogenous (Surficial) processes, Types of Sedimentary Rocks, Mineral Deposits Associated with Sedimentary Process, physical processes of ore deposit formation in the surficial realm, Erosion, weathering , transportation, sorting, Precipitation, Depositional Environments, Deposits formed by Weathering, Deposits formed by Sediment, Resources from the Sedimentary Environments
Information about these fluids is an invaluable aid in mineral exploration.
Conventional academic methods of analysing fluid inclusions are too slow and tedious to be of practical application in typical mineral exploration activities.
However, the academic data from numerous studies does show that CO2 is an exceptionally important indicator when exploring for most types of gold deposit.
Because the baro-acoustic decrepitation method is a rapid and reliable method to measure CO2 contents in fluids, it can be used to study a spatial array of data and it is an invaluable and practical exploration method.
Measurements of temperatures of fluid inclusions does not usually help in mineral exploration as hydrothermal minerals deposit over a wide temperature range and there is no specific temperature which is indicative of mineralisation. However, if temperatures are available on a large spatial array of samples, then temperature trends may be a useful exploration method to find the hottest part of the system, which is presumably the location of the best economic mineralisation. Baro-acoustic decrepitation is the most practical method to determine temperatures of the large numbers of samples required.
Salinities of fluid inclusions are of limited use in exploration and are difficult to measure. However, they can be used to recognise intrusion related hydrothermal systems.
Introduction of mineral deposits: Mineral deposit ; A geological definition of an ore deposit; Ore Deposit Environments; The significance of ore deposit size; Which commodities are included by the definition of Ore Deposits ; The extraction of an economic commodity from ore ; Geological Factors Affecting Economics of Ore Extraction ; Shape and depth of the deposit; Mineralogy and texture of the ore; The presence of multiple extractable products; Metals enrichment factors; Ore Deposit Constitutes; Ore Deposit Geology and Related Sciences; Structural Control Ore Deposits; Depth of Occurrence Mineral deposits; Nature of Mineralization; Morphology of Ore Deposit; Geographical Localization of Ore Deposits;
Orebodies; oreshoots; ore deposits; ore reserves
How can minerals deposits be formed; GEOLOGICAL PROCESSES; Ore Fluids; Ore Forming Processes; Concentrating Processes; Magmatic mineral deposits; Residual mineral deposits ; Placer deposits; Sedimentary mineral deposits; Metamorhogenic mineral deposits; Hydrothermal mineral deposits ; Magmatic Deposits
Cumulate deposits: fractional crystallization processes can concentrate metals (Cr, Fe, PGE, Pt, Ni, Ti, Diamond ))
Pegmatites : late staged crystallization forms pegmatites and many residual elements are concentrated (Li, Ce, Be, Sn, U, Rare Earths (REE), Feldspar, Mica, Gems).
magmatic deposits; Mode of Formation of Magmatic Ores Deposits; Mode of Formation of Orthomagmatic Ores ; Fractional Crystallization (or Crystal fractionation ); Magmatic (or Liquid ) Immiscibility; Simple crystallization without concentration (Dissemination); Segregation of early formed crystals; (Layer Types); Injection of material concentrated elsewhere by differentiation Residual liquid segregation; Residual liquid injection; Immiscible liquid segregation; Immiscible-liquid-injection; Early magmatic deposit; Late magmatic deposit; Types of Magmatic Ore Deposits:Chromite; Fe-Ti (± V) oxides; Ni – Cu – Fe (± Pt) sulfides; Platinum Group Elements (PGEs); REE, and Zr in Carbonatites; Diamond in kimberlites.
HYDROTHERMAL PROCESSES; Causes of deposition; Origin of Hydrothermal Fluids (or The Main Sources of Water in Hydrothermal System); The Main Steps in Hydrothermal Processes; Classification of Hydrothermal Deposits; Different Types of Hydrothermal Vein; Different styles of Hydrothermal ore deposits; Orogenic Hydrothermal Ore Deposits; Hypozonal: Orogenic, hydrothermal ore deposits; Epizonal:; Mesozonal
IRON ORE DEPOSITS IN EGYPT ; EGYPTIAN IRON ORE DEPOSITS; Iron ore deposit of sedimentary nature; Sinai: Gabal Halal iron ore deposit; Western Desert:; Aswan iron Ore Deposits; Bahariya iron Ore Deposits; The Banded Iron ore deposits (BIFs), Geologic Setting BIFs, General Characteristics of the Egyptian Banded Iron Ores; Are the Egyptian Banded Iron Ores Unique?; Genesis of Egyptian Banded Iron Formation
Egyptian Phosphate Ore Deposits; Red Sea Coast Phosphate Deposits; Nile Valley Phosphate Deposits; New Valley Geological Setting of Egyptian Phosphate; Geology of the Main Phosphate Regions; Egyptian Phosphate Ore Deposits:; Red Sea Coast Phosphate Deposits; Nile Valley Phosphate Deposits; New Valley Phosphate Deposits; Abu Tartur Ore Phosphate; Dakhla Phosphate; Common Characters of the Egyptian Phosphorites; Characteristics of the phosphate producing facies area; Phosphate Microfacies; Mineralogical composition ; Geochemistry ; Phosphate Reserves and Production
zeolites, types, nature, synthetic, processes, Deposits and properties;Physical characteristics of some naturally occurring zeolites; molecular sieves;Adsorption and related molecular sieving; zeolite catalysts
Sulfide mineralization are the main resource for exploiting Pb, Zn, and Cu metals in Egypt.
Sulfide mineralization is represented by four sulfide types of the different setting, lithology and ages, namely:
i) Lead-Zinc sulphide Deposits
ii) Cu-NiCo sulphide Deposits
This type of mineralization is well represented in Abu Swayel in South Eastern Desert. The ore is closely related to mafic-ultramafic and gabbro of ophiolitic rocks.
iii) Cu-Ni sulphide deposits
This type of mineralization occurs in layered mafic-ultramafic intrusions like gabbro rocks at Akarm and El Geneina .
iv) Stratiform Massive Sulphide (Zn-Cu-Pb) Deposits
This type of mineralization is represented by a group of small lenses associated with talc deposits in South Eastern Desert at: Um Samuki, Helgit, Maakal, Atshan, Darhib, Abu Gurdi, and Egat.
What is an ore?, Ore deposit environments, Formation of Mineral Deposits, Endogenous (Internal) processes, Exogenous (Surficial) processes, Types of Sedimentary Rocks, Mineral Deposits Associated with Sedimentary Process, physical processes of ore deposit formation in the surficial realm, Erosion, weathering , transportation, sorting, Precipitation, Depositional Environments, Deposits formed by Weathering, Deposits formed by Sediment, Resources from the Sedimentary Environments
Information about these fluids is an invaluable aid in mineral exploration.
Conventional academic methods of analysing fluid inclusions are too slow and tedious to be of practical application in typical mineral exploration activities.
However, the academic data from numerous studies does show that CO2 is an exceptionally important indicator when exploring for most types of gold deposit.
Because the baro-acoustic decrepitation method is a rapid and reliable method to measure CO2 contents in fluids, it can be used to study a spatial array of data and it is an invaluable and practical exploration method.
Measurements of temperatures of fluid inclusions does not usually help in mineral exploration as hydrothermal minerals deposit over a wide temperature range and there is no specific temperature which is indicative of mineralisation. However, if temperatures are available on a large spatial array of samples, then temperature trends may be a useful exploration method to find the hottest part of the system, which is presumably the location of the best economic mineralisation. Baro-acoustic decrepitation is the most practical method to determine temperatures of the large numbers of samples required.
