Earth Resources
Reserves and resources
Nonrenewable Mineral Resources
What are industrial minerals?
Why are industrial minerals so important?
Geology of Industrial Minerals Deposits
Classification of industrial minerals
General characteristics of Non-metallic Deposits
Factors important in evaluating an industrial minerals deposit
Selected industrial rocks and minerals
ABRASIVES MINERALS
OLIVINE
GYPSUM
CLAY MINERALS
FLUORITE
PERLITE
BUILDING STONES and Rip-rap
CALCIUM CARBONATE DEPOSITS
SULFUR ORE DEPOSITS
CHERT DEPOSITS
PHOSPHATE ORE DEPOSITS
EVAPORITE DEPOSITS
SELECTED SOME NON-METALLIC METAMORPHIC DEPOSITS
Asbestos Deposits
Graphite Deposits
Talc, Soapstone, and Pyrophyllite
Selected Some Ornamental Metamorphic Stones
Marble
Quartzite
Serpentinite
Introduction of mineral deposits: Mineral deposit ; A geological definition of an ore deposit; Ore Deposit Environments; The significance of ore deposit size; Which commodities are included by the definition of Ore Deposits ; The extraction of an economic commodity from ore ; Geological Factors Affecting Economics of Ore Extraction ; Shape and depth of the deposit; Mineralogy and texture of the ore; The presence of multiple extractable products; Metals enrichment factors; Ore Deposit Constitutes; Ore Deposit Geology and Related Sciences; Structural Control Ore Deposits; Depth of Occurrence Mineral deposits; Nature of Mineralization; Morphology of Ore Deposit; Geographical Localization of Ore Deposits;
Orebodies; oreshoots; ore deposits; ore reserves
What is mining?; Why do we need mines?; What is a mineral ?; What is an Ore Deposit? ; Concentrations of Metals; Metals enrichment factors ; Types of Ore Deposit ; GEOLOGIC CONDITIONS AND CHARACTERISTIC OF ORE DEPOSITS; Shape of ore deposits; Dip ore deposits ;Thickness ore deposits; Depth of ore deposits; Structure of ore deposits; Ore value and profitability of mining; Stability of ore rocks; Chemical and mineral characteristics of ores ; Lessening of ore deposit; Degree of breakability; Life Cycle of a Metal Resource; Mineral Supply and Demand; Conservation; Economic Impact on Mineral Supplies
Introduction of mineral deposits: Mineral deposit ; A geological definition of an ore deposit; Ore Deposit Environments; The significance of ore deposit size; Which commodities are included by the definition of Ore Deposits ; The extraction of an economic commodity from ore ; Geological Factors Affecting Economics of Ore Extraction ; Shape and depth of the deposit; Mineralogy and texture of the ore; The presence of multiple extractable products; Metals enrichment factors; Ore Deposit Constitutes; Ore Deposit Geology and Related Sciences; Structural Control Ore Deposits; Depth of Occurrence Mineral deposits; Nature of Mineralization; Morphology of Ore Deposit; Geographical Localization of Ore Deposits;
Orebodies; oreshoots; ore deposits; ore reserves
What is mining?; Why do we need mines?; What is a mineral ?; What is an Ore Deposit? ; Concentrations of Metals; Metals enrichment factors ; Types of Ore Deposit ; GEOLOGIC CONDITIONS AND CHARACTERISTIC OF ORE DEPOSITS; Shape of ore deposits; Dip ore deposits ;Thickness ore deposits; Depth of ore deposits; Structure of ore deposits; Ore value and profitability of mining; Stability of ore rocks; Chemical and mineral characteristics of ores ; Lessening of ore deposit; Degree of breakability; Life Cycle of a Metal Resource; Mineral Supply and Demand; Conservation; Economic Impact on Mineral Supplies
Applied Mineralogy
Technical Mineralogy;
How much metal is available?
What is a mineral?
What is Applied Mineralogy?
What Applied Mineralogy is not…
History
Review of some mineralogical Concepts
Minerals are formed by changes in chemical energy in systems which contain one fluid or vapor phase. In nature, minerals are formed by crystallisation or precipitation from concentrated solutions. These solutions are called as ore-bearing fluids. Ore-bearing fluids are characterised by high concentration of certain metallic or other elements.
Fluids are the most effective agents for the transport of material in the mantle and the Earth's crust.
