Manganese ore deposits are widely scattered in various districts in Egypt.
They occur at some localities in Sinai Peninsula and at a few localities in the Eastern Desert.
Manganese deposits are known:
in the Um Bogma district in west central Sinai; and
in the Halaib "Elba" district in the southern portion of Eastern Desert.
In addition, minor occurrences are known in Wadi Mialik near Abu Ghosun and Ras Banas in the Southern Eastern Desert, and Wadi Abu Shaar El Qibli (Black Hill), to the north of Hurghada
Occurrences of asbestos, vermiculite, corundum, magnesite and talc, are typically associated with Pan-African ultramafic rocks such as peridotite, serpentinite, gabbro, and norite.
Migif-Hafafit area in the Eastern Desert of Egypt contains asbestos-vermiculite deposits at several sites, occurs in the magnesium-rich metapelitic schist-ultramafic complex.
Sulfide mineralization are the main resource for exploiting Pb, Zn, and Cu metals in Egypt.
Sulfide mineralization is represented by four sulfide types of the different setting, lithology and ages, namely:
i) Lead-Zinc sulphide Deposits
ii) Cu-NiCo sulphide Deposits
This type of mineralization is well represented in Abu Swayel in South Eastern Desert. The ore is closely related to mafic-ultramafic and gabbro of ophiolitic rocks.
iii) Cu-Ni sulphide deposits
This type of mineralization occurs in layered mafic-ultramafic intrusions like gabbro rocks at Akarm and El Geneina .
iv) Stratiform Massive Sulphide (Zn-Cu-Pb) Deposits
This type of mineralization is represented by a group of small lenses associated with talc deposits in South Eastern Desert at: Um Samuki, Helgit, Maakal, Atshan, Darhib, Abu Gurdi, and Egat.
Mineral deposits known to occur in Egypt; Classification of mineral deposit in Egypt, Possible Areas for Investment in Mineral Industry in Egypt, Mineral Commodities
IRON ORE DEPOSITS IN EGYPT ; EGYPTIAN IRON ORE DEPOSITS; Iron ore deposit of sedimentary nature; Sinai: Gabal Halal iron ore deposit; Western Desert:; Aswan iron Ore Deposits; Bahariya iron Ore Deposits; The Banded Iron ore deposits (BIFs), Geologic Setting BIFs, General Characteristics of the Egyptian Banded Iron Ores; Are the Egyptian Banded Iron Ores Unique?; Genesis of Egyptian Banded Iron Formation
Occurrences of asbestos, vermiculite, corundum, magnesite and talc, are typically associated with Pan-African ultramafic rocks such as peridotite, serpentinite, gabbro, and norite.
Migif-Hafafit area in the Eastern Desert of Egypt contains asbestos-vermiculite deposits at several sites, occurs in the magnesium-rich metapelitic schist-ultramafic complex.
Sulfide mineralization are the main resource for exploiting Pb, Zn, and Cu metals in Egypt.
Sulfide mineralization is represented by four sulfide types of the different setting, lithology and ages, namely:
i) Lead-Zinc sulphide Deposits
ii) Cu-NiCo sulphide Deposits
This type of mineralization is well represented in Abu Swayel in South Eastern Desert. The ore is closely related to mafic-ultramafic and gabbro of ophiolitic rocks.
iii) Cu-Ni sulphide deposits
This type of mineralization occurs in layered mafic-ultramafic intrusions like gabbro rocks at Akarm and El Geneina .
iv) Stratiform Massive Sulphide (Zn-Cu-Pb) Deposits
This type of mineralization is represented by a group of small lenses associated with talc deposits in South Eastern Desert at: Um Samuki, Helgit, Maakal, Atshan, Darhib, Abu Gurdi, and Egat.
Mineral deposits known to occur in Egypt; Classification of mineral deposit in Egypt, Possible Areas for Investment in Mineral Industry in Egypt, Mineral Commodities
IRON ORE DEPOSITS IN EGYPT ; EGYPTIAN IRON ORE DEPOSITS; Iron ore deposit of sedimentary nature; Sinai: Gabal Halal iron ore deposit; Western Desert:; Aswan iron Ore Deposits; Bahariya iron Ore Deposits; The Banded Iron ore deposits (BIFs), Geologic Setting BIFs, General Characteristics of the Egyptian Banded Iron Ores; Are the Egyptian Banded Iron Ores Unique?; Genesis of Egyptian Banded Iron Formation
Egyptian Phosphate Ore Deposits; Red Sea Coast Phosphate Deposits; Nile Valley Phosphate Deposits; New Valley Geological Setting of Egyptian Phosphate; Geology of the Main Phosphate Regions; Egyptian Phosphate Ore Deposits:; Red Sea Coast Phosphate Deposits; Nile Valley Phosphate Deposits; New Valley Phosphate Deposits; Abu Tartur Ore Phosphate; Dakhla Phosphate; Common Characters of the Egyptian Phosphorites; Characteristics of the phosphate producing facies area; Phosphate Microfacies; Mineralogical composition ; Geochemistry ; Phosphate Reserves and Production
Minerals are formed by changes in chemical energy in systems which contain one fluid or vapor phase. In nature, minerals are formed by crystallisation or precipitation from concentrated solutions. These solutions are called as ore-bearing fluids. Ore-bearing fluids are characterised by high concentration of certain metallic or other elements.
Fluids are the most effective agents for the transport of material in the mantle and the Earth's crust.
How can minerals deposits be formed; GEOLOGICAL PROCESSES; Ore Fluids; Ore Forming Processes; Concentrating Processes; Magmatic mineral deposits; Residual mineral deposits ; Placer deposits; Sedimentary mineral deposits; Metamorhogenic mineral deposits; Hydrothermal mineral deposits ; Magmatic Deposits
Cumulate deposits: fractional crystallization processes can concentrate metals (Cr, Fe, PGE, Pt, Ni, Ti, Diamond ))
Pegmatites : late staged crystallization forms pegmatites and many residual elements are concentrated (Li, Ce, Be, Sn, U, Rare Earths (REE), Feldspar, Mica, Gems).
magmatic deposits; Mode of Formation of Magmatic Ores Deposits; Mode of Formation of Orthomagmatic Ores ; Fractional Crystallization (or Crystal fractionation ); Magmatic (or Liquid ) Immiscibility; Simple crystallization without concentration (Dissemination); Segregation of early formed crystals; (Layer Types); Injection of material concentrated elsewhere by differentiation Residual liquid segregation; Residual liquid injection; Immiscible liquid segregation; Immiscible-liquid-injection; Early magmatic deposit; Late magmatic deposit; Types of Magmatic Ore Deposits:Chromite; Fe-Ti (± V) oxides; Ni – Cu – Fe (± Pt) sulfides; Platinum Group Elements (PGEs); REE, and Zr in Carbonatites; Diamond in kimberlites.
Komattite
Named after the Komati River in South Africa.
first described by Morris and Richard (twins) for ultramafic units in the Barberton Greenstone belt of South Africa.
Mostly of komatiite are Archean age
distributed in the Archaean shield areas.
Also a few are Proterozoic and Phanerozoic.
In all ages komatiites are highly magnesium.
Mostly a volcanic rock; occasionally intrusive.
Mafic rocks were identified as extrusive because of their volcanic textures and structures, and they seem to have been accepted as a normal component of Archean volcanic successions, Abitibi in Canada.
The ultramafic rocks were interpreted as intrusive which are founded as sills and dykes, Barberton in South Africa.
Spinifex texture-typical of Komatiites:
The name Spinifex refer to a spiky grass in Australian.