Salinities of fluid inclusions are of limited use in exploration and are difficult to measure. However, they can be used to recognise intrusion related hydrothermal systems.
Introduction of mineral deposits: Mineral deposit ; A geological definition of an ore deposit; Ore Deposit Environments; The significance of ore deposit size; Which commodities are included by the definition of Ore Deposits ; The extraction of an economic commodity from ore ; Geological Factors Affecting Economics of Ore Extraction ; Shape and depth of the deposit; Mineralogy and texture of the ore; The presence of multiple extractable products; Metals enrichment factors; Ore Deposit Constitutes; Ore Deposit Geology and Related Sciences; Structural Control Ore Deposits; Depth of Occurrence Mineral deposits; Nature of Mineralization; Morphology of Ore Deposit; Geographical Localization of Ore Deposits;
Orebodies; oreshoots; ore deposits; ore reserves
How can minerals deposits be formed; GEOLOGICAL PROCESSES; Ore Fluids; Ore Forming Processes; Concentrating Processes; Magmatic mineral deposits; Residual mineral deposits ; Placer deposits; Sedimentary mineral deposits; Metamorhogenic mineral deposits; Hydrothermal mineral deposits ; Magmatic Deposits
Cumulate deposits: fractional crystallization processes can concentrate metals (Cr, Fe, PGE, Pt, Ni, Ti, Diamond ))
Pegmatites : late staged crystallization forms pegmatites and many residual elements are concentrated (Li, Ce, Be, Sn, U, Rare Earths (REE), Feldspar, Mica, Gems).
magmatic deposits; Mode of Formation of Magmatic Ores Deposits; Mode of Formation of Orthomagmatic Ores ; Fractional Crystallization (or Crystal fractionation ); Magmatic (or Liquid ) Immiscibility; Simple crystallization without concentration (Dissemination); Segregation of early formed crystals; (Layer Types); Injection of material concentrated elsewhere by differentiation Residual liquid segregation; Residual liquid injection; Immiscible liquid segregation; Immiscible-liquid-injection; Early magmatic deposit; Late magmatic deposit; Types of Magmatic Ore Deposits:Chromite; Fe-Ti (± V) oxides; Ni – Cu – Fe (± Pt) sulfides; Platinum Group Elements (PGEs); REE, and Zr in Carbonatites; Diamond in kimberlites.
HYDROTHERMAL PROCESSES; Causes of deposition; Origin of Hydrothermal Fluids (or The Main Sources of Water in Hydrothermal System); The Main Steps in Hydrothermal Processes; Classification of Hydrothermal Deposits; Different Types of Hydrothermal Vein; Different styles of Hydrothermal ore deposits; Orogenic Hydrothermal Ore Deposits; Hypozonal: Orogenic, hydrothermal ore deposits; Epizonal:; Mesozonal
IRON ORE DEPOSITS IN EGYPT ; EGYPTIAN IRON ORE DEPOSITS; Iron ore deposit of sedimentary nature; Sinai: Gabal Halal iron ore deposit; Western Desert:; Aswan iron Ore Deposits; Bahariya iron Ore Deposits; The Banded Iron ore deposits (BIFs), Geologic Setting BIFs, General Characteristics of the Egyptian Banded Iron Ores; Are the Egyptian Banded Iron Ores Unique?; Genesis of Egyptian Banded Iron Formation
Egyptian Phosphate Ore Deposits; Red Sea Coast Phosphate Deposits; Nile Valley Phosphate Deposits; New Valley Geological Setting of Egyptian Phosphate; Geology of the Main Phosphate Regions; Egyptian Phosphate Ore Deposits:; Red Sea Coast Phosphate Deposits; Nile Valley Phosphate Deposits; New Valley Phosphate Deposits; Abu Tartur Ore Phosphate; Dakhla Phosphate; Common Characters of the Egyptian Phosphorites; Characteristics of the phosphate producing facies area; Phosphate Microfacies; Mineralogical composition ; Geochemistry ; Phosphate Reserves and Production
zeolites, types, nature, synthetic, processes, Deposits and properties;Physical characteristics of some naturally occurring zeolites; molecular sieves;Adsorption and related molecular sieving; zeolite catalysts
Uranium Occurrence in the Egypt
Types of Uranium Deposits in Egypt:
Uranium Occurrences in Pan-African Younger Granites of Egypt
Uranium Occurrences in Dykes
Uranium Occurrences in Sedimentary Rock Sequences of Egypt
Categories of Egyption Uranium Deposits:
I) Vein types:
Uranium deposits of Gabal Gattar
Uranium deposits of Gabal El-Missikat
Uranium deposits of El Erediya
Uranium deposits of Um Ara area
II) Volcanic type deposits:
5) Uranium deposits of El Atshan-II
III) Surficial deposits:
6) Uranium deposits in Sinai
7) Black Sand
IV) Phosphorite deposits
massive type interlayer with gabbroic rocks in the Eastern Desert; Main occurrences of Ti-Fe oxide deposits in Egypt; Abu Ghalaga Ore Deposit; Abu Ghalaga ilmenite ore deposit categories ; Abu Ghalaga Mineral composition; Mining Techniques; Origins; Korabkanci titano-magnetite ore; black sand placer deposits type; Rosetta (or Rashid East); Northern Sinai Coast
Limestone;Industrial Uses of Limestone ; Lime; Lime Cycle; Production of Lime; Classification of Hydrated Lime IS 712-1973; Purposes for the Utilize of Lime; Soda Ash;Solvay process for the manufacture of Soda Ash; Purposes for the Utilize of Soda Ash; Gypsum; Calcination of Gypsum; Hardening of Plaster; Magnesium; Production Of Magnesium from seawater and dolomite; Process for production Magnesium hydroxide and Calcium chloride from Dolomite ; Process for production Magnesium and Calcium chloride
Beneficiation and Mineral Processing of Sand and Silica Sand; Sand and Silica Sand; Processing Sand; Sand into Silicon-Silicon carbide ; Heavy Mineral Sand; Separation of Heavy Minerals from Black Sand/Sand; Zircon to Zirconium; Ti-Bearing Minerals
GROWTH FACTORS AND CHALLENGES FOR OIL MARKET; Demographic Factors; Oil Demand; Motorization in Asian Countries; Upstream Costs Increase; US Shale Oil Production; Deepwater Production; Iraqi production growth prospects; GTL – challenge for the oil market after 2020
What is mining?; Why do we need mines?; What is a mineral ?; What is an Ore Deposit? ; Concentrations of Metals; Metals enrichment factors ; Types of Ore Deposit ; GEOLOGIC CONDITIONS AND CHARACTERISTIC OF ORE DEPOSITS; Shape of ore deposits; Dip ore deposits ;Thickness ore deposits; Depth of ore deposits; Structure of ore deposits; Ore value and profitability of mining; Stability of ore rocks; Chemical and mineral characteristics of ores ; Lessening of ore deposit; Degree of breakability; Life Cycle of a Metal Resource; Mineral Supply and Demand; Conservation; Economic Impact on Mineral Supplies
MINE LIFE CYCLE; LIFE CYCLE OF DEPOSITS; LIFE-CYCLE OF A MINE PROJECT; STAGES IN THE LIFE CYCLE OF A MINE PROJECT; Prospecting; Exploration ; 3D modeling software's for mining sectors; Mineral Resource; Mineral Reserve; Development; Exploitation ; MINE PLANNING CYCLE ; Reclamation; ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS OF NONRENEWABLE MINERAL RESOURCES; SOURCES OF METAL POLLUTION; Harmful Environmental Effects of Mining; Persistent, Bio-accumulative and Toxi (PBT ); Lead; Mercury; Cadmium; Arsenic
Definition of Open pit Mining Parameters, Open pit Mining method, Bench, Open Pit Bench Terminology; Bench height; Cutoff grade; Open Pit Stability, Pit slope, Pit wall stability, Rock strength, Pit Depth, Pit diameter, Water Damage, Strip Ratio, Open-pit mining sequence, Various open-pit and orebody configurations; Ultimate Pit Definition, Manual Design, Computer Methods, Lerchs-Grossman method, Floating cone method; Open pit Optimization, The management of pit optimization, A simple example; The effects of scheduling on the optimal outline ; Optimum production scheduling; Materials handling Ex-Mine; Waste disposal; Dump design; Stability of mine waste dumps; Mine reclamation; Example of Open Pit Mining Methods
Earth Resources
Reserves and resources
Nonrenewable Mineral Resources
What are industrial minerals?