The process of transportation of petroleum from its place of origin, the source rock, to its place of accumulation into the reservoir up to the trap is termed as Migration.
How can minerals deposits be formed; GEOLOGICAL PROCESSES; Ore Fluids; Ore Forming Processes; Concentrating Processes; Magmatic mineral deposits; Residual mineral deposits ; Placer deposits; Sedimentary mineral deposits; Metamorhogenic mineral deposits; Hydrothermal mineral deposits ; Magmatic Deposits
Cumulate deposits: fractional crystallization processes can concentrate metals (Cr, Fe, PGE, Pt, Ni, Ti, Diamond ))
Pegmatites : late staged crystallization forms pegmatites and many residual elements are concentrated (Li, Ce, Be, Sn, U, Rare Earths (REE), Feldspar, Mica, Gems).
magmatic deposits; Mode of Formation of Magmatic Ores Deposits; Mode of Formation of Orthomagmatic Ores ; Fractional Crystallization (or Crystal fractionation ); Magmatic (or Liquid ) Immiscibility; Simple crystallization without concentration (Dissemination); Segregation of early formed crystals; (Layer Types); Injection of material concentrated elsewhere by differentiation Residual liquid segregation; Residual liquid injection; Immiscible liquid segregation; Immiscible-liquid-injection; Early magmatic deposit; Late magmatic deposit; Types of Magmatic Ore Deposits:Chromite; Fe-Ti (± V) oxides; Ni – Cu – Fe (± Pt) sulfides; Platinum Group Elements (PGEs); REE, and Zr in Carbonatites; Diamond in kimberlites.
MINERAL RESOURCE AND RESERVE DECLARATIONS AND ASSET MANAGEMENT; Resource Evaluation; Mineral Resource Asset Management; Inferred Mineral Resources; Indicated Mineral Resources; Measured Mineral Resources; Mineral reserves; Reserve definition; Feasibility study; GEOLOGIC CONDITIONS AND CHARACTERISTIC OF ORE DEPOSITS; MINE GEOLOGY RESPONSIBILITIES; Geological Database Configuration; Ore Control Process
Applied Mineralogy
Technical Mineralogy;
How much metal is available?
What is a mineral?
What is Applied Mineralogy?
What Applied Mineralogy is not…
History
Review of some mineralogical Concepts
Minerals are formed by changes in chemical energy in systems which contain one fluid or vapor phase. In nature, minerals are formed by crystallisation or precipitation from concentrated solutions. These solutions are called as ore-bearing fluids. Ore-bearing fluids are characterised by high concentration of certain metallic or other elements.
Fluids are the most effective agents for the transport of material in the mantle and the Earth's crust.
The process of transportation of petroleum from its place of origin, the source rock, to its place of accumulation into the reservoir up to the trap is termed as Migration.
How can minerals deposits be formed; GEOLOGICAL PROCESSES; Ore Fluids; Ore Forming Processes; Concentrating Processes; Magmatic mineral deposits; Residual mineral deposits ; Placer deposits; Sedimentary mineral deposits; Metamorhogenic mineral deposits; Hydrothermal mineral deposits ; Magmatic Deposits
Cumulate deposits: fractional crystallization processes can concentrate metals (Cr, Fe, PGE, Pt, Ni, Ti, Diamond ))
Pegmatites : late staged crystallization forms pegmatites and many residual elements are concentrated (Li, Ce, Be, Sn, U, Rare Earths (REE), Feldspar, Mica, Gems).
magmatic deposits; Mode of Formation of Magmatic Ores Deposits; Mode of Formation of Orthomagmatic Ores ; Fractional Crystallization (or Crystal fractionation ); Magmatic (or Liquid ) Immiscibility; Simple crystallization without concentration (Dissemination); Segregation of early formed crystals; (Layer Types); Injection of material concentrated elsewhere by differentiation Residual liquid segregation; Residual liquid injection; Immiscible liquid segregation; Immiscible-liquid-injection; Early magmatic deposit; Late magmatic deposit; Types of Magmatic Ore Deposits:Chromite; Fe-Ti (± V) oxides; Ni – Cu – Fe (± Pt) sulfides; Platinum Group Elements (PGEs); REE, and Zr in Carbonatites; Diamond in kimberlites.