Texture of Ore Minerals; Importance of Studying Textures; Individual Grains Properties; Filling of voids; Texture Types; Genetically differentiated between Texture types; Secondary textures from replacement; Hypogene Texture; Supergene Texture; Primary texture formed from Melts; Primary texture of open-space deposition; Secondary textures from cooling; Secondary textures from deformation; TEXTURES OF ECONOMIC ORE DEPOSITS; Textures of Magmatic ores; Cumulus textures; Intergranular or intercumulus textures; Exsolution textures; Textures of hydrothermal ore deposits and skarns; Replacement textures; Open space filling textures; Textures characteristic of surfacial or near surface environments and processes; Criteria for identifying replacement textures; Vein and Veining have different Nature Features
MANGANESE ORE DEPOSITS, Sedimentary Manganese Deposits, Types of Sedimentary Manganese, Classification, Manganese Nodules, EGYPTIAN MANGANESE ORE DEPOSITS , IRON ORE DEPOSITS, Cycle of Iron , Ironstone (Sedimentary iron) Ore Deposits, Bog Iron Ore Deposits, Principal iron-bearing minerals, Geochemical stability of iron-rich minerals, World Resources Iron Deposit, EGYPTIAN IRON ORE DEPOSITS, Iron ore deposit of sedimentary nature, Sinai: Gabal Halal iron ore deposit, Aswan iron Ore Deposits, Bahariya iron Ore Deposits
massive type interlayer with gabbroic rocks in the Eastern Desert; Main occurrences of Ti-Fe oxide deposits in Egypt; Abu Ghalaga Ore Deposit; Abu Ghalaga ilmenite ore deposit categories ; Abu Ghalaga Mineral composition; Mining Techniques; Origins; Korabkanci titano-magnetite ore; black sand placer deposits type; Rosetta (or Rashid East); Northern Sinai Coast
Uranium Occurrence in the Egypt
Types of Uranium Deposits in Egypt:
Uranium Occurrences in Pan-African Younger Granites of Egypt
Uranium Occurrences in Dykes
Uranium Occurrences in Sedimentary Rock Sequences of Egypt
Categories of Egyption Uranium Deposits:
I) Vein types:
Uranium deposits of Gabal Gattar
Uranium deposits of Gabal El-Missikat
Uranium deposits of El Erediya
Uranium deposits of Um Ara area
II) Volcanic type deposits:
5) Uranium deposits of El Atshan-II
III) Surficial deposits:
6) Uranium deposits in Sinai
7) Black Sand
IV) Phosphorite deposits
Egyptian Phosphate Ore Deposits; Red Sea Coast Phosphate Deposits; Nile Valley Phosphate Deposits; New Valley Geological Setting of Egyptian Phosphate; Geology of the Main Phosphate Regions; Egyptian Phosphate Ore Deposits:; Red Sea Coast Phosphate Deposits; Nile Valley Phosphate Deposits; New Valley Phosphate Deposits; Abu Tartur Ore Phosphate; Dakhla Phosphate; Common Characters of the Egyptian Phosphorites; Characteristics of the phosphate producing facies area; Phosphate Microfacies; Mineralogical composition ; Geochemistry ; Phosphate Reserves and Production
Minerals are formed by changes in chemical energy in systems which contain one fluid or vapor phase. In nature, minerals are formed by crystallisation or precipitation from concentrated solutions. These solutions are called as ore-bearing fluids. Ore-bearing fluids are characterised by high concentration of certain metallic or other elements.
Fluids are the most effective agents for the transport of material in the mantle and the Earth's crust.
How can minerals deposits be formed; GEOLOGICAL PROCESSES; Ore Fluids; Ore Forming Processes; Concentrating Processes; Magmatic mineral deposits; Residual mineral deposits ; Placer deposits; Sedimentary mineral deposits; Metamorhogenic mineral deposits; Hydrothermal mineral deposits ; Magmatic Deposits
Cumulate deposits: fractional crystallization processes can concentrate metals (Cr, Fe, PGE, Pt, Ni, Ti, Diamond ))
Pegmatites : late staged crystallization forms pegmatites and many residual elements are concentrated (Li, Ce, Be, Sn, U, Rare Earths (REE), Feldspar, Mica, Gems).
magmatic deposits; Mode of Formation of Magmatic Ores Deposits; Mode of Formation of Orthomagmatic Ores ; Fractional Crystallization (or Crystal fractionation ); Magmatic (or Liquid ) Immiscibility; Simple crystallization without concentration (Dissemination); Segregation of early formed crystals; (Layer Types); Injection of material concentrated elsewhere by differentiation Residual liquid segregation; Residual liquid injection; Immiscible liquid segregation; Immiscible-liquid-injection; Early magmatic deposit; Late magmatic deposit; Types of Magmatic Ore Deposits:Chromite; Fe-Ti (± V) oxides; Ni – Cu – Fe (± Pt) sulfides; Platinum Group Elements (PGEs); REE, and Zr in Carbonatites; Diamond in kimberlites.
Komattite
Named after the Komati River in South Africa.
first described by Morris and Richard (twins) for ultramafic units in the Barberton Greenstone belt of South Africa.
Mostly of komatiite are Archean age
distributed in the Archaean shield areas.
Also a few are Proterozoic and Phanerozoic.
In all ages komatiites are highly magnesium.
Mostly a volcanic rock; occasionally intrusive.
Mafic rocks were identified as extrusive because of their volcanic textures and structures, and they seem to have been accepted as a normal component of Archean volcanic successions, Abitibi in Canada.
The ultramafic rocks were interpreted as intrusive which are founded as sills and dykes, Barberton in South Africa.
Spinifex texture-typical of Komatiites:
The name Spinifex refer to a spiky grass in Australian.