Why are industrial minerals so important?
Geology of Industrial Minerals Deposits
Classification of industrial minerals
General characteristics of Non-metallic Deposits
Factors important in evaluating an industrial minerals deposit
Selected industrial rocks and minerals
ABRASIVES MINERALS
OLIVINE
GYPSUM
CLAY MINERALS
FLUORITE
PERLITE
BUILDING STONES and Rip-rap
CALCIUM CARBONATE DEPOSITS
SULFUR ORE DEPOSITS
CHERT DEPOSITS
PHOSPHATE ORE DEPOSITS
EVAPORITE DEPOSITS
SELECTED SOME NON-METALLIC METAMORPHIC DEPOSITS
Asbestos Deposits
Graphite Deposits
Talc, Soapstone, and Pyrophyllite
Selected Some Ornamental Metamorphic Stones
Marble
Quartzite
Serpentinite
The Tectonic and Metallogenic Framework of MyanmarMYO AUNG Myanmar
https://research-repository.st-andrews.ac.uk/bitstream/handle/10023/10689/Cawood_2016_Myanmar_OGR_AM.pdf?sequence=1
The Tectonic and Metallogenic Framework of
Myanmar: A Tethyan Mineral System
Nicholas J. Gardiner1,9*
, Laurence J. Robb1
, Christopher K. Morley2,3
,
Michael P. Searle1
, Peter A. Cawood4
, Martin J. Whitehouse5
,
Christopher L. Kirkland6
, Nick M.W. Roberts7
, Tin Aung Myint8
1. Department of Earth Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3AN, United
Geological consultant, working in a range of roles from project development/feasibility study programs and advanced exploration roles. Contracts in a variety of global locations including Egypt, Saudi Arab, and the Middle East. Commodities including Gold, base metal sulfide, Gossan/Supergene, heavy mineral sands, clay/kaolin, Silica Sand, and iron ore.
The Tectonic and Metallogenic Framework of Myanmar: A Tethyan mineral systemMYO AUNG Myanmar
Article in Ore Geology Reviews · April 2016
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/301758202_The_tectonic_and_metallogenic_framework_of_Myanmar_A_Tethyan_mineral_system
1st Nicholas Gardiner
18.94 · Curtin University
2nd Laurence Robb
34.91 · University of Oxford
+ 5
3rd Christopher K. Morley
40.58 · Chiang Mai University
Last Tin Aung Myint
Abstract
Myanmar is perhaps one of the world's most prospective but least explored minerals jurisdictions, containing important known deposits of tin, tungsten, copper, gold, zinc, lead, nickel, silver, jade and gemstones. A scarcity of recent geological mapping available in published form, coupled with an unfavourable political climate, has resulted in the fact that, although characterized by several world-class deposits, the nation's mineral resource sector is underdeveloped. As well as representing a potential new search space for a range of commodities, many of Myanmar's known existing mineral deposits remain highly prospective. Myanmar lies at a crucial geologic juncture, immediately south of the Eastern Himalayan Syntaxis, however it remains geologically enigmatic. Its Mesozoic-Recent geological history is dominated by several orogenic events representing the closing of the Tethys Ocean. We present new zircon U-Pb age data related to several styles of mineralization within Myanmar. We outline a tectonic model for Myanmar from the Late Cretaceous onwards, and document nine major mineralization styles representing a range of commodities found within the country. We propose a metallogenetic model that places the genesis of many of these metallotects within the framework of the subduction and suturing of Neo-Tethys and the subsequent Himalayan Orogeny. Temporal overlap of favourable conditions for the formation of particular deposit types during orogenic progression permits the genesis of differing metallotects during the same orogenic event. We suggest the evolution of these favourable conditions and resulting genesis of much of Myanmar's mineral deposits, represents a single, evolving, mineral system: the subduction and suturing of Neo-Tethys.
Tell El-Hibeh Limestone: Ancient and Modern Egyptian Quarrying Technology wit...CrimsonPublishersAAOA
Limestone and its interbedded marl deposits form an economic resource that was utilized at El-Hibeh, ancient Teudjoi/Ankyrononpolis, a tell mound in middle Egypt. The archaeological site contains the small Amun temple, at least two limestone (packstone) quarries, statues, sarcophagus lids and bases, limestone (packstone) construction blocks with and without relief, and major mudbrick structures. The temple blocks are made from a local packstone-limestone that has been saturated by Nile River water and is deteriorating at a rapid pace. The limestone at El-Hibeh is a packstone. Several packstone quarries occur in the archaeological site. One appears to be of recent vintage and was mined using modern drilling and blasting techniques. Another is an ancient quarry that utilized natural sedimentary and structural features of the packstone-marl deposits to manufacture blocks for various utilitarian purposes.
For more open access journals in Crimson Publishers please click on link: https://crimsonpublishers.com/
For more articles in open access Archaeology journals please click on link: https://crimsonpublishers.com/aaoa/
Mineralization of Rare Earths, Platinum and Gold in a Sedimentary Deposit, Fo...CrimsonPublishersAMMS
Mineralization of Rare Earths, Platinum and Gold in a Sedimentary Deposit, Found Using an Indirect Method of Exploration by Eleazar Salinas-Rodríguez in Aspects in Mining & Mineral Science
The Nubia Sandstone Nubia Group , Western Desert, Egypt An OverviewYogeshIJTSRD
No information was given about the outcropping of the Nubia sandstone in the Great Sand Sea in the Western Desert of Egypt and actually very scarce and insufficient information has been written on the geology of the Great Sand Sea. Since 1931 the Great Sand Sea has been described as being formed of many parallel longitudinal sand dunes which cover ~72000 km² and are bounded in the south by the Gilf El Kebir Nubia Sandstone Plateau and in the north by Siwa Oasis. However, recently it has been found by the author and his collaborators that the rock units exposed on surface in the Great Sand Sea are belonging to the younger members of the fluviatile Cretaceous Nubia Sandstone Group. They are not covered by younger marine consolidated deposits but only with a thin veneer of accumulations of free sands originating from the disintegration and breakdown of the Nubia Sandstone bedrock, thus obscuring the original bedrock. The area exhibits a long history of predominantly continental sandstone accumulation and continuous subsiding during the geologic history so that the sequence attains a thickness more than 3500m in the subsurface. The exposed Nubia Sandstone rocks have been formed in different geomorphologic features such as longitudinal parallel sandstone ridges separated by wide flat sandstone tracks, sandstone plateaus and domes, sandstone depressions, plains and valleys. These results make it necessary to review the surface distribution and the lithostratigraphic change both stratigraphic and geographic of the Nubia Group in the Western Desert of Egypt. Khaled Abdel-Kader Ouda "The Nubia Sandstone (Nubia Group), Western Desert, Egypt: An Overview" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-3 , April 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd38760.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/other-scientific-research-area/geology/38760/the-nubia-sandstone-nubia-group-western-desert-egypt-an-overview/khaled-abdelkader-ouda
Mineral deposits and exploration potential of nigeria (flyer)Moses Olade
Nigeria, the most populous nation and largest economy in Africa is endowed with abundant mineral resources, including energy fuels, industrial minerals, gemstones, and metallic minerals. As West Africa has become a major destination for mining investors and exploration companies, Nigeria's mineral resources have generated considerable interest from exploration and mining companies worldwide. This book furnishes a detailed description of the deposits of metallic, non-metallic, solid energy, gemstones and industrial minerals in Nigeria with emphasis on their location, geological setting, mode of occurrence, physical and chemical characteristics, ore reserve estimates and metallogeny. It also provides a geoscientific analysis of the solid mineral sector, mineral production statistics, mining, and potential targets for mineral exploration.
