Slides related to wall rock alteration.In these slides it is described that how host rock behave when it comes in contact with the hydro thermal fluid coming from deep Earth (Mantle) and their results.
Metallogenic Epoch and Province
Metallogenetic Epochs
Metallogenetic epochs, as defined above, are specific periods characterised by formation of large number of mineral deposits. It does not mean that all the mineral deposits formed during a definite metallogenetic epochs. In India the chief metallogenetic epochs were:
1. Precambrian
2. Late Palaeozoic
3. Late Mesozoic to Early Tertiary
Slides related to wall rock alteration.In these slides it is described that how host rock behave when it comes in contact with the hydro thermal fluid coming from deep Earth (Mantle) and their results.
Metallogenic Epoch and Province
Metallogenetic Epochs
Metallogenetic epochs, as defined above, are specific periods characterised by formation of large number of mineral deposits. It does not mean that all the mineral deposits formed during a definite metallogenetic epochs. In India the chief metallogenetic epochs were:
1. Precambrian
2. Late Palaeozoic
3. Late Mesozoic to Early Tertiary
This is my presentation on the tectonic control of sediments.
It includes the effects of tectonics either direct or indirect on sediments and sedimentation.
Sedimentation along various plate boundaries.
Few examples as evidence from Pakistan (the Siwalik Group) and Argentina (Fiambala Basin)
The name ophiolite derived from Greek root which means
Ophio : snake or serpent Litho : Stone
The green colour, structure and texture of sheared ultramafic rocks is similar to some serpents
Economically :
Massive Sulphide
It founded within pillow lava most of massive Sulphide associated in ophiolites have well developed Gossans (bright colored iron oxide, hydroxides, and sulfides) which is very rich in gold.
Chromite
Stratiform (be tabular or pencil shape) or podiform (irregular shape) within ultra-mafic rocks
These deposits are developed on serpentinite peridotite
Laterites (nickel and iron)
Asbestos
Talc
Magenesite
ophiolite sequence :
Sediments
Pillow Lavas
Dykes
Gabbros
Layered Gabbro
Layered Peridotite
Upper mantle
Minerals are formed by changes in chemical energy in systems which contain one fluid or vapor phase. In nature, minerals are formed by crystallisation or precipitation from concentrated solutions. These solutions are called as ore-bearing fluids. Ore-bearing fluids are characterised by high concentration of certain metallic or other elements.
Fluids are the most effective agents for the transport of material in the mantle and the Earth's crust.
CLASSIFICATION OF ORE DEPOSITS
The Mixture of ore minerals are gangue minerals form an Ore deposit. The ore
deposits are generally found enclosed within the country rocks. The ore deposits
are formed in many different ways. Depending upon the process that may
operate to produce them, the ore deposits may be classified as follow:
Magmatic ore deposits.
Sublimation ore deposits.
Pegmatitic ore deposits.
Contact metasomatic ore deposits.
Hydrothermal ore deposits
Cavity filling deposits.
Replacement deposits.
Sedimentation ore deposits.
Evaporation ore deposits.
Residual and mechanical concentration deposits
Metamorphic ore deposits.
MAGMATIC ORE DEPOSITS:
The magmatic ore deposits are the magmatic products which crystallize from
magmas. The magmatic ore deposits are classified as follows:
o Early magmatic deposits
o Late magmatic deposits
Early magmatic deposits:
Early magmatic deposits are formed during the
early stage of the magmatic period. In this case the
ore minerals crystallize earlier than the rock
silicates. The Minerals of Nickel, Chromium, and
Platinum are usually found as early magmatic
deposits. The early magmatic deposits can be sub
divided into two groups:
o Dissemination deposits
o Segregation deposits
Dissemination deposits:
When magma crystallizes
conditions, a granular igneous rock is formed. In
such a rock early formed crystals of
may occur in dissemination.
Segregation deposits:
Magmatic segregation deposits are
formed as a result of gravitative
crystallization differentiation. In
case, the ore mineral which crystallize
early, get ocean-trated on a particular
part of igneous part. The ore deposits
thus formed are known as “Segregation
deposits”.
rly under seated
ore minerals
such
Late Magmatic Deposits:
The ore deposits which are formed to
called late magmatic deposits. The late magmatic deposits contain those ore
minerals which have crystallized at rather low temperature from the residual
magma. The magma which is left after crystallization of early for
is called residual magma. This magma frequently contains many ore minerals. The
late magmatic deposits include most of the magmatic deposits of iron and
titanium ores, these deposits are almost always associated with mafic igneous
rocks.
SUBLIMATION DEPOSITS:
Sublimation is a very minor process of formation of ore deposits. Sublimation
deposits contain only those minerals which have been volatilized by hear and
subsequently redeposit in the same form at low temperature and pressure. The
sublimation deposits are found associated with Volcanoes and Fumaroles. Sulfur
of this origin has been mined in Japan, Italy, and Mexico.