MINERAL RESOURCE AND RESERVE DECLARATIONS AND ASSET MANAGEMENT; Resource Evaluation; Mineral Resource Asset Management; Inferred Mineral Resources; Indicated Mineral Resources; Measured Mineral Resources; Mineral reserves; Reserve definition; Feasibility study; GEOLOGIC CONDITIONS AND CHARACTERISTIC OF ORE DEPOSITS; MINE GEOLOGY RESPONSIBILITIES; Geological Database Configuration; Ore Control Process
zeolites, types, nature, synthetic, processes, Deposits and properties;Physical characteristics of some naturally occurring zeolites; molecular sieves;Adsorption and related molecular sieving; zeolite catalysts
Egyptian Phosphate Ore Deposits; Red Sea Coast Phosphate Deposits; Nile Valley Phosphate Deposits; New Valley Geological Setting of Egyptian Phosphate; Geology of the Main Phosphate Regions; Egyptian Phosphate Ore Deposits:; Red Sea Coast Phosphate Deposits; Nile Valley Phosphate Deposits; New Valley Phosphate Deposits; Abu Tartur Ore Phosphate; Dakhla Phosphate; Common Characters of the Egyptian Phosphorites; Characteristics of the phosphate producing facies area; Phosphate Microfacies; Mineralogical composition ; Geochemistry ; Phosphate Reserves and Production
Limestone;Industrial Uses of Limestone ; Lime; Lime Cycle; Production of Lime; Classification of Hydrated Lime IS 712-1973; Purposes for the Utilize of Lime; Soda Ash;Solvay process for the manufacture of Soda Ash; Purposes for the Utilize of Soda Ash; Gypsum; Calcination of Gypsum; Hardening of Plaster; Magnesium; Production Of Magnesium from seawater and dolomite; Process for production Magnesium hydroxide and Calcium chloride from Dolomite ; Process for production Magnesium and Calcium chloride
massive type interlayer with gabbroic rocks in the Eastern Desert; Main occurrences of Ti-Fe oxide deposits in Egypt; Abu Ghalaga Ore Deposit; Abu Ghalaga ilmenite ore deposit categories ; Abu Ghalaga Mineral composition; Mining Techniques; Origins; Korabkanci titano-magnetite ore; black sand placer deposits type; Rosetta (or Rashid East); Northern Sinai Coast
IRON ORE DEPOSITS IN EGYPT ; EGYPTIAN IRON ORE DEPOSITS; Iron ore deposit of sedimentary nature; Sinai: Gabal Halal iron ore deposit; Western Desert:; Aswan iron Ore Deposits; Bahariya iron Ore Deposits; The Banded Iron ore deposits (BIFs), Geologic Setting BIFs, General Characteristics of the Egyptian Banded Iron Ores; Are the Egyptian Banded Iron Ores Unique?; Genesis of Egyptian Banded Iron Formation
Choice of mining and processing methods; Choice of mining method; What determines the type of mining?; Types of Mining; Processes and Considerations; Surface and underground mining: what’s the difference?
Sulfide mineralization are the main resource for exploiting Pb, Zn, and Cu metals in Egypt.
Sulfide mineralization is represented by four sulfide types of the different setting, lithology and ages, namely:
i) Lead-Zinc sulphide Deposits
ii) Cu-NiCo sulphide Deposits
This type of mineralization is well represented in Abu Swayel in South Eastern Desert. The ore is closely related to mafic-ultramafic and gabbro of ophiolitic rocks.
iii) Cu-Ni sulphide deposits
This type of mineralization occurs in layered mafic-ultramafic intrusions like gabbro rocks at Akarm and El Geneina .
iv) Stratiform Massive Sulphide (Zn-Cu-Pb) Deposits
This type of mineralization is represented by a group of small lenses associated with talc deposits in South Eastern Desert at: Um Samuki, Helgit, Maakal, Atshan, Darhib, Abu Gurdi, and Egat.