There are twenty chapters in the book, divided into five parts. Part I is an introduction to mineral resources and discussion of the geological and tectonic setting and classification of Nigeria's mineral deposits. Part 2 provides detailed descriptions of known deposits of eighteen metals (Fe, Au, Pb, Zn, Cu, Ag, Sn, Nb, Ta, Mo, W, Ti, Bi, Cr, Ni, Pt, Mn, Al) with emphasis on their geological environment, mode of occurrence, mineralogy, origin, ore reserves mining history, and exploration. Part 3 describes the distribution, geological setting and reserves of solid energy minerals (uranium, coal, and bitumen), while Part 4 focuses on the geological occurrence, mineralogical and physical properties, mineral reserves and uses of non-metallic minerals comprised of thirty industrial minerals/rocks and several gemstone minerals. Part 5 reviews the status of the solid minerals industry, new mining regulations, mineral production statistics, mining practices, metallogenic provinces and assessment of resource potential and exploration targets in Nigeria. A Glossary of Common Terms in Economic and Mining Geology is included at the end of the book.
This book is an invaluable source of information, not only for geology and mining students, but also for practicing geoscientists, exploration and mining professionals and administrators in government and private companies who are interested or involved in economic geology, mineral exploration, and mineral resource development in Nigeria.
Gold prospecting using Remote Sensing ‘A case study of Sudan’IJERD Editor
Gold has been extracted from northeast Africa for more than 5000 years, and this may be the first
place where the metal was extracted. The Arabian-Nubian Shield (ANS) is an exposure of Precambrian
crystalline rocks on the flanks of the Red Sea. The crystalline rocks are mostly Neoproterozoic in age. ANS
includes the nations of Israel, Jordan. Egypt, Saudi Arabia, Sudan, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Yemen, and Somalia.
Arabian Nubian Shield Consists of juvenile continental crest that formed between 900 550 Ma, when intra
oceanic arc welded together along ophiolite decorated arc. Primary Au mineralization probably developed in
association with the growth of intra oceanic arc and evolution of back arc. Multiple episodes of deformation
have obscured the primary metallogenic setting, but at least some of the deposits preserve evidence that they
originate as sea floor massive sulphide deposits.
The Red Sea Hills Region is a vast span of rugged, harsh and inhospitable sector of the Earth with
inimical moon-like terrain, nevertheless since ancient times it is famed to be an abode of gold and was a major
source of wealth for the Pharaohs of ancient Egypt. The Pharaohs old workings have been periodically
rediscovered through time. Recent endeavours by the Geological Research Authority of Sudan led to the
discovery of a score of occurrences with gold and massive sulphide mineralizations. In the nineties of the
previous century the Geological Research Authority of Sudan (GRAS) in cooperation with BRGM utilized
satellite data of Landsat TM using spectral ratio technique to map possible mineralized zones in the Red Sea
Hills of Sudan. The outcome of the study mapped a gossan type gold mineralization. Band ratio technique was
applied to Arbaat area and a signature of alteration zone was detected. The alteration zones are commonly
associated with mineralization. The alteration zones are commonly associated with mineralization. A filed check
confirmed the existence of stock work of gold bearing quartz in the alteration zone. Another type of gold
mineralization that was discovered using remote sensing is the gold associated with metachert in the Atmur
Desert.
The objectives of this course in iron ore Resources and iron industry are:
i) acquainting students (majors and non-majors) with the basic tools necessary for studying iron ore deposits and processes,
ii) different processes for phosphorus removal from iron ore
iii) beneficiation processes of iron ore deposits.
iv) different processes and techniques that used to enrichment low-grade iron ore resources
v) understanding the different ironwork processes and technology,
vi) understanding the different types of iron ore products,
vii) prominent routes for steelmaking
viii) understanding the relationship between the distribution of iron ore and scrap, as well as steelmarkets,
ix) steel industry in Egypt , and
x) gaining some knowledge of the global iron ore as well as environmental problems associated with the extraction and utilization of iron ore resources.
There are plenty of hard-to-beneficiate iron ores and high-grade tailings in India and all over the world; As the volume of high-grade iron ores declines.
Minerals phase transformation by hydrogen reduction (MPTH) can efficiently revitalize hard-to-beneficiate iron ore resources and tailings, turning the waste into profitable products. It may also improve the concentrate quality comparing to that from the previous method. From the economic and environmental aspects, MPTH is the most effective method to recover iron oxides.
The clean minerals phase transformation by hydrogen reduction (MPTH) was proposed.
Industrial utilization of limonite/goethite, limonite-hematite, sulfur-bearing refractory iron ore was achieved, where Sulfur-bearing minerals decomposed or formed sulfate after oxidation roasting.
Sulfur content of iron ore concentrate was significantly reduced to 0.038 %.
Improving utilization efficiency of refractory iron ore resources is a common theme for the sustainable development of the world’s steel and iron industry.
Magnetization Roasting is considered as an effective and typical method for the beneficiation of refractory iron ores.
After magnetization roasting, the weakly magnetic iron minerals, including hematite, limonite and siderite, are selectively reduced or oxidized to ferromagnetic magnetite, which is relatively easier to enrich by Magnetic Separation after liberation pretreatments.
The Primary Magnetization Roasting Methods include: Shaft Furnace Roasting, Rotary Kiln Roasting, Fluidized Bed Roasting, and Microwave assisted roasting. The developments in magnetization roasting of difficult to treat iron ores, including: Shaft Furnace Roasting, Rotary Kiln Roasting, Fluidized Bed Roasting, and Microwave Assisted Roasting in the Past Decade.
Shaft Furnace Roasting is gradually eliminated due to its high energy consumption and low industrial processing capacity, and the primary problem for rotary kiln roasting is the kiln coating which affects the yield of iron resource and its industrial application.
Fluidized Bed Roasting and Microwave assisted roasting are considered as the most effective and promising methods.
Suspension (Fluidized) Magnetization Roasting is recognized as the most effective and promising technology due to its high reaction efficiency, low energy consumption and large processing capacity. Moreover, an industrial production line with a throughput of 1.65 million t/a for beneficiation of a specularite ore has been built.
Microwave Assisted Roasting is a potential alternative technology for magnetizing iron ores. However, it is currently limited to laboratory research and has no industrial application. Forwarding microwave assisted magnetization roasting methods into industrial applications needs long way and time to achieve.
Furthermore, using biomass, H2 or siderite as a reducing agent in the magnetic reduction roasting of iron ores is a beneficial way to reduce carbon emissions, which can be called clean and green magnetization roasting technology.
In the future, technical research on clean and green magnetization roasting should be strengthened. Maybe microwave magnetization roasting using biomass/H2/siderite as reductant can be further studied for a more effective and greener magnetization of iron ores.