Boundary problems between :-
Precambrian/Cambrian
Permian/Triassic
Cretaceous/Tertiary
Neogene/Quaternary
Stratigraphic boundaries are determined by one or more of geological events such as volcanic activity, sedimentation, tectonism, paleo-environments & evolution of life.
Faunal records have played major role in determining the boundaries of the Phanerozoic units.
The other geological events are dated on the evidence of fossil records.
This is my presentation on the tectonic control of sediments.
It includes the effects of tectonics either direct or indirect on sediments and sedimentation.
Sedimentation along various plate boundaries.
Few examples as evidence from Pakistan (the Siwalik Group) and Argentina (Fiambala Basin)
The name ophiolite derived from Greek root which means
Ophio : snake or serpent Litho : Stone
The green colour, structure and texture of sheared ultramafic rocks is similar to some serpents
Economically :
Massive Sulphide
It founded within pillow lava most of massive Sulphide associated in ophiolites have well developed Gossans (bright colored iron oxide, hydroxides, and sulfides) which is very rich in gold.
Chromite
Stratiform (be tabular or pencil shape) or podiform (irregular shape) within ultra-mafic rocks
These deposits are developed on serpentinite peridotite
Laterites (nickel and iron)
Asbestos
Talc
Magenesite
ophiolite sequence :
Sediments
Pillow Lavas
Dykes
Gabbros
Layered Gabbro
Layered Peridotite
Upper mantle
Minerals are formed by changes in chemical energy in systems which contain one fluid or vapor phase. In nature, minerals are formed by crystallisation or precipitation from concentrated solutions. These solutions are called as ore-bearing fluids. Ore-bearing fluids are characterised by high concentration of certain metallic or other elements.
Fluids are the most effective agents for the transport of material in the mantle and the Earth's crust.
CLASSIFICATION OF ORE DEPOSITS
The Mixture of ore minerals are gangue minerals form an Ore deposit. The ore
deposits are generally found enclosed within the country rocks. The ore deposits
are formed in many different ways. Depending upon the process that may
operate to produce them, the ore deposits may be classified as follow:
Magmatic ore deposits.
Sublimation ore deposits.
Pegmatitic ore deposits.
Contact metasomatic ore deposits.
Hydrothermal ore deposits
Cavity filling deposits.
Replacement deposits.
Sedimentation ore deposits.
Evaporation ore deposits.
Residual and mechanical concentration deposits
Metamorphic ore deposits.
MAGMATIC ORE DEPOSITS:
The magmatic ore deposits are the magmatic products which crystallize from
magmas. The magmatic ore deposits are classified as follows:
o Early magmatic deposits
o Late magmatic deposits
Early magmatic deposits:
Early magmatic deposits are formed during the
early stage of the magmatic period. In this case the
ore minerals crystallize earlier than the rock
silicates. The Minerals of Nickel, Chromium, and
Platinum are usually found as early magmatic
deposits. The early magmatic deposits can be sub
divided into two groups:
o Dissemination deposits
o Segregation deposits
Dissemination deposits:
When magma crystallizes
conditions, a granular igneous rock is formed. In
such a rock early formed crystals of
may occur in dissemination.
Segregation deposits:
Magmatic segregation deposits are
formed as a result of gravitative
crystallization differentiation. In
case, the ore mineral which crystallize
early, get ocean-trated on a particular
part of igneous part. The ore deposits
thus formed are known as “Segregation
deposits”.
rly under seated
ore minerals
such
Late Magmatic Deposits:
The ore deposits which are formed to
called late magmatic deposits. The late magmatic deposits contain those ore
minerals which have crystallized at rather low temperature from the residual
magma. The magma which is left after crystallization of early for
is called residual magma. This magma frequently contains many ore minerals. The
late magmatic deposits include most of the magmatic deposits of iron and
titanium ores, these deposits are almost always associated with mafic igneous
rocks.
SUBLIMATION DEPOSITS:
Sublimation is a very minor process of formation of ore deposits. Sublimation
deposits contain only those minerals which have been volatilized by hear and
subsequently redeposit in the same form at low temperature and pressure. The
sublimation deposits are found associated with Volcanoes and Fumaroles. Sulfur
of this origin has been mined in Japan, Italy, and Mexico.
Boundary problems between :-
Precambrian/Cambrian
Permian/Triassic
Cretaceous/Tertiary
Neogene/Quaternary
Stratigraphic boundaries are determined by one or more of geological events such as volcanic activity, sedimentation, tectonism, paleo-environments & evolution of life.
Faunal records have played major role in determining the boundaries of the Phanerozoic units.
The other geological events are dated on the evidence of fossil records.
In this presentation we discuss cobalt crusts, its classification, Occurrence and Distribution, Formation, Texture, Mineralogy, Scope for future mining and exploration.