Texture of Ore Minerals; Importance of Studying Textures; Individual Grains Properties; Filling of voids; Texture Types; Genetically differentiated between Texture types; Secondary textures from replacement; Hypogene Texture; Supergene Texture; Primary texture formed from Melts; Primary texture of open-space deposition; Secondary textures from cooling; Secondary textures from deformation; TEXTURES OF ECONOMIC ORE DEPOSITS; Textures of Magmatic ores; Cumulus textures; Intergranular or intercumulus textures; Exsolution textures; Textures of hydrothermal ore deposits and skarns; Replacement textures; Open space filling textures; Textures characteristic of surfacial or near surface environments and processes; Criteria for identifying replacement textures; Vein and Veining have different Nature Features
MANGANESE ORE DEPOSITS, Sedimentary Manganese Deposits, Types of Sedimentary Manganese, Classification, Manganese Nodules, EGYPTIAN MANGANESE ORE DEPOSITS , IRON ORE DEPOSITS, Cycle of Iron , Ironstone (Sedimentary iron) Ore Deposits, Bog Iron Ore Deposits, Principal iron-bearing minerals, Geochemical stability of iron-rich minerals, World Resources Iron Deposit, EGYPTIAN IRON ORE DEPOSITS, Iron ore deposit of sedimentary nature, Sinai: Gabal Halal iron ore deposit, Aswan iron Ore Deposits, Bahariya iron Ore Deposits
massive type interlayer with gabbroic rocks in the Eastern Desert; Main occurrences of Ti-Fe oxide deposits in Egypt; Abu Ghalaga Ore Deposit; Abu Ghalaga ilmenite ore deposit categories ; Abu Ghalaga Mineral composition; Mining Techniques; Origins; Korabkanci titano-magnetite ore; black sand placer deposits type; Rosetta (or Rashid East); Northern Sinai Coast
Uranium Occurrence in the Egypt
Types of Uranium Deposits in Egypt:
Uranium Occurrences in Pan-African Younger Granites of Egypt
Uranium Occurrences in Dykes
Uranium Occurrences in Sedimentary Rock Sequences of Egypt
Categories of Egyption Uranium Deposits:
I) Vein types:
Uranium deposits of Gabal Gattar
Uranium deposits of Gabal El-Missikat
Uranium deposits of El Erediya
Uranium deposits of Um Ara area
II) Volcanic type deposits:
5) Uranium deposits of El Atshan-II
III) Surficial deposits:
6) Uranium deposits in Sinai
7) Black Sand
IV) Phosphorite deposits
zeolites, types, nature, synthetic, processes, Deposits and properties;Physical characteristics of some naturally occurring zeolites; molecular sieves;Adsorption and related molecular sieving; zeolite catalysts
Limestone;Industrial Uses of Limestone ; Lime; Lime Cycle; Production of Lime; Classification of Hydrated Lime IS 712-1973; Purposes for the Utilize of Lime; Soda Ash;Solvay process for the manufacture of Soda Ash; Purposes for the Utilize of Soda Ash; Gypsum; Calcination of Gypsum; Hardening of Plaster; Magnesium; Production Of Magnesium from seawater and dolomite; Process for production Magnesium hydroxide and Calcium chloride from Dolomite ; Process for production Magnesium and Calcium chloride
Beneficiation and Mineral Processing of Sand and Silica Sand; Sand and Silica Sand; Processing Sand; Sand into Silicon-Silicon carbide ; Heavy Mineral Sand; Separation of Heavy Minerals from Black Sand/Sand; Zircon to Zirconium; Ti-Bearing Minerals
Definition of Open pit Mining Parameters, Open pit Mining method, Bench, Open Pit Bench Terminology; Bench height; Cutoff grade; Open Pit Stability, Pit slope, Pit wall stability, Rock strength, Pit Depth, Pit diameter, Water Damage, Strip Ratio, Open-pit mining sequence, Various open-pit and orebody configurations; Ultimate Pit Definition, Manual Design, Computer Methods, Lerchs-Grossman method, Floating cone method; Open pit Optimization, The management of pit optimization, A simple example; The effects of scheduling on the optimal outline ; Optimum production scheduling; Materials handling Ex-Mine; Waste disposal; Dump design; Stability of mine waste dumps; Mine reclamation; Example of Open Pit Mining Methods
GROWTH FACTORS AND CHALLENGES FOR OIL MARKET; Demographic Factors; Oil Demand; Motorization in Asian Countries; Upstream Costs Increase; US Shale Oil Production; Deepwater Production; Iraqi production growth prospects; GTL – challenge for the oil market after 2020
MINE LIFE CYCLE; LIFE CYCLE OF DEPOSITS; LIFE-CYCLE OF A MINE PROJECT; STAGES IN THE LIFE CYCLE OF A MINE PROJECT; Prospecting; Exploration ; 3D modeling software's for mining sectors; Mineral Resource; Mineral Reserve; Development; Exploitation ; MINE PLANNING CYCLE ; Reclamation; ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS OF NONRENEWABLE MINERAL RESOURCES; SOURCES OF METAL POLLUTION; Harmful Environmental Effects of Mining; Persistent, Bio-accumulative and Toxi (PBT ); Lead; Mercury; Cadmium; Arsenic
Uranium as an Element , Radioactive Elements, Uranium Occurrences , Uranium Minerals, Uranium Ore Miner, Uranium Geology, Categories of Uranium Deposits, Unconformity-related Deposits , Breccia complex deposits, Sandstone deposits, Quartz-pebble conglomerate deposits, Limestone deposits, Surficial deposits, Volcanic deposits, Intrusive deposits, Metasomatite deposits, Vein deposits, Phosphorite and Lignite deposits, Uranium Resources, Production from mines, Known Recoverable Resources, Types of Uranium Deposits in Egypt, Main Occurrences, Gabal Gattar uranium, Uranium deposits of Um Ara area
What is mining?; Why do we need mines?; What is a mineral ?; What is an Ore Deposit? ; Concentrations of Metals; Metals enrichment factors ; Types of Ore Deposit ; GEOLOGIC CONDITIONS AND CHARACTERISTIC OF ORE DEPOSITS; Shape of ore deposits; Dip ore deposits ;Thickness ore deposits; Depth of ore deposits; Structure of ore deposits; Ore value and profitability of mining; Stability of ore rocks; Chemical and mineral characteristics of ores ; Lessening of ore deposit; Degree of breakability; Life Cycle of a Metal Resource; Mineral Supply and Demand; Conservation; Economic Impact on Mineral Supplies
Earth Resources
Reserves and resources
Nonrenewable Mineral Resources
What are industrial minerals?
Why are industrial minerals so important?
Geology of Industrial Minerals Deposits
Classification of industrial minerals
General characteristics of Non-metallic Deposits
Factors important in evaluating an industrial minerals deposit
Selected industrial rocks and minerals
ABRASIVES MINERALS
OLIVINE
GYPSUM
CLAY MINERALS
FLUORITE
PERLITE
BUILDING STONES and Rip-rap
CALCIUM CARBONATE DEPOSITS
SULFUR ORE DEPOSITS
CHERT DEPOSITS
PHOSPHATE ORE DEPOSITS
EVAPORITE DEPOSITS
SELECTED SOME NON-METALLIC METAMORPHIC DEPOSITS
Asbestos Deposits
Graphite Deposits
Talc, Soapstone, and Pyrophyllite
Selected Some Ornamental Metamorphic Stones
Marble
Quartzite
Serpentinite
Mineral deposits of potential economic significance in Sinai:; Most of the metallic and non-metallic deposits are found in the Middle Western portion of South Sinai, close to the Gulf of Suez.
THE PRESENTATION OF MY GRADUATION PROJECT MetwallyHamza1
This is a presentation for my graduation project, which had been written by me, as a fulfillment of my B. Sc. in Geology and Chemistry, from Geology Department, Faculty of Science, Benha University, Egypt. Proudly I got (+A) in such a paper. These projects equipped me with perfect research and communication skills, as I had to present and defend in English in front of specialists.
Pyrolusite of Umm Bogma, South Sinai, EgyptMostafa Masoud
Presentation on Pyrolusite of Umm Bogma
Reference
Khalifa, I. H., & Seif, R. A. (2014). Geochemistry of manganese-iron ores at Um Bogma area, west central Sinai, Egypt. International Journal of Advanced Scientific and Technical Research, 6, 258-283.
Komattite
Named after the Komati River in South Africa.
first described by Morris and Richard (twins) for ultramafic units in the Barberton Greenstone belt of South Africa.
Mostly of komatiite are Archean age
distributed in the Archaean shield areas.
Also a few are Proterozoic and Phanerozoic.
In all ages komatiites are highly magnesium.
Mostly a volcanic rock; occasionally intrusive.
Mafic rocks were identified as extrusive because of their volcanic textures and structures, and they seem to have been accepted as a normal component of Archean volcanic successions, Abitibi in Canada.
The ultramafic rocks were interpreted as intrusive which are founded as sills and dykes, Barberton in South Africa.
Spinifex texture-typical of Komatiites:
Mattash kamal june 17, 2013. polymetallic mineralizations.Kamal Mattash
Polymetallic-barite mineralization at Wadi Al-Masilah Sedimentary Basin, Mahrah province, Yemen, extended abstract submitted to the Arabian Geosciences Students Forum, Oman.
In this presentation we discuss cobalt crusts, its classification, Occurrence and Distribution, Formation, Texture, Mineralogy, Scope for future mining and exploration.