WORLD RESOURCES IRON DEPOSITS
Iron Ore Pellets Market Industry Trends
Scope and Market Size
Market Analysis and Insights
DRI Production in Plants Using Merchant Iron Ore
Outlook for DR grade pellet supply‐demand out to 2030
DRI and the pathway to carbon‐neutral steelmaking
Supply‐side challenges for the steel & iron ore industries
scrap is the main raw material, is growing in the structure of global steelmaking capacities; SCARP/ RECYCLING IRON ; EAF steel production method in the world; Scrap for Stock; A Global Scrap Shortage;Availability of Ferrous Scrap Resources; EGYPT IRON SCRAP IMPORTS.
The iron ore production has significantly expanded in recent years, owing to increasing steel demands in developing countries.
However, the content of iron in ore deposits has deteriorated and low-grade iron ore has been processed.
The fine ores resulting from the concentration process must be agglomerated for use in iron and steelmaking.
Bentonite is the most used binder due to favorable mechanical and metallurgical pellet properties, but it contains impurities especially silica and alumina.
Better quality wet, dry, preheated, and fired pellets can be produced with combined binders, such as organic and inorganic salts, when compared with bentonite-bonded pellets.
While organic binders provide sufficient wet and dry pellet strengths, inorganic salts provide the required preheated and fired pellet strengths.
The industrial development program of any country, by and large, is based on its natural resources.
Currently the majority of the world’s steel is produced through either one of the two main routes: i) the integrated Blast Furnace – Basic Oxygen Furnace (BF – BOF) route or ii) the Direct Reduced Iron - Electric Arc Furnace (DRI - EAF) route.
Depleting resources of coking coal, the world over, is posing a threat to the conventional (Blast Furnace [Bf]–Basic Oxygen Furnace [BOF]) route of iron and steelmaking.
During the last four decades, a new route of ironmaking has rapidly developed for Direct Reduction (DR) of iron ore to metallic iron by using noncoking coal/natural gas.
This product is known as Direct Reduced Iron (DRI) or Sponge Iron.
Processes that produce iron by reduction of iron ore (in solid state) below the melting point are generally classified as DR processes.
Based on the types of reductant used, DR processes can be broadly classified into two groups: (1) coal-based DR process and (2) gas-based DR process.
Details of DR processes, reoxidation, storage, transportation, and application of DRI are discussed in this presentation.
This presentation reviews the different DR processes used to produce Direct Reduced Iron (DRI), providing an analysis on the quality requirements of iron-bearing ores for use in these processes. The presentation also discusses the environmental sustainability of such processes. DR processes reduce iron ore in its solid state by the use of either natural gas or coal as reducing agents, and they have a comparative advantage of low capital costs, low emissions and production flexibility over the BF process.
Currently the majority of the world’s steel is produced through either one of the two main routes: i) the integrated Blast Furnace – Basic Oxygen Furnace (BF – BOF) route or ii) the Direct Reduced Iron - Electric Arc Furnace (DRI - EAF) route.
In the former, the blast furnace uses iron ore, scrap metal, coke and pulverized coal as raw materials to produce hot metal for conversion in the BOF. Although it is still the prevalent process, blast furnace hot metal production has declined over the years due to diminishing quality of metallurgical coke, low supply of scrap metal and environmental problems associated with the process. These factors have contributed to the development of alternative technologies of ironmaking, of which Direct Reduction (DR) processes are expected to emerge as preferred alternatives in the future.
This presentation reviews the different DR processes used to produce Direct Reduced Iron (DRI), providing an analysis on the quality requirements of iron-bearing ores for use in these processes. The presentation also discusses the environmental sustainability of such processes. DR processes reduce iron ore in its solid state by the use of either natural gas or coal as reducing agents, and they have a comparative advantage of low capital costs, low emissions and production flexibility over the BF process.
Ironmaking represents the first step in steelmaking.
The iron and steel industry is the most energy-intensive and capital-intensive manufacturing sector in the world (Strezov, 2006).
Steelmaking processes depend on different forms of iron as primary feed material. Traditionally, the main sources of iron for making steel were Blast Furnace hot metal and recycled steel in the form of scrap.
The Blast Furnace (BF) has remained the workhorse of worldwide virgin iron production (i.e., hot metal) for more than 200 years. Over the years, BFs have evolved into highly efficient chemical reactors, capable of providing stable operation with a wide range of feed materials.
However, operation of modern efficient BFs normally involves sintering and coke making and their associated environmental problems.
More than 90% of iron is currently produced via the BF process, while the rest is coming from Direct Reduction (DR) processes, Mini Blast Furnaces (MBFs), Corex, Finex, Ausmelt, etc. Additionally, the severe shortage of good-quality metallurgical coal has remained an additional constraint all over the world. In view of this, there is an increasing awareness that the BF route needs to be supplemented with alternative ironmaking processes that are more environment friendly and less dependent on metallurgical coal.
Because of the rapid depletion of easily processed iron ores, the utilization of refractory ores has attracted increasing attention .
There several billion tonnes iron deposits, and most are refractory ores, which are difficult to process by conventional methods because of the low iron grade, fine grain size and complex mineralogy.
The beneficiation of low-grade iron ores to meet the growing demand for iron and steel is an important research topic.
At present, magnetization roasting followed by magnetic separation is one of the most effective technologies for the beneficiation of refractory iron ores.
However, certain ores do not qualify to be treated in physical separation processes, and hence, alternative strategies are being looked into for upgrading their iron content.
Reduction roasting has many advantages over the physical beneficiation process, such as enhanced iron recovery and processing of complex and poorly liberated iron ores.
The objective of this presentation is to compile and amalgamate the crucial information regarding the beneficiation of low-grade iron ores using carbothermic reduction followed by magnetic separation, which is a promising technique to treat iron ores with complex mineralogy and liberation issues.
Reduction roasting studies done for different types low-grade iron ores including oolitic iron ores, banded iron ores, iron ore slimes and tailings, and industrial wastes have been discussed.
Reduction roasting followed by magnetic separation is a promising method to recover the iron values from low-grade iron ores.
The process involves the reduction of the goethite and hematite phases to magnetite, which can subsequently be recovered using a low-intensity magnetic separation unit.
The large-scale technological advancements in reduction roasting and the possibilities of the application of alternative reductants as substitutes for coal have also been highlighted.
This presentation aims at insight light on the occurrence of phosphorus in iron ores from the mines around the world.
The presentation extends to the phosphorus removal processes of this mineral to meet the specifications of the steel industry.
Phosphorus is a contaminant that can be hard to remove, especially when one does not know its mode of occurrence in the ores.
Phosphorus can be removed from iron ore by very different routes of treatment. The genesis of the reserve, the mineralogy, the cost and sustainability define the technology to be applied.
The presentations surveyed cite removal by physical processes (flotation and selective agglomeration), chemical (leaching), thermal and bioleaching processes.
Removal results of above 90% and less than 0.05% residual phosphorus are noticed, which is the maximum value required in most of the products generated in the processing of iron ore.
Chinese studies show that the direct reduction roasting of high phosphorus oolitic hematite followed by magnetic separation is reality technical solutions to improve the recovery of metallic iron and dephosphorization rate.
For ores with widespread phosphorus in the iron matrix and low release, thermal or mixed processes are closer to reality technical solutions. Due to their higher operating costs, it will be necessary to rethink the processes of sintering and pelletizing, such that these operations also become phosphorus removal steps.
With the exhaustive processing of the known reserves of hematite from Iron Ore Quadrangle (Minas Gerais-Brazil), there will be no shortage of granules in the not too distant future. THEREFORE, THERE IS AN EXPECTATION THAT THE ORE MINED WILL HAVE HIGHER LEVELS OF PHOSPHORUS.