Geological and Geochemical Characterization of the Neoproterozoic Derudieb Me...Premier Publishers
The meta- volcano - sedimentary sequences in the northern part of the Red Sea Hills comprise a sequence of metamorphosed rocks at low green schist facies of metamorphism consisting of lava flows, tuffs to breccias and agglomerates range in composition from basalts and andesites to rhyolites. Geologically the meta volcano sedimentary sequences is divided into metavolcanic rocks and metasediments. The metavolcanic rocks range in composition from mafic to felsic. The metasediments are represented by banded schist, quartzite and marble. The samples collected for study lie within the field of sub-alkaline rocks except one mafic volcanic sample, which plot near the boundary in the alkaline field and thus follow a transitional tholeiitic to calc-alkaline trend (increasing FeO* relative to MgO). The behavior of the large ion lithophile element (LILE) in the studied metavolcanics confirms the early fractionation of plagioclase. These rocks display negative Nb anomalies, suggesting that the melt source was modified by subduction-related fluids. Tectonically all felsic samples fall in the field of volcanic arc granitoids whereas the mafic units plot firmly within the plate margin field.
Karst topography is unique landform that is underground to understand more about this vist my youtube channel
https://youtu.be/PdB_6Ua1ymE
#karst topograpghy #geography
Crystal Lake Mining: TECHNICAL HIGHLIGHTS OF THE NICOBAT PROJECT: A PIPELINE ...MomentumPR
Crystal Lake Mining is a Canada-based junior exploration company focused on building shareholder value through the discovery of new magmatic nickel sulphide deposits using technical excellence in exploration target development.
Have you ever wondered how search works while visiting an e-commerce site, internal website, or searching through other types of online resources? Look no further than this informative session on the ways that taxonomies help end-users navigate the internet! Hear from taxonomists and other information professionals who have first-hand experience creating and working with taxonomies that aid in navigation, search, and discovery across a range of disciplines.
Acorn Recovery: Restore IT infra within minutesIP ServerOne
Introducing Acorn Recovery as a Service, a simple, fast, and secure managed disaster recovery (DRaaS) by IP ServerOne. A DR solution that helps restore your IT infra within minutes.
This presentation by Morris Kleiner (University of Minnesota), was made during the discussion “Competition and Regulation in Professions and Occupations” held at the Working Party No. 2 on Competition and Regulation on 10 June 2024. More papers and presentations on the topic can be found out at oe.cd/crps.
This presentation was uploaded with the author’s consent.
0x01 - Newton's Third Law: Static vs. Dynamic AbusersOWASP Beja
f you offer a service on the web, odds are that someone will abuse it. Be it an API, a SaaS, a PaaS, or even a static website, someone somewhere will try to figure out a way to use it to their own needs. In this talk we'll compare measures that are effective against static attackers and how to battle a dynamic attacker who adapts to your counter-measures.
About the Speaker
===============
Diogo Sousa, Engineering Manager @ Canonical
An opinionated individual with an interest in cryptography and its intersection with secure software development.
Sharpen existing tools or get a new toolbox? Contemporary cluster initiatives...Orkestra
UIIN Conference, Madrid, 27-29 May 2024
James Wilson, Orkestra and Deusto Business School
Emily Wise, Lund University
Madeline Smith, The Glasgow School of Art
Obesity causes and management and associated medical conditions
Mineralization controlled by Tectonics & structures.ppt
1.
2. Introduction
Mineralization related to plate
tectonics
Mineralization related to regional and
minor structures
Examples
Summery
3. Mining geologists have for many decades
attempted to relate various types of mineralization
to large scale crustal structures.
Nearly all hydrothermal deposits exhibit some
degree of structural control on mineralization.
Structures (fractures, faults or folds) which form
prior to a mineralizing event are referred to as
“pre-mineral”.
Geologists are keenly interested in pre-mineral
structures because these structures influence the
localization of ore by hydrothermal fluids utilizing
these pathways.
4.
5. Plate convergence and spreading centers
are among the important features which
control the global location of mineral
deposits.
Other important features to which
mineralization appears to be related include
hotspots,(mantle plumes), rifting and other
extensional tectonics, and collision
tectonics.
6. Intracratonic basins are accompanied by
mineralization e.g. the late Proterozoic Central
African Copper.
Ocean basins and rises
At some stage during this process an opening to
the sea may initiate marine conditions.
Observations from theRed Sea region indicate that
evaporite series of great thickness may form at this
time. These evaporites contain halite as well as
gypsum and therefore have a double economic
importance.
7. Hydrothermal mineralization with the development of copper,
zinc, silver and mercury has been reported from oceanic
ridges in the Atlantic and Indian Oceans.
it was generated by sea water solutions circulating through
the oceanic crust that related to black smokers .
black smokers have now been found on the Mid-Atlantic
Ridge indicating that the hydrothermal processes which
produce them probably operate along most active sea floor
spreading centers.