This presentation will enlist about the Gemstones found in Azad Kashmir, mainly Nangli Mali Ruby Deposits, and Various other Gemstones like Aquamarine, Morganite etc
Uranium Occurrence in the Egypt
Types of Uranium Deposits in Egypt:
Uranium Occurrences in Pan-African Younger Granites of Egypt
Uranium Occurrences in Dykes
Uranium Occurrences in Sedimentary Rock Sequences of Egypt
Conventional- , and Nonconventional types; URANIUM RESOURCES AND RESERVES IN EGYPT
The objectives of this course in iron ore Resources and iron industry are:
i) acquainting students (majors and non-majors) with the basic tools necessary for studying iron ore deposits and processes,
ii) different processes for phosphorus removal from iron ore
iii) beneficiation processes of iron ore deposits.
iv) different processes and techniques that used to enrichment low-grade iron ore resources
v) understanding the different ironwork processes and technology,
vi) understanding the different types of iron ore products,
vii) prominent routes for steelmaking
viii) understanding the relationship between the distribution of iron ore and scrap, as well as steelmarkets,
ix) steel industry in Egypt , and
x) gaining some knowledge of the global iron ore as well as environmental problems associated with the extraction and utilization of iron ore resources.
There are plenty of hard-to-beneficiate iron ores and high-grade tailings in India and all over the world; As the volume of high-grade iron ores declines.
Minerals phase transformation by hydrogen reduction (MPTH) can efficiently revitalize hard-to-beneficiate iron ore resources and tailings, turning the waste into profitable products. It may also improve the concentrate quality comparing to that from the previous method. From the economic and environmental aspects, MPTH is the most effective method to recover iron oxides.
The clean minerals phase transformation by hydrogen reduction (MPTH) was proposed.
Industrial utilization of limonite/goethite, limonite-hematite, sulfur-bearing refractory iron ore was achieved, where Sulfur-bearing minerals decomposed or formed sulfate after oxidation roasting.
Sulfur content of iron ore concentrate was significantly reduced to 0.038 %.
Improving utilization efficiency of refractory iron ore resources is a common theme for the sustainable development of the world’s steel and iron industry.
Magnetization Roasting is considered as an effective and typical method for the beneficiation of refractory iron ores.
After magnetization roasting, the weakly magnetic iron minerals, including hematite, limonite and siderite, are selectively reduced or oxidized to ferromagnetic magnetite, which is relatively easier to enrich by Magnetic Separation after liberation pretreatments.
The Primary Magnetization Roasting Methods include: Shaft Furnace Roasting, Rotary Kiln Roasting, Fluidized Bed Roasting, and Microwave assisted roasting. The developments in magnetization roasting of difficult to treat iron ores, including: Shaft Furnace Roasting, Rotary Kiln Roasting, Fluidized Bed Roasting, and Microwave Assisted Roasting in the Past Decade.
Shaft Furnace Roasting is gradually eliminated due to its high energy consumption and low industrial processing capacity, and the primary problem for rotary kiln roasting is the kiln coating which affects the yield of iron resource and its industrial application.
Fluidized Bed Roasting and Microwave assisted roasting are considered as the most effective and promising methods.
Suspension (Fluidized) Magnetization Roasting is recognized as the most effective and promising technology due to its high reaction efficiency, low energy consumption and large processing capacity. Moreover, an industrial production line with a throughput of 1.65 million t/a for beneficiation of a specularite ore has been built.
Microwave Assisted Roasting is a potential alternative technology for magnetizing iron ores. However, it is currently limited to laboratory research and has no industrial application. Forwarding microwave assisted magnetization roasting methods into industrial applications needs long way and time to achieve.
Furthermore, using biomass, H2 or siderite as a reducing agent in the magnetic reduction roasting of iron ores is a beneficial way to reduce carbon emissions, which can be called clean and green magnetization roasting technology.
In the future, technical research on clean and green magnetization roasting should be strengthened. Maybe microwave magnetization roasting using biomass/H2/siderite as reductant can be further studied for a more effective and greener magnetization of iron ores.
WORLD RESOURCES IRON DEPOSITS
Iron Ore Pellets Market Industry Trends
Scope and Market Size
Market Analysis and Insights
DRI Production in Plants Using Merchant Iron Ore
Outlook for DR grade pellet supply‐demand out to 2030
DRI and the pathway to carbon‐neutral steelmaking
Supply‐side challenges for the steel & iron ore industries
scrap is the main raw material, is growing in the structure of global steelmaking capacities; SCARP/ RECYCLING IRON ; EAF steel production method in the world; Scrap for Stock; A Global Scrap Shortage;Availability of Ferrous Scrap Resources; EGYPT IRON SCRAP IMPORTS.
The iron ore production has significantly expanded in recent years, owing to increasing steel demands in developing countries.
However, the content of iron in ore deposits has deteriorated and low-grade iron ore has been processed.
The fine ores resulting from the concentration process must be agglomerated for use in iron and steelmaking.
Bentonite is the most used binder due to favorable mechanical and metallurgical pellet properties, but it contains impurities especially silica and alumina.
Better quality wet, dry, preheated, and fired pellets can be produced with combined binders, such as organic and inorganic salts, when compared with bentonite-bonded pellets.
While organic binders provide sufficient wet and dry pellet strengths, inorganic salts provide the required preheated and fired pellet strengths.
The industrial development program of any country, by and large, is based on its natural resources.
Currently the majority of the world’s steel is produced through either one of the two main routes: i) the integrated Blast Furnace – Basic Oxygen Furnace (BF – BOF) route or ii) the Direct Reduced Iron - Electric Arc Furnace (DRI - EAF) route.
Depleting resources of coking coal, the world over, is posing a threat to the conventional (Blast Furnace [Bf]–Basic Oxygen Furnace [BOF]) route of iron and steelmaking.
During the last four decades, a new route of ironmaking has rapidly developed for Direct Reduction (DR) of iron ore to metallic iron by using noncoking coal/natural gas.
This product is known as Direct Reduced Iron (DRI) or Sponge Iron.
Processes that produce iron by reduction of iron ore (in solid state) below the melting point are generally classified as DR processes.
Based on the types of reductant used, DR processes can be broadly classified into two groups: (1) coal-based DR process and (2) gas-based DR process.
Details of DR processes, reoxidation, storage, transportation, and application of DRI are discussed in this presentation.
This presentation reviews the different DR processes used to produce Direct Reduced Iron (DRI), providing an analysis on the quality requirements of iron-bearing ores for use in these processes. The presentation also discusses the environmental sustainability of such processes. DR processes reduce iron ore in its solid state by the use of either natural gas or coal as reducing agents, and they have a comparative advantage of low capital costs, low emissions and production flexibility over the BF process.
Currently the majority of the world’s steel is produced through either one of the two main routes: i) the integrated Blast Furnace – Basic Oxygen Furnace (BF – BOF) route or ii) the Direct Reduced Iron - Electric Arc Furnace (DRI - EAF) route.
In the former, the blast furnace uses iron ore, scrap metal, coke and pulverized coal as raw materials to produce hot metal for conversion in the BOF. Although it is still the prevalent process, blast furnace hot metal production has declined over the years due to diminishing quality of metallurgical coke, low supply of scrap metal and environmental problems associated with the process. These factors have contributed to the development of alternative technologies of ironmaking, of which Direct Reduction (DR) processes are expected to emerge as preferred alternatives in the future.
This presentation reviews the different DR processes used to produce Direct Reduced Iron (DRI), providing an analysis on the quality requirements of iron-bearing ores for use in these processes. The presentation also discusses the environmental sustainability of such processes. DR processes reduce iron ore in its solid state by the use of either natural gas or coal as reducing agents, and they have a comparative advantage of low capital costs, low emissions and production flexibility over the BF process.
Ironmaking represents the first step in steelmaking.
The iron and steel industry is the most energy-intensive and capital-intensive manufacturing sector in the world (Strezov, 2006).