Overview of IRON TYPES: Pig Iron, Direct Reduced Iron (DRI), Hot Briquetted Iron (HBI), Cold Briquetted Iron (CBI) and Cold Briquetted Iron and Carbon (CBIC) Specifications .
Comparison of Pig Iron and DRI
Properties; Manufacturing Process; Uses; Largest producers and markets
Iron ore mining plays a critical role in supplying the raw material necessary for steel production, supporting various industries and economic development worldwide.
From the extraction of iron ore to its processing and eventual export, each stage of the mining process requires careful planning, technological advancements, and environmental considerations.
By adopting sustainable mining practices and mitigating environmental impacts, the future of iron ore mining can be aligned with the principles of responsible resource utilization and environmental stewardship
The Egyptian steel sector is the second largest steel market in the Middle East and North Africa region in terms of production and third largest in terms of consumption.
Egypt was the third-ranked producer of Direct-Reduced Iron (DRI) in the Middle east and North Africa region after Iran and Saudi Arabia and accounted for 5.4% of the world’s total output
The Egyptian steel industry represents one of the cornerstones of Egypt’s economic growth and development, due to its linkages to almost all other industries that stimulate economic expansion, such as construction, housing, infrastructure, consumer goods and automotive. All these industries rely heavily on steel industry and so, the importance and development of the steel sector is significant for the progress of the Egyptian economy in general.
The Egyptian market has many companies that produce different steel products.
Exploration in Deep Weathering Profiles, Supergene, R-mode factor analysis; Multi-element association geochemistry; Assessment of Au-Zn potentiality in Gossan; Rodruin-Egypt
Mineral Processing: Crusher and Crushing; Secondary and Tertiary Crushing Circuits; Types of Crusher; Types of Crushing; Types of Jaw Crushers; Impact Crusher; Types of Cone Crushers; Ball Mill; BEST STONE MANUFACTURERS; Local Quality and High quality ; International and Country/Hand made
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Introduction; Chemical composition of garnet; Structure; Classification; Physical properties; Optical properties; Occurrences; Gem variety; and Uses
Garnet group of minerals is one of the important group of minerals.
Since they are found in wide variety of colours, they are also used as gemstones.
Garnet group of minerals are also abrasives and thus have various industrial applications.
Texture of Ore Minerals; Importance of Studying Textures; Individual Grains Properties; Filling of voids; Texture Types; Genetically differentiated between Texture types; Secondary textures from replacement; Hypogene Texture; Supergene Texture; Primary texture formed from Melts; Primary texture of open-space deposition; Secondary textures from cooling; Secondary textures from deformation; TEXTURES OF ECONOMIC ORE DEPOSITS; Textures of Magmatic ores; Cumulus textures; Intergranular or intercumulus textures; Exsolution textures; Textures of hydrothermal ore deposits and skarns; Replacement textures; Open space filling textures; Textures characteristic of surfacial or near surface environments and processes; Criteria for identifying replacement textures; Vein and Veining have different Nature Features
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Classification of Mineral Deposit in Egypt
1. Egyptian Ore Deposits
GE4107
Prof. Dr. Hassan Z. Harraz
Geology Department, Faculty of Science, Tanta University
hharraz2006@yahoo.com
2016- 2017
Prof. Dr. H.Z. Harraz Presentation 1
2. Outline of Lecture
Humanity’s ever-increasing hunger for mineral raw materials,
caused by a growing global population and ever increasing
standards of living, has resulted in economic geology becoming
a subject of urgent importance.
These lectures provide a broad panorama of mineral deposits,
covering their origin and geological characteristics, the
principles of the search for ores and minerals, and the
investigation of newly found deposits. Practical and
environmental issues that arise during the life cycle of a mine
and after its closure are addressed, with an emphasis on
sustainable and "green" mining.
The central scientific theme of the lectures is to place the
extraordinary variability of mineral deposits in the frame of
fundamental geological processes.
The lectures are written for earth science students and
practicing geologists worldwide. Professionals in administration,
resource development, mining, mine reclamation, metallurgy,
and mineral economics will also find the lectures valuable.
2
3. Acknowledgments:
I acknowledge gratefully the extent to which I have leant on the work
contained in several good text books:
Geology of Egypt: The minerals of economic values
associated with the intrusive Precambrian igneous rocks,
by Hume WF, 1937. Geologic Survey Egypt 2:689-990.
Mineral deposits, by Hussein, A.A.A., 1990. In: Said, R. (Ed.), The
geology of Egypt. 1990. A.A. Balkema, Rotterdam/Brookfield,
pp. 511-566.
Gold in Egypt, by Gabbra, S.Z., 1986. “A commodity package:
minerals, petroleum and groundwater Assessment program”
USAID project 363-0105, Geological Survey, Cairo, Egypt, 86p.
Geology, evolution and metallogenesis of the Pan-African
Belt in Egypt , by El-Gaby, S., List, F.K., Tehrani, R., 1988. In:
El-Gaby, S., Greiling, R.O. (Eds.), The Pan-African Belt of
northeast Africa and adjacent areas. Friedrich Vieweg und
Sohn, Braunschweig/ Wiesbaden, pp. 17–68.
3
4. Outline of lectures:
Topic 1: Mineral resource and classification of Mineral deposits in Egypt.
Topic 2: Cr- and Cu-NiCo ore deposits in Egypt
Topic 3: Asbestos-Vermiculite-Corundum-Talc-Magnesite-deposits in Egypt
Topic 4:Ti-ore deposits in Egypt.
Topic 5: Mineralization Related to Granites in Egypt
Topic 6: Gold ore deposits in Egypt
Topic 7: Pb-Zn-ore deposits in Egypt.
Topic 8 : Manganese ore deposits in Egypt
Topic 9 : Iron ore deposits in Egypt
Topic 10 : Phosphate deposits in Egypt.
Topic 11 : U-ore deposits in Egypt.
4
5. Course objectives:
The objectives of this course in Earth Resources are:
(i) acquainting students (majors and non-majors) with the
basic tools necessary for studying Egyptian ore deposits,
(ii) understanding the different types of Ore Resources in
Egypt,
(iii) understanding the processes of formation of various
economic ore deposits in Egypr,
(iv) understanding the relationship between the distribution
of ores, and coal, and Plate Tectonics, and
(vi) gaining some knowledge of the environmental problems
associated with the extraction and utilization of Egyptian
Ore Resources.
5
6. Textbooks: Most reading assignments will be from: "Ore Geology and Industrial
Minerals: Economic Geology: Principles and Practice" by Walter L. Pohl. Additional
readings will be assigned from a number of other textbooks, which are either available in
the library. Some lecture notes will be handed out throughout the semester. The
students are advised not to rely entirely on the lecture notes which will only contain a
brief outline of the subject matter, and are thus encouraged to take notes during
lectures and do all the assigned reading.
Field trips: This class has one field trip to a nearby area of some economic significance/
potential.
Labs: Possible, depending on the emphasis/ curriculum/ departmental policy/ sample
availability. Lab exercises would focus on textures of ore deposits, identifying ores,
assessing reserves, identification of ore minerals using reflected light microscopy.
Other Useful Textbooks
Pohl, W. L., 2011. Economic Geology: Principles and Practice. Wiley-Blackwell, 680 p
Evans, A. M., 1997: An introduction to Economic Geology and its environmental impact.
Blackwell Scietific publications, 376pp
Beydoun, Z. R., 1991. Arabian Plate Hydrocarbon Geology and Potential. AAPG, 77 pp.
Guilbert, J. M. and Park, C. F., 1986. The Geology of Ore Deposits. W. H. Freeman & Co,
984 pp.
Hunt, J. M., 1996. Petroleum Geochemistry and Geology. W. H. Freeman & Co, 743 pp.