Beneficiation and Mineral Processing of Sand and Silica Sand; Sand and Silica Sand; Processing Sand; Sand into Silicon-Silicon carbide ; Heavy Mineral Sand; Separation of Heavy Minerals from Black Sand/Sand; Zircon to Zirconium; Ti-Bearing Minerals
Mineral deposits known to occur in Egypt; Classification of mineral deposit in Egypt, Possible Areas for Investment in Mineral Industry in Egypt, Mineral Commodities
Uranium Occurrence in the Egypt
Types of Uranium Deposits in Egypt:
Uranium Occurrences in Pan-African Younger Granites of Egypt
Uranium Occurrences in Dykes
Uranium Occurrences in Sedimentary Rock Sequences of Egypt
Categories of Egyption Uranium Deposits:
I) Vein types:
Uranium deposits of Gabal Gattar
Uranium deposits of Gabal El-Missikat
Uranium deposits of El Erediya
Uranium deposits of Um Ara area
II) Volcanic type deposits:
5) Uranium deposits of El Atshan-II
III) Surficial deposits:
6) Uranium deposits in Sinai
7) Black Sand
IV) Phosphorite deposits
What is an ore?, Ore deposit environments, Formation of Mineral Deposits, Endogenous (Internal) processes, Exogenous (Surficial) processes, Types of Sedimentary Rocks, Mineral Deposits Associated with Sedimentary Process, physical processes of ore deposit formation in the surficial realm, Erosion, weathering , transportation, sorting, Precipitation, Depositional Environments, Deposits formed by Weathering, Deposits formed by Sediment, Resources from the Sedimentary Environments
Definition of Open pit Mining Parameters, Open pit Mining method, Bench, Open Pit Bench Terminology; Bench height; Cutoff grade; Open Pit Stability, Pit slope, Pit wall stability, Rock strength, Pit Depth, Pit diameter, Water Damage, Strip Ratio, Open-pit mining sequence, Various open-pit and orebody configurations; Ultimate Pit Definition, Manual Design, Computer Methods, Lerchs-Grossman method, Floating cone method; Open pit Optimization, The management of pit optimization, A simple example; The effects of scheduling on the optimal outline ; Optimum production scheduling; Materials handling Ex-Mine; Waste disposal; Dump design; Stability of mine waste dumps; Mine reclamation; Example of Open Pit Mining Methods
Mining (ore minerals and lessening the impact of mining)Jason Alcano
This presentation includes topics such as how ore minerals are found, mined and processed, effects of massive mineral extraction and ways in minimizing the effects of mining industries. All information and images reflected in the presentation were based on internet sources that are cited and given credit in the presentation. Furthermore, the author disclaims to any inaccuracies within the presentation. Thank you and hope this can help you.
HEAVY METAL POLLUTION AND REMEDIATION IN URBAN AND PERI-URBAN AGRICULTURE SOILSchikslarry
Throughout the world, there is a long tradition of farming intensively within and at the edge of cities (Smit et al., 1996). However, most of these peri-urban lands are contaminated with pollutants including heavy metals, such as Cu, Zn, Pb, Cd, Ni, and Hg. The major sources of heavy metal contamination in agricultural soils are discharge of effluents from domestic sources, coal-burning power plants, non-ferrous metal smelters, iron and steel plants, dumping of sewage sludge and metal chelates from different industries. Once the heavy metals are released into soils, plants can absorb and bio-accumulate these heavy metals and thereby affect humans and animals’ health upon consumption (Seghal et al., 2014). Hence, there is a great need to develop effective technologies for sustainable management and remediation of the contaminated soils. There are conventionally physicochemical soil remediation engineering techniques, such as soil washing, incineration, solidification, vapour extraction, thermal desorption, but they destroy the plant productive properties of soils. Moreover, they are usually extremely expensive, limiting their extensive application, particularly in developing countries and for remediation of agricultural soils (Kokyo et al., 2014). Phytoremediation has been increasingly receiving attentions over the recent decades, as an emerging, affordable and eco-friendly approach that utilizes the natural properties of plants to remediate contaminated soils (Wang et al., 2003). Phytoremediation includes phytovolatilization, phytostabilization, and phytoextraction using hyper-accumulator species or a chelate-enhancement strategy. The future of this technique is still mainly in the research phase, and many different Hyperaccumulators and crops that can be cultivated in heavy metal contaminated are still being tested.
The objectives of this course in iron ore Resources and iron industry are:
i) acquainting students (majors and non-majors) with the basic tools necessary for studying iron ore deposits and processes,
ii) different processes for phosphorus removal from iron ore
iii) beneficiation processes of iron ore deposits.
iv) different processes and techniques that used to enrichment low-grade iron ore resources
v) understanding the different ironwork processes and technology,
vi) understanding the different types of iron ore products,
vii) prominent routes for steelmaking
viii) understanding the relationship between the distribution of iron ore and scrap, as well as steelmarkets,
ix) steel industry in Egypt , and
x) gaining some knowledge of the global iron ore as well as environmental problems associated with the extraction and utilization of iron ore resources.