Steelmaking processes depend on different forms of iron as primary feed material. Traditionally, the main sources of iron for making steel were Blast Furnace hot metal and recycled steel in the form of scrap.
The Blast Furnace (BF) has remained the workhorse of worldwide virgin iron production (i.e., hot metal) for more than 200 years. Over the years, BFs have evolved into highly efficient chemical reactors, capable of providing stable operation with a wide range of feed materials.
However, operation of modern efficient BFs normally involves sintering and coke making and their associated environmental problems.
More than 90% of iron is currently produced via the BF process, while the rest is coming from Direct Reduction (DR) processes, Mini Blast Furnaces (MBFs), Corex, Finex, Ausmelt, etc. Additionally, the severe shortage of good-quality metallurgical coal has remained an additional constraint all over the world. In view of this, there is an increasing awareness that the BF route needs to be supplemented with alternative ironmaking processes that are more environment friendly and less dependent on metallurgical coal.
Because of the rapid depletion of easily processed iron ores, the utilization of refractory ores has attracted increasing attention .
There several billion tonnes iron deposits, and most are refractory ores, which are difficult to process by conventional methods because of the low iron grade, fine grain size and complex mineralogy.
The beneficiation of low-grade iron ores to meet the growing demand for iron and steel is an important research topic.
At present, magnetization roasting followed by magnetic separation is one of the most effective technologies for the beneficiation of refractory iron ores.
However, certain ores do not qualify to be treated in physical separation processes, and hence, alternative strategies are being looked into for upgrading their iron content.
Reduction roasting has many advantages over the physical beneficiation process, such as enhanced iron recovery and processing of complex and poorly liberated iron ores.
The objective of this presentation is to compile and amalgamate the crucial information regarding the beneficiation of low-grade iron ores using carbothermic reduction followed by magnetic separation, which is a promising technique to treat iron ores with complex mineralogy and liberation issues.
Reduction roasting studies done for different types low-grade iron ores including oolitic iron ores, banded iron ores, iron ore slimes and tailings, and industrial wastes have been discussed.
Reduction roasting followed by magnetic separation is a promising method to recover the iron values from low-grade iron ores.
The process involves the reduction of the goethite and hematite phases to magnetite, which can subsequently be recovered using a low-intensity magnetic separation unit.
The large-scale technological advancements in reduction roasting and the possibilities of the application of alternative reductants as substitutes for coal have also been highlighted.
This presentation aims at insight light on the occurrence of phosphorus in iron ores from the mines around the world.
The presentation extends to the phosphorus removal processes of this mineral to meet the specifications of the steel industry.
Phosphorus is a contaminant that can be hard to remove, especially when one does not know its mode of occurrence in the ores.
Phosphorus can be removed from iron ore by very different routes of treatment. The genesis of the reserve, the mineralogy, the cost and sustainability define the technology to be applied.
The presentations surveyed cite removal by physical processes (flotation and selective agglomeration), chemical (leaching), thermal and bioleaching processes.
Removal results of above 90% and less than 0.05% residual phosphorus are noticed, which is the maximum value required in most of the products generated in the processing of iron ore.
Chinese studies show that the direct reduction roasting of high phosphorus oolitic hematite followed by magnetic separation is reality technical solutions to improve the recovery of metallic iron and dephosphorization rate.
For ores with widespread phosphorus in the iron matrix and low release, thermal or mixed processes are closer to reality technical solutions. Due to their higher operating costs, it will be necessary to rethink the processes of sintering and pelletizing, such that these operations also become phosphorus removal steps.
With the exhaustive processing of the known reserves of hematite from Iron Ore Quadrangle (Minas Gerais-Brazil), there will be no shortage of granules in the not too distant future. THEREFORE, THERE IS AN EXPECTATION THAT THE ORE MINED WILL HAVE HIGHER LEVELS OF PHOSPHORUS.
Overview of IRON TYPES: Pig Iron, Direct Reduced Iron (DRI), Hot Briquetted Iron (HBI), Cold Briquetted Iron (CBI) and Cold Briquetted Iron and Carbon (CBIC) Specifications .
Comparison of Pig Iron and DRI
Properties; Manufacturing Process; Uses; Largest producers and markets
Iron ore mining plays a critical role in supplying the raw material necessary for steel production, supporting various industries and economic development worldwide.
From the extraction of iron ore to its processing and eventual export, each stage of the mining process requires careful planning, technological advancements, and environmental considerations.
By adopting sustainable mining practices and mitigating environmental impacts, the future of iron ore mining can be aligned with the principles of responsible resource utilization and environmental stewardship
The Egyptian steel sector is the second largest steel market in the Middle East and North Africa region in terms of production and third largest in terms of consumption.
Egypt was the third-ranked producer of Direct-Reduced Iron (DRI) in the Middle east and North Africa region after Iran and Saudi Arabia and accounted for 5.4% of the world’s total output
The Egyptian steel industry represents one of the cornerstones of Egypt’s economic growth and development, due to its linkages to almost all other industries that stimulate economic expansion, such as construction, housing, infrastructure, consumer goods and automotive. All these industries rely heavily on steel industry and so, the importance and development of the steel sector is significant for the progress of the Egyptian economy in general.
The Egyptian market has many companies that produce different steel products.
Geological consultant, working in a range of roles from project development/feasibility study programs and advanced exploration roles. Contracts in a variety of global locations including Egypt, Saudi Arab, and the Middle East. Commodities including Gold, base metal sulfide, Gossan/Supergene, heavy mineral sands, clay/kaolin, Silica Sand, and iron ore.
Exploration in Deep Weathering Profiles, Supergene, R-mode factor analysis; Multi-element association geochemistry; Assessment of Au-Zn potentiality in Gossan; Rodruin-Egypt
Mineral Processing: Crusher and Crushing; Secondary and Tertiary Crushing Circuits; Types of Crusher; Types of Crushing; Types of Jaw Crushers; Impact Crusher; Types of Cone Crushers; Ball Mill; BEST STONE MANUFACTURERS; Local Quality and High quality ; International and Country/Hand made
Classification Equipment
Introduction; Chemical composition of garnet; Structure; Classification; Physical properties; Optical properties; Occurrences; Gem variety; and Uses
Garnet group of minerals is one of the important group of minerals.
Since they are found in wide variety of colours, they are also used as gemstones.
Garnet group of minerals are also abrasives and thus have various industrial applications.
Nutraceutical market, scope and growth: Herbal drug technologyLokesh Patil
As consumer awareness of health and wellness rises, the nutraceutical market—which includes goods like functional meals, drinks, and dietary supplements that provide health advantages beyond basic nutrition—is growing significantly. As healthcare expenses rise, the population ages, and people want natural and preventative health solutions more and more, this industry is increasing quickly. Further driving market expansion are product formulation innovations and the use of cutting-edge technology for customized nutrition. With its worldwide reach, the nutraceutical industry is expected to keep growing and provide significant chances for research and investment in a number of categories, including vitamins, minerals, probiotics, and herbal supplements.
(May 29th, 2024) Advancements in Intravital Microscopy- Insights for Preclini...Scintica Instrumentation
Intravital microscopy (IVM) is a powerful tool utilized to study cellular behavior over time and space in vivo. Much of our understanding of cell biology has been accomplished using various in vitro and ex vivo methods; however, these studies do not necessarily reflect the natural dynamics of biological processes. Unlike traditional cell culture or fixed tissue imaging, IVM allows for the ultra-fast high-resolution imaging of cellular processes over time and space and were studied in its natural environment. Real-time visualization of biological processes in the context of an intact organism helps maintain physiological relevance and provide insights into the progression of disease, response to treatments or developmental processes.