Levorsen, A.I., 1967. Geology of Petroleum. W. H. Freeman & Co. 724 pp.
Selley, Richard C., 1998. Elements of Petroleum Geology. Academic Press. 470 pp.
6
7. Introduction
An Introduction to Egyptian Ore Deposits is to
geologists.
This course provides a non-technical introduction to
the basic concepts of:
Earth Resources in Egypt
Metallic ore deposits
Non-metallic Mineral Deposits
With numerous examples, figures and images of deposits
and mining.
Also included are some key aspects of the economics of a
mining and mineral processing operation in Egypt.
7
8. Follow me on Social Media
http://facebook.com/hzharraz
http://www.slideshare.net/hzharraz
https://www.linkedin.com/in/hassan-harraz-3172b235
8
9. • Keywords:
Egypt Mineral Resources;
Egyptian Mining;
Egyptian Metallic Ores;
Egyptian Mineral Industry
9
11. Outline of Lecture 1:
Introduction.
Mineral deposits known to occur in Egypt?
Systematic classified of the mineral deposits of
Egypt .
We will explore all of the above in Lecture 1.
11
12. Introduction
Gold, copper, and gemstones were known and
exploited by the ancient Egyptian since pre-
Dynastic time.
The Egyptians were certainly able to smelt gold
and copper and to produce bronze ~2500 B.C.
The amazing colours in the tombs of Thebes were
produced by artists using the green of malachite,
the blue of the turquoise and the purple of the
amethyst.
With increasing demand for gold, copper, and gemstones,
Economic geology has its beginning in the recording of the mode of
occurrences of these deposits, the formation of crude theories of origin, and
the organization of expeditions for the discovery and exploitation of ores.
12
13. Introduction Egyptian Civilization is one of the most ancient civilizations in the world, which practiced
mining and processing of metallic and non-metallic ores. The ancient Egyptians quarried the
dimensional stones in a very orderly manner to obtain geometrically shaped blocks with exact
dimensions to build tombs, temples and pyramids. They also cut-from extremely hard rocks
such as granite, gabbros, and granodiorites-obelisks and blocks for hewing statues and for
recording their history on them. They also traced the natural minerals, collected them, and
treated them to compose the ever-beautiful painting colors, which stayed bright and persisted
weather changes for thousands of years. The Ancient Egyptians had an excellent sense and
knowledge about geology, survey, rock mechanics and metallurgical processing. They worked
their way out in open pits, open cast, and underground mining. Almost all gold and copper
locations known at present were originally discovered and worked out by the Ancient
Egyptians. The technology limitations in mining, and processing, at that time, limited the
mining depth, and the overall efficiency of upgrading the ores. The first known underground
map (1300 BC), for El-Fawakhir gold mine, is preserved in Turin museum in Italy.
There are evidences that the Ancient Egyptians mined and extracted gold, silver, copper, and
zinc. They used these metals in their pure state and/or as alloys to suit certain purposes. They
designed and produced several hard alloys such as bronze (90% Copper and 10 % zinc). They
also traced all sorts of gem stones in Sinai, Eastern Desert, and Western Desert. They quarried
limestone, granite, marble, breccias, diorites, and granodiorite stones.
Mining in Egypt today, follows almost the same methodology as the Ancient Egyptians used to
use thousands of years ago. The main differences are in the introduction of the modern
technologies which are available today and were not available then. The underground mines
today are much deeper, drainage of the underground water is readily drained by means of
pumps which were not available at that time, the underground atmosphere is conditioned by
the up to date conditioning techniques (ventilation and refrigeration), the underground
openings are electrically lightened, and the raw materials are mechanically transported [1].
However, the scale of mining in Egypt at present is still small. The largest mining operation,
which is the iron ore mining, does not exceed 3 million ton/year [2].
13
18. Fig. 1. Overview of the Eastern Desert, Egypt, modified from Moussa et al. (2008). Inset shows the outline of the Neoproterozoic Arabian–Nubian Shield (Stern et al., 2006) with
sketch representation of the Saharan Metacraton and the Najd Fault System.
18
19. Fig.2: Geologic map of Sinai Peninsula
(after Ginzburget al.,1979; Neev,1975)Fig.2: Simplified geological map of the Sinai
peninsula and vicinity at the northern
19
20. Mineral deposits known to occur in Egypt
Mineral deposits known to occur in Egypt include:
(90) gold, (2) copper, (3) tin, (4) zinc, (5) lead, (6) tungsten, (7)
molybdenum, (8) titanium, (9) iron, (10) chrome, (11) nickel, (12)
manganese, (13) beryllium, (14) barite, (15) talc, (16) graphite, (17)
asbestos, (11) niobium-tantalum, (18) phosphate, (19) marble, (20)
alabaster, (21) magnesite, (22) sulphur, (23) coal, and (24) Gemstones.
Almost all of these have been exploited at one time or another
But, at present,
Only gold, niobium-tantalum, copper, zinc, iron,
manganese, phosphate, talc, chrome, coal, and some ornamental
and building stones are exploited commercially.
Several metallic ores were recorded in Egypt.
In the present time, only iron and gold are under mining while manganese, Pb-
Zn, and chromite are mined in small scale.
The rest of metallic ores mainly, gold, ilmenite, Pb-Zn, Cu, Nb-Ta deposits are still
under exploration and re-estimation of ore reserves.
20
22. Economic Metallic Ores in Egypt
Many attempts were done to classify these
ores either on the bases of time of deposition
or in the frame of metallogenetic aspects.
The first linking between plate tectonic
modeling for Arabian-Nubian shield and
mineralization was given by Garson and
Shalaby (1976).
The latest classification was proposed by
Botros and Noor (2008) where they classified
the Egyptian ore deposits on the bases of
tectonic-magmatic stages.
22
23. The systematic study of the mineral deposits of Egypt began
in the last 18th century with the pioneering work of
Hume,1937.
made a comprehensive list of mineral occurrences in
association with Precambrian rocks with notes on
stratigraphy, mode of occurrences and genesis of some
deposits.
grouped the mineral deposits into:
Occurrence of gold,
Occurrences of silver, copper, zinc, and lead,
Occurrences of molybdenum, tungsten, and tin,
Occurrences of iron, chromium, and nickel,
Occurrences of graphite,
Occurrences of precious and semiprecious minerals,
Occurrences of ornamental stones.
23
24. classified the mineral deposits of the Eastern Desert in
seven groups:
six of which are of Precambrian age, while the seventh
includes those of Miocene and younger ages.
The seven groups, in descending order of age area:
24
25. Mineralization Characters
7) Lead-zinc
At the base of the Miocene deposits in the Red
Sea cost
6) Tin-Tungsten Associated with post-Gattarian quartz veins
5) Gold
Hypogene, epigenetic auriferous quartz veins
with associated some post-Gattarian dykes
4) Ilmenite Associated with some gabbroic intrusions
3) Steatite
Associated with epidiorites and other
intrusions of basic to intermediate composition
2)
Chromite-
magnesite-
asbestos
In association with serpentine and talc-
carbonate rocks
1)
Marble-graphite-
magnetite
Associated with schists, amphibolites and
mudstone
Pr
ec
a
m
br
ia
n
Miocene and younger
25
26. Classified the mineral deposits of Egypt on the
basis of :-
time relations and
their supposed mode of formation.