11. Structures (fractures, faults or folds) which form
prior to a mineralizing event are referred to as
“pre-mineral”.
Structures which form after a mineralizing event,
and hence may be responsible for offset or removal
of mineralized zones, are referred to as “post-
mineral”.
In some cases the formation of structures and
mineralization appear to be nearly synchronous.
12. Fractures and fault zones provide excellent pathways
for hydrothermal fluids to circulate through.
Open-space filling has long been recognized as the
primary method of vein formation.
The formation of breccia due to the grinding action of
the rocks adjacent to the fault plane increases the
‘structural porosity’, .
Under certain conditions, breccia may itself provide the
host for mineralization.
Intersections of structural features often are better
locations to prospect for mineralization
14. Within the geological record there is evidence of numerous
ore deposits precipitated in or near geological fold belts.
This is due to the fact that folds can play different roles in
transporting aqueous minerals in a hydrothermal system.
For a permeable fold, the focusing and mixing of different
reactive fluids can take place within the fold.
Whereas for an impermeable fold, the existence of the fold
can change and even determine the channels of pore-fluid in
a hydrothermal system.
15. Low-grade basement rocks of Neoproterozoic age
with well developed shear zones from Hawzien
area of northern Ethiopia.
Geochemistry of surface and drill core samples
indicate enrichment of zinc in shear zones with low
concentrations of copper, lead, gold, arsenic and
silver.
Zn-rich base metal mineralization with Pb-Cu-Fe
(±Ag-As-Au) is related to D2 deformation through
the shear zone.
16. Field photographs showing D1 & D2 in phyllite (A); in metavolcaniclastic rock (B);
preshearing quartz dike/vein in phyllite (C); 2nd generation quartz veins during
shearing in metavolcaniclastic (D); and 3rd generation quartz veins of post-shearing in
metavolcaniclastic (E). Source Investigation of Mineralization Related to Detachment
Faulting, Joshua Sargent Geological Sciences Department California State Polytechnic
University, Pomona, CA
17. One of the most common areas that enriched with
minerals in Egypt is Wadi Allaqi area, which most of
its mineralization related to major or large
structures.
Wadi Allaqi located in the South Eastern desert of
Egypt.
18. Geology of the Wadi Allaqi area
The Wadi Allaqi area is underlain by
Neoproterozoic rocks, Cretaceous sandstones, and
Mesozoic to Cenozoic volcanic and sub-volcanic
rocks.
These rocks include a mafic–ultramafic ophiolitic
assemblage, at least two volcano-sedimentary-
plutonic island arc assemblages, and late- to post-
tectonic granitic intrusions (Krṏoner et al., 1987;
Greiling et al., 1994; Shackleton, 1994; Abdelsalam
and Stern, 1996; Taylor et al., 1993; Berhe, 1990;
Shackleton, 1994).
19. Structure geology of WadiAllaqi
field and remote-sensing studies suggest thatthe
western part of the Allaqi suture developed through
four phases of Neoproterozoic deformation (D1 through
D4).
D1 and D2 are associated with early collisional stages
between the Gerfterrane in the north with the Haya and
GabgabaTerranes to the south.
whereas D3 and D4 represent deformation associated
with the later stages of collision (Abdelsalam and Stern,
1996), characterized by development of tight to
isoclinal, gently inclined folds, and reactivation of some
of the thrust faults in the E–W imbricate thrust zones.
21. Mineral deposits of WadiAllaqi
Several mineral deposits are associated with
different rock units and structures in the study
area.
Copper– nickel–platinum mineralization, podiform
chromite, and gold–quartz veins are associated
with ultramafic rocks.
Marble, gold-bearing quartz veins and alteration
zones possibly associated with massive sulfides are
associated with metavolcanics, and zones of
radioactive mineralization are associated with
leucocratic granitic rocks.
22. Landsat TM and SIR-C/X SAR images as well as
field studies indicate that these mineral deposits
are structurally controlled, as well as being
associated spatially with the late granites, as the
following:
1. Mineral deposits associated with D1, D2 (imbricate
thrust belt)
2. Mineral deposits associated with D3 (WadiUngate
shear zone)
3. Mineral deposits associated with D3, D4 (E–W
fractures and late granites)
The following table show the deformation events and
the mineraliztion that releated to them in Wadi
Allaqi
23.
24. Fractures and shear zones provide excellent pathways
for hydrothermal fluids to circulate through from their
sources to near surfaces.
Folds can play different roles in transporting aqueous
minerals in a hydrothermal system.
Also the shear zones consider one of the most
important areas lead to concentration and formation of
certain economic minerals.
Besides the structural elements controlling much more
mineralization, some plate tectonic environments play
important roles to indicate mineralized zones.