In this webinar we give an overview of advanced applications of the IVM system in preclinical research. IVIM technology is a provider of all-in-one intravital microscopy systems and solutions optimized for in vivo imaging of live animal models at sub-micron resolution. The system’s unique features and user-friendly software enables researchers to probe fast dynamic biological processes such as immune cell tracking, cell-cell interaction as well as vascularization and tumor metastasis with exceptional detail. This webinar will also give an overview of IVM being utilized in drug development, offering a view into the intricate interaction between drugs/nanoparticles and tissues in vivo and allows for the evaluation of therapeutic intervention in a variety of tissues and organs. This interdisciplinary collaboration continues to drive the advancements of novel therapeutic strategies.
Professional air quality monitoring systems provide immediate, on-site data for analysis, compliance, and decision-making.
Monitor common gases, weather parameters, particulates.
Seminar of U.V. Spectroscopy by SAMIR PANDASAMIR PANDA
Spectroscopy is a branch of science dealing the study of interaction of electromagnetic radiation with matter.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy refers to absorption spectroscopy or reflect spectroscopy in the UV-VIS spectral region.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy is an analytical method that can measure the amount of light received by the analyte.
Earliest Galaxies in the JADES Origins Field: Luminosity Function and Cosmic ...Sérgio Sacani
We characterize the earliest galaxy population in the JADES Origins Field (JOF), the deepest
imaging field observed with JWST. We make use of the ancillary Hubble optical images (5 filters
spanning 0.4−0.9µm) and novel JWST images with 14 filters spanning 0.8−5µm, including 7 mediumband filters, and reaching total exposure times of up to 46 hours per filter. We combine all our data
at > 2.3µm to construct an ultradeep image, reaching as deep as ≈ 31.4 AB mag in the stack and
30.3-31.0 AB mag (5σ, r = 0.1” circular aperture) in individual filters. We measure photometric
redshifts and use robust selection criteria to identify a sample of eight galaxy candidates at redshifts
z = 11.5 − 15. These objects show compact half-light radii of R1/2 ∼ 50 − 200pc, stellar masses of
M⋆ ∼ 107−108M⊙, and star-formation rates of SFR ∼ 0.1−1 M⊙ yr−1
. Our search finds no candidates
at 15 < z < 20, placing upper limits at these redshifts. We develop a forward modeling approach to
infer the properties of the evolving luminosity function without binning in redshift or luminosity that
marginalizes over the photometric redshift uncertainty of our candidate galaxies and incorporates the
impact of non-detections. We find a z = 12 luminosity function in good agreement with prior results,
and that the luminosity function normalization and UV luminosity density decline by a factor of ∼ 2.5
from z = 12 to z = 14. We discuss the possible implications of our results in the context of theoretical
models for evolution of the dark matter halo mass function.
The increased availability of biomedical data, particularly in the public domain, offers the opportunity to better understand human health and to develop effective therapeutics for a wide range of unmet medical needs. However, data scientists remain stymied by the fact that data remain hard to find and to productively reuse because data and their metadata i) are wholly inaccessible, ii) are in non-standard or incompatible representations, iii) do not conform to community standards, and iv) have unclear or highly restricted terms and conditions that preclude legitimate reuse. These limitations require a rethink on data can be made machine and AI-ready - the key motivation behind the FAIR Guiding Principles. Concurrently, while recent efforts have explored the use of deep learning to fuse disparate data into predictive models for a wide range of biomedical applications, these models often fail even when the correct answer is already known, and fail to explain individual predictions in terms that data scientists can appreciate. These limitations suggest that new methods to produce practical artificial intelligence are still needed.
In this talk, I will discuss our work in (1) building an integrative knowledge infrastructure to prepare FAIR and "AI-ready" data and services along with (2) neurosymbolic AI methods to improve the quality of predictions and to generate plausible explanations. Attention is given to standards, platforms, and methods to wrangle knowledge into simple, but effective semantic and latent representations, and to make these available into standards-compliant and discoverable interfaces that can be used in model building, validation, and explanation. Our work, and those of others in the field, creates a baseline for building trustworthy and easy to deploy AI models in biomedicine.
Bio
Dr. Michel Dumontier is the Distinguished Professor of Data Science at Maastricht University, founder and executive director of the Institute of Data Science, and co-founder of the FAIR (Findable, Accessible, Interoperable and Reusable) data principles. His research explores socio-technological approaches for responsible discovery science, which includes collaborative multi-modal knowledge graphs, privacy-preserving distributed data mining, and AI methods for drug discovery and personalized medicine. His work is supported through the Dutch National Research Agenda, the Netherlands Organisation for Scientific Research, Horizon Europe, the European Open Science Cloud, the US National Institutes of Health, and a Marie-Curie Innovative Training Network. He is the editor-in-chief for the journal Data Science and is internationally recognized for his contributions in bioinformatics, biomedical informatics, and semantic technologies including ontologies and linked data.
Multi-source connectivity as the driver of solar wind variability in the heli...Sérgio Sacani
The ambient solar wind that flls the heliosphere originates from multiple
sources in the solar corona and is highly structured. It is often described
as high-speed, relatively homogeneous, plasma streams from coronal
holes and slow-speed, highly variable, streams whose source regions are
under debate. A key goal of ESA/NASA’s Solar Orbiter mission is to identify
solar wind sources and understand what drives the complexity seen in the
heliosphere. By combining magnetic feld modelling and spectroscopic
techniques with high-resolution observations and measurements, we show
that the solar wind variability detected in situ by Solar Orbiter in March
2022 is driven by spatio-temporal changes in the magnetic connectivity to
multiple sources in the solar atmosphere. The magnetic feld footpoints
connected to the spacecraft moved from the boundaries of a coronal hole
to one active region (12961) and then across to another region (12957). This
is refected in the in situ measurements, which show the transition from fast
to highly Alfvénic then to slow solar wind that is disrupted by the arrival of
a coronal mass ejection. Our results describe solar wind variability at 0.5 au
but are applicable to near-Earth observatories.
Cancer cell metabolism: special Reference to Lactate PathwayAADYARAJPANDEY1
Normal Cell Metabolism:
Cellular respiration describes the series of steps that cells use to break down sugar and other chemicals to get the energy we need to function.
Energy is stored in the bonds of glucose and when glucose is broken down, much of that energy is released.
Cell utilize energy in the form of ATP.
The first step of respiration is called glycolysis. In a series of steps, glycolysis breaks glucose into two smaller molecules - a chemical called pyruvate. A small amount of ATP is formed during this process.
Most healthy cells continue the breakdown in a second process, called the Kreb's cycle. The Kreb's cycle allows cells to “burn” the pyruvates made in glycolysis to get more ATP.
The last step in the breakdown of glucose is called oxidative phosphorylation (Ox-Phos).
It takes place in specialized cell structures called mitochondria. This process produces a large amount of ATP. Importantly, cells need oxygen to complete oxidative phosphorylation.
If a cell completes only glycolysis, only 2 molecules of ATP are made per glucose. However, if the cell completes the entire respiration process (glycolysis - Kreb's - oxidative phosphorylation), about 36 molecules of ATP are created, giving it much more energy to use.
IN CANCER CELL:
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
introduction to WARBERG PHENOMENA:
WARBURG EFFECT Usually, cancer cells are highly glycolytic (glucose addiction) and take up more glucose than do normal cells from outside.
Otto Heinrich Warburg (; 8 October 1883 – 1 August 1970) In 1931 was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology for his "discovery of the nature and mode of action of the respiratory enzyme.