26
27. Pleistocene-
Recent
Beach and elluvial placers (including black sands)
Evaporites
Miocene
Red Sea coast Zn-Pb and related ochre deposits
Sulphur deposits
Evaporites
Manganese-iron deposits (in Sinai and the Eastern Desert)
Cretaceous
Kaolin
Aswan iron ores
Phosphate deposits
Late
Precambrian
Hydrothermal replacement deposit (steatite and talc, zinc and
copper, copper)
True hydrothermal fissure vein deposits (tin-tungsten,
molybdenum, gold, barite)
Early
Precambrian
Deposits formed by magmatic segregation (ilmenite)
Deposits related to old pegmatites (asbestos, vermiculite, beryl)
Deposits formed from ultrabasic intrusions (Chromite, peridotite,
nickel, magnesite, and talc)
Metamorphosed sedimentary deposits (bedded iron ores and
graphite)
27
28. Notes:-
In the years following, many refinements took
place regarding mineral deposits in Egypt and
new types of deposit were discovered as a result
of the intensive exploration.
The mineral deposits in Egypt should be classified to
facilitate their correlation with worldwide deposits.
Such a classification
would take advantage of the discovery of new
types of deposits in the country, and the
development of the plate tectonic concept in
crustal evolution with its reflections on ore
genesis and distribution of mineral deposits.
28
29. Proposed a classification following:-
i) classified the mineral deposits in Egypt to facilitate their
correlation with worldwide deposits.
ii) the widely accepted notion (Stanton, 1972) that
mineral deposits are integral parts of the petrological
associations with which they occur, and that they may
have formed in all the ways that ordinary rocks have
formed.
iii) mineral deposits are grouped and a list of deposits
pertaining to each group is given along with a review of
the geology and economic potentials of the more
important ores.,
iv) the mode of formation and geotectonic environment of
each group has developed, in harmony with the crustal
evolution models.
29
30. I)
Mineral
deposits
associated with
mafic-
ultramafic
assemblages
1) In ophiolite
sequence
a) Chromite deposits
b) Cu-Ni-Co sulphide deposits
c) Asbestos, vermiculite, corundum,
talc, and magnesite deposits
2) In layered
mafic-ultramafic
intrusions
a) Cu-Ni sulphide deposits
b) Ti-Fe oxide deposits
c) Ni-bearing veins and peridotite
II)
Mineral
deposits in
felsic
association
1) Copper
porphyry type
mineralization
2) Mineralization
related to granites
a) Disseminated and vein molybdenum
mineralization
b) Disseminated and vein tin
mineralization
c) Vein tungsten mineralization
d) Disseminated and vein Nb-Ta
mineralization
e) Beryllium mineralization
f) Fluorite mineralization
g) Uranium mineralization
III) Stratiform volcanogenic massive sulphide deposits and related talc
30
31. IV)
Precious and base
metal vein type
deposits
1) Dominantly gold (±silver)
veins
2) Dominantly base metals
3) Barite veins
V)
Stratabound
deposits in
sedimentary
sequences
1) Zinc-lead deposits
2) Stratiform copper
3 Sulphur deposits
4) Barite in sedimentary rocks
VI)
Ores of
sedimentary nature
1) Iron ore deposits
2) Manganese ore deposits
3) True sedimentary ores
a) Phosphate deposits
b) Coal deposits
c) Carbonates
d) Clastic and placer deposits
e) Evaporites
f) Weathering products
g) Sedimentary uranium
deposits
VII)
Mineral deposits in
metamorphic
association
Metamorphosed mineral
deposits
a) Banded iron ore deposits
b) Marble deposits
VIII) Miscellaneous
31
32. The latest classification was proposed by Botros and Noor (2008) where they
classified the Egyptian ore deposits on the bases of tectonic-magmatic stages as
follows:
I) Island Arc Stage:
A) Deposits formed in ophiolitic assemblage including Cu-Ni-Co
sulphides (e.g. Abu Swayel copper) and Podiform chromite deposits.
B) Deposits formed in primitive island arc including Banded Iron
Formations (BIF) and its gold related deposits.
C) Deposits formed in mature island arc including volcanic hosted base
metal massive sulphides (e.g. gold related deposits such as Um Samuki)
II) Accretional Stage (Orogenic Stage):
A) Auriferous vein type.
B) Base metal vein type.
C) Titaniferous iron ore (e.g., Abu Ghalqa ore deposit)
III) Late Orogenic-Extensional Stage:
A) Cu-Ni sulphides (Gabbro Akarem)
B) Titaniferous iron ore (Kurabkanci)
C) Association with granitic rocks:
Beryllium (e.g., Um Kabu)
Tin-deposit (e.g. Abu Dabbab)
Tungsten (e.g., Igla)
Fluorite (e.g., Homr Akarm)
Auriferous vein deposit (e.g., El Sid)
32
33. Mineral Commodities
• The mineral commodities can be classified as metallic
and non-metallic deposits.
• The most important of these deposits are:
1)Metallic ores such as: iron ores, gold ores, industrial
metal oxides (Sn, Ta, Nb, W, and Mo), titanium and
titaniferous-iron ores, manganese ores, sulphide
mineralization (Pb, Zn, Cu, and Co), and chromite.
2)Non-metallic ores such as: phosphate, limestone,
dolomite, ornamental stones, quartz rock, white
sands, talc, feldspars, kaolin, fire clays, bentonite,
gypsum, fluorspar, sands and gravels, magnesite,
evaporates (salts), and coal.
33
34. Possible Areas for Investment in in ore deposits in in
Egypt
The following areas are open for serious investment in
the mineral industry, metallic commodities, in Egypt:
1) Mining and Mineral Processing of iron ores at:
Eastern Desert, Bahariya Oases, and Aswan.
2) Integrated iron and steel industry.
3) Exploitation of ilmenite ores in the feasible areas.
4) Evaluation and exploitation of Beach Black Sands
for their strategic heavy minerals.
5) Exploration, Mining, Processing, and Extraction of:
gold, tin, tantalum, and niobium.
34
35. The metallic ore and non-metallic
mineral deposits,
which will be discussed here in,
are put according to
the priority of their economic
impact on Egypt.
@ Hassan Harraz 2017 35
36. References
Amin, A. S. (1955). Geological Features of Some Mineral Deposits in Egypt. Bulletin De
Institute du Desert, Egypt, Vol. 1, pp. 208-239.
El Shazly, E. M. (1957). Classification of Egyptian Mineral Deposits. Egyptian Journal of
Geology 1 ( No. 1) pp. 1-20.
Garson, M. S. and Shalaby, I. (1976). Precambrian Lower Paleozoic Plate Tectonics and
Metallogenesis in Red Sea Region. The Geological Association of Canada, Special
Issue, pp. 537-596.
Hume WF, (1937). Geology of Egypt: The minerals of economic values associated with the
intrusive Precambrian igneous rocks. Geologic Survey Egypt 2:689-990.
Hussein, A.A.A., (1990). Mineral deposits. In: Said, R. (Ed.), The geology of Egypt. 1990.
A.A. Balkema, Rotterdam/Brookfield, pp. 511-566.
Ivanov, T. G.; Shalaby, I. and Hussein, A. A. (1973). Metallogeneic Characteristics of South
Eastern Desert, Egypt. Annal of Geological Survey of Egypt, Vol. 3, pp. 139-166.
Kochine, G.; Bassyuni, F. A. and others (1968). Mineral Resources of the UAR, Part I,
Metallic Minerals. Internal Report No. 18/19/68, Geological Survey of Egypt, p. 35.
Garson, M. S. and Shalaby, I. (1976). Precambrian Lower Paleozoic Plate Tectonics and
Metallogenesis in Red Sea Region. The Geological Association of Canada, Special
Issue, pp. 537-596.
Botros, N. S. and. Noor, A. M. (2008). Mineral Deposits in the Eastern Desert of Egypt, an
Expression of two Major Episodes with Distinct Magmatic and Tectonic Characteristics.
Annal of Geological Survey of Egypt, Vol. 30, pp. 249-274.
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