WARNBURG EFFECT : cancer cells under aerobic (well-oxygenated) conditions to metabolize glucose to lactate (aerobic glycolysis) is known as the Warburg effect. Warburg made the observation that tumor slices consume glucose and secrete lactate at a higher rate than normal tissues.
2. Manganese ore deposits are widely scattered in
various districts in Egypt.
They occur at some localities in Sinai Peninsula and at
a few localities in the Eastern Desert.
Manganese deposits are known:
1) in the Um Bogma district in west central Sinai; and
2) in the Halaib "Elba" district in the southern portion
of Eastern Desert.
3) In addition, minor occurrences are known in Wadi
Mialik near Abu Ghosun and Ras Banas in the
Southern Eastern Desert, and Wadi Abu Shaar El Qibli
(Black Hill), to the north of Hurghada (Fig. ).
2
3. Table 1: Manganese ores information
Area Location Age Reserves
(M tons)
Produced
(1000 t/y)
Average
Content,
MnO2
Associated
constituents
Eastern
Desert
Wadi Abu Shaar El
Qibli
Wadi Mialik
G.Elba & Abou
Ramad
Na
Na
Na
Na
120
Na
35.8-
45.14
42.17
45.0
Fe2O3, SiO2,
clays
Sinai Abu Zunima Paleozoic
sediments of
Lower
Carboniferous
5 120 38 Fe2O3, SiO2,
clays
Total production in 2013 →35.6(1000 t/y)
3
4. Um Bogma District
Um Bogma region west central Sinai are considered to be the most important area in Egypt for
manganese deposits.
Extensive workable manganese deposits contributed significantly to the Egyptian economy up to
1967, when the mines were abandoned.
Reopening the best mines is being considered and evolution of newly discovered occurrence.
It is also producing ferromanganese alloys at the plant installed at nearby Abu Zeneima, a port on
the Gulf of Suez.
Manganese ore deposits occur wide spread at eight localities of the manganese deposits from
the Um Bogma region, west central Sinai. These localities are:
1) Abu Hamata left,
2) Abu Hamata right,
3) Abu Thor,
4) Abu Zarab,
5) Rass EI-Homara ,
6) Area 10,
7) Area 9, and
8) Area 8.
Manganese ore deposits occur in Paleozoic sediments of Lower Carboniferous age.
The reserve of these ores in Um Bogma is about 1.7 million tonnes.
4
5. Type Lump
%
Mn 30 - 35
Fe 20 - 25
P <0.1
SiO2 12 - 15
Al2O3 2 - 7
K2O <0.5
Na2O <0.4
CaO 1-3
MgO 1-2
Particle Size Distribution
Lump
0 - 15 cm >90 %
>15 cm <10 %
Sinai Manganese Ore
5
7. Figure: (a) The lower sandstone series capped with Um Bogma Formation (A Sarabit El-Khadim Formation, B Abu
Hamata Formation, and C Adedia Formation).
(b) Layer of manganese ore interbedded with dolomites of Um Bogma Formation.
( c ) Manganese lens in the dolomite of Um Bogma Formation.
(d) Green copper staining in the fine-grained sandstone of Sarabit El-Khadim Formation
7
8. Abu Thora Formation
Um Bogma Formation
Sarabit El Khadim-Adedia formations
Precambrian Basement
8
13. Geologic setting
The oldest exposed sedimentary rocks at Um Bogma district belong to the Pre-
Carboniferous and Carboniferous ages.
These rocks unconformably overlie the Precambrian rocks.
Three stratigraphic rock units in the Um Bogma region starting from the base:
i) Lower sandstone unit (Carbo-Ordovician to Devonian)
ii) Middle carbonate unit (Um Bogma formation, Lower Carboniferous):
This is represented by dolomite and limestone rocks and are covered
conformably the lower sandstone unit. Four members are differentiated from
base to top:
Dolomite and manganese-bearing member,
Silt-shale member,
Marly dolomite and silt member, and
Upper dolomite member.
iii) Upper sandstone unit (Visean) this is represented by medium to coarse grained
sandstone. Some beds are almost snow-white, friable sands with three kaolinitic clay
layers.
Structural pattern of the west central Sinai shows that faulting is much more pronounced
than folding. Faults are the result of successive movements which affected the area in
different ages. Faulting has taken place periodically since the late Paleozoic, increased in
intensity and areal extension progressively and reached its climax in the Oligo-Miocene
period.
13
14. Ore deposits
The manganese ore is a stratiform type
occupying more or less the same
stratigraphic horizon in the dolomitic
limestone member of the Um Bogma
formation which caps the clastic Adedia
formation.
Ore deposits always tend to occupy a
particular stratigraphic horizon (i.e.
Dolomite and manganese-bearing
member), representing the base of the
middle carbonate (dolomitic limestone)
unit, which belong to Lower
Carboniferous.
The manganese bodies are usually
surrounded by a zone of calcareous
shale, siltstone or sandstone that form
the transition with the surrounding
dolomite.
The ore bodies usually show abrupt
contacts with the dolomite and are
frequently found to fill depressions in
the underlying Adedia formation.
Forms
The individual ore bodies vary in
length and thickness, and are
often surrounded by a transition
zone of calcareous shale or
sandstone between the
surrounding dolomite.
The ore bodies are irregular in
shape, tending to be lenses or
lenticular beds. The thickness
varies from 10 cm to 8 m and the
extent of the beds may reach
100 m.
In some occurrences, the ore
bodies are present as veins
cutting the calcareous shale that
forms a transition with the
dolomite.
Several forms characterize the
constituents of the ore deposits
such as massive crystalline,
granular, nodular, botryoidal,
reniform, fibrous, radiating,
need-like crystals, earthy soft
and ochreous varieties.
14
15. Mineralogy
The ore body varies in composition from pure manganese ore to pure iron ore but it generally represents
a mixture of the two ore in variable concentrations.
Small lenses are richer in Mn than the lenticular beds, where Mn occurs admixed with Fe.
In the large ore bodies (i.e. layer ore lenses, i.e. those with diameter >50 m) is recognized.
Ore Minerals:
The ore deposits are all in a highly oxidized state, the bulk of them being composed of pyrolusite,
psilomelane, hematite and goethite.
In addition, polianite, manganite, cryptomelane, hausmannite, and ramsdellite are present in
subordinate amounts,
while chalcophanite turquoise, malachite, alunite and pyrochroite occur as rare minerals.
Gangue minerals include quartz, dolomite, calcite, barite, gypsum, and some clay minerals.
Multistage formation of the Mn minerals is noticed especially in the regeneration and
recrystallization of pyrolusite.
The transition between the ore bodies and the surrounding dolomite is abrupt distinguished by
enrichment (up to 73%) of quartz and grains.
Um Bogma manganese ore deposits divided into three mineralogical zones:
i) The inner manqaniferous zone: essentially composed of psilomelane and pyrolusite with rare
manganite, hausmannite, polianite and pyrochroite. Hematite and clay minerals usually <25%.
The structure is massive, but concretions of pyrolusite may be present.
ii) The intermediate ferruginous-manganese zone: consists of psilomelane, pyrolusite and
hematite with up to 15% goethite, quartz, barite, and clay minerals. The ore is massive and
constitutes the main ore reserves of Um Bogma.
iii) The outer ferruginous zone: composed mainly of hematite and goethite with minor
psilomelane. Detrital quartz is common and spherulitic concentrations are frequent.
15
16. Mining techniques
Manganese is mined in the different localities by
underground methods, mainly room and pillar. In the
exposed outcrops it is mined by surface mining
techniques. The iron oxides are highly disseminated in
the manganese oxide matrix, which makes the
possibility of upgrading the ore is limited.
The only processing steps carried out on the
manganese ores are crushing and screening. The
prepared ore is mixed with some imported high grade
manganese ore and fed to the smelter at Abu Zonaima,
Sinai to produce ferromanganese alloys [86]. The fines,
under size fractions, are piled in dump areas. It is
expected that agglomeration and magnetic roasting,
followed by low intensity magnetic separation may
improve the grade of the manganese ore in the
rejected fines, which in turn may increase the
manganese recovery.
16
17. Origin
The problem of the origin of the of the studied manganese deposits, which are carbonate-hosted, remains in dispute.
Two trends have been more or less defined:
a) Manganese ores are of epigenetic origin: Manganese ore is a result of the activity of ascending mineralized
hydrothermal solutions through the host rocks. The following arguments can be used as evidence of this:
i. The ore deposits are found in the immediate neighborhood of faults and are thicker and richer in manganese at
points close to the faults.
ii. Wherever ore occurs, the dolomitic limestones have partially or wholly disappeared. Where only a part of the
limestone series had disappeared in the vicinity of the ore deposits, it is always the lower part of the series which
has vanished with the upper beds being left.,
iii. The induced effect of weathering of the clastic rocks from Adedia formation capping the manganese-dolomite layer
(Um Bogma formation) is thought to have epigenetically added turquoise, malachite and alunite to the mineralogy
of manganese ore deposits.
iv. The presence of hausmannite, manganite, turquoise, malachite and alunite are indicative of hydrothermal deposits.
v. Criteria for replacement textures are reported with the manganese-iron ore deposit (e.g., relict, core and rim
replacement textures). Besides, the foraminiferal tests of Fusilina sp. are shown to be completely replaced by
polianite with their internal structures mostly obliterated.
b) Primary sedimentary-type of manganese ore: They gave the following considerations to support their theory:
i. The ore deposits always occupy the same stratigraphic horizon. These deposits are older than the predominant
faulting and folding in the district. In some cases, the deposits are cut and displaced by faults.
ii. There is no link between the ores and faults and where Mn deposits are present in fault, they are introduced as
fillings from above,
iii. The association of pyrolusite, manganite and psilomelane with goethite and hematite characterizes the
sedimentary deposits.
iv. The difference in the kind of insoluble residue between the inner and outer zones of the ore lenses indicates that
the major part of the ore was not formed at the expanse of the surrounding sandy dolomite, but rather associated
with a different lithology.,
v. There is no transition in mineralization between the ore bodies and the overlying unconformable strata, in contrast
with the narrow transition zone between the ore and the laterally surrounding dolomites.
vi. The dolomitization is contemporaneous with the mineralogical and chemical reconstitution of the zoned
deposits,
vii.The zoned pattern in the larger ore body indicates a low pH - high Eh conditions at the rims, and high pH- low Eh in
the cores. The mineralogy also indicates a low temperature of formation in a sedimentary environment (i.e., a
shallow marine origin of the Mn ore deposits).
17
18. Halaib "Elba" Region
Mode of occurrence:
The manganese ores occur in sedimentary rocks of Miocene age in more than
24 areas within the Shalateen -Halaib region, situated in the southern
extremity of the Egyptian Eastern Desert near the Red Sea coast.
The manganese ores occur in the form of veins that are mainly found in
sedimentary rocks probably of Miocene age
All occurrences being located within a featureless coastal plain
consisting of sands and gravels with coral limestones and slightly raised
beaches along the Red Sea.
In a few cases (i.e., To the west of this plain), manganese deposits occur as
fracture fillings in granitic rocks.
The manganese ores occur :
either in veins trending within a range of N28o-40°W in a belt of more
than~70 km long and less than 7 km wide,
or occasionally replacing the Miocene conglomerates and limegrits.
The veins are steeply inclined and fill fault planes; their wails generally show
slickensided surfaces. They have a general trend ranging from 118o to 13o and
are all located within a belt of more than 70 km long and less than 7 km wide
(see fig. 1), which is almost parallel to the general trend of the veins. The faults
are all
18
21. Halaib "Elba" Region
Mineralogy:
The ore minerals include: pyrolusite, psilomelane, cryptomelane, ramsdellite,
todorokite, and nsutite, in addition to occasional goethite and hematite.
The gangue minerals include: quartz, barite, black calcite, opal, and
chalcedony.
Ore Types:
Three ore-types were distinguished by Basta and Saleeb (1971) as following:
i) Hard crystalline ore consisting mainly of pyrolusite (MnO2) or ramsdellite
(MnO2) or both,
ii) Banded colloform ore consisting mainly of psilomelane ((Ba,H2O)2Mn5O10),
and in places cryptomelane [KMn4+
6Mn2+
2O16 or K(Mn4+,Mn2+)8O16], and
iii) Soft nodular ore consisting of todorokite ((Na,Ca,K)2(Mn4+,Mn3+)6O12•3-
4.5(H2O)) with minor amounts of psilomelane (or cryptomelane), nsutite
((Mn4+,Mn2+)(O,OH)2), and pyrolusite.
Black calcite and barite occur in some of the veins and increase
with depth.
21
22. Halaib "Elba" Region
Mining
More than 24 manganese occurrences have been mined
Manganese mining is restricted to elementary operations due to the remoteness
and unfavorable conditions of the area.
Mining is carried out by stripping the hanging wall, thus costing has limited exploitation
to a depth of 20 m or less.
Mining of the Elba manganese ore started in 1955, and total of 40000 tons of high-
grade ore (average MnO2 about 74- 78 % and average MnO about 2 - 4.7 %) has been
produced.
Origin:
This manganese deposits formed by weathering of basement rocks rich in
manganese as a source of the ore which deposited in fissures and cracks with some
replacement along fracture walls (El Shazly,1957).
The ore is a very low-temperature epithermal fissure deposit of black calcite type
that occurs near the surface (oxidation zone) in brecciated zones along faults.
An epigenetic low temperature origin was proposed based on the predominance
of stable higher oxides of manganese and the absence of Mn-silicates, Mn-
carbonates, and Mn-sulphides which reflected near-surface deposition of the ore
(Basta and Saleeb, 1971).
22
23. Other manganese occurrences
Minor manganese occurrences are recorded
from:
a) Wadi Mialik near Abu Ghosun and Ras Banas
in the Southern Eastern Desert: The ore
occurs as fillings in fault zones and fissures
in amphibolites.
b) Wadi Abu Shaar El Qibli (Black Hill), in the
southern part of Esh El Mellaha range north
of Hurghada: a thin Mn deposit (~50 cm
thick) occurs in the Miocene sediments.
23
24. References
Attia, M. I. (1956). Manganese deposits of Egypt. The 20th
International Geological Congress, Mexico, pp. 143-171.
Basta, E. Z. and Saleeb, G. S. (1971). Elba Manganese Ore and
Their Origin, South Eastern Desert, Egypt. Mineralogical
Magazine, Vol. 38, pp. 235-244.
doi:10.1180/minmag.1971.038.294.13
El Shazly, E. M. (1957). Classification of Egyptian Mineral
Deposits. Egyptian Journal of Geology 1 ( No. 1) pp. 1-20.
Hussein, A.A.A., 1990. Mineral deposits. In: Said, R. (Ed.), The
geology of Egypt. 1990. A.A. Balkema,
Rotterdam/Brookfield, pp. 511-566.
Kora M, Jux U (1986) On the early carboniferous macrofauna
from the Um Bogma Formation, Sinai. Neur Jarbuch Geol
Palaontol H2:85–98
Mart, S. and Sass, E. (1972). Geology and Origin of
Manganese Ore of Um Bogma, Sinai. Economic Geology,
Vol. 67, pp. 145-155. doi:10.2113/gsecongeo.67.2.145
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25. Egyptian Ore Deposits
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