There are plenty of hard-to-beneficiate iron ores and high-grade tailings in India and all over the world; As the volume of high-grade iron ores declines.
Minerals phase transformation by hydrogen reduction (MPTH) can efficiently revitalize hard-to-beneficiate iron ore resources and tailings, turning the waste into profitable products. It may also improve the concentrate quality comparing to that from the previous method. From the economic and environmental aspects, MPTH is the most effective method to recover iron oxides.
The clean minerals phase transformation by hydrogen reduction (MPTH) was proposed.
Industrial utilization of limonite/goethite, limonite-hematite, sulfur-bearing refractory iron ore was achieved, where Sulfur-bearing minerals decomposed or formed sulfate after oxidation roasting.
Sulfur content of iron ore concentrate was significantly reduced to 0.038 %.
Improving utilization efficiency of refractory iron ore resources is a common theme for the sustainable development of the world’s steel and iron industry.
Magnetization Roasting is considered as an effective and typical method for the beneficiation of refractory iron ores.
After magnetization roasting, the weakly magnetic iron minerals, including hematite, limonite and siderite, are selectively reduced or oxidized to ferromagnetic magnetite, which is relatively easier to enrich by Magnetic Separation after liberation pretreatments.
The Primary Magnetization Roasting Methods include: Shaft Furnace Roasting, Rotary Kiln Roasting, Fluidized Bed Roasting, and Microwave assisted roasting. The developments in magnetization roasting of difficult to treat iron ores, including: Shaft Furnace Roasting, Rotary Kiln Roasting, Fluidized Bed Roasting, and Microwave Assisted Roasting in the Past Decade.
Shaft Furnace Roasting is gradually eliminated due to its high energy consumption and low industrial processing capacity, and the primary problem for rotary kiln roasting is the kiln coating which affects the yield of iron resource and its industrial application.
Fluidized Bed Roasting and Microwave assisted roasting are considered as the most effective and promising methods.
Suspension (Fluidized) Magnetization Roasting is recognized as the most effective and promising technology due to its high reaction efficiency, low energy consumption and large processing capacity. Moreover, an industrial production line with a throughput of 1.65 million t/a for beneficiation of a specularite ore has been built.
Microwave Assisted Roasting is a potential alternative technology for magnetizing iron ores. However, it is currently limited to laboratory research and has no industrial application. Forwarding microwave assisted magnetization roasting methods into industrial applications needs long way and time to achieve.
Furthermore, using biomass, H2 or siderite as a reducing agent in the magnetic reduction roasting of iron ores is a beneficial way to reduce carbon emissions, which can be called clean and green magnetization roasting technology.
In the future, technical research on clean and green magnetization roasting should be strengthened. Maybe microwave magnetization roasting using biomass/H2/siderite as reductant can be further studied for a more effective and greener magnetization of iron ores.
WORLD RESOURCES IRON DEPOSITS
Iron Ore Pellets Market Industry Trends
Scope and Market Size
Market Analysis and Insights
DRI Production in Plants Using Merchant Iron Ore
Outlook for DR grade pellet supply‐demand out to 2030
DRI and the pathway to carbon‐neutral steelmaking
Supply‐side challenges for the steel & iron ore industries
scrap is the main raw material, is growing in the structure of global steelmaking capacities; SCARP/ RECYCLING IRON ; EAF steel production method in the world; Scrap for Stock; A Global Scrap Shortage;Availability of Ferrous Scrap Resources; EGYPT IRON SCRAP IMPORTS.
The iron ore production has significantly expanded in recent years, owing to increasing steel demands in developing countries.
However, the content of iron in ore deposits has deteriorated and low-grade iron ore has been processed.
The fine ores resulting from the concentration process must be agglomerated for use in iron and steelmaking.
Bentonite is the most used binder due to favorable mechanical and metallurgical pellet properties, but it contains impurities especially silica and alumina.
Better quality wet, dry, preheated, and fired pellets can be produced with combined binders, such as organic and inorganic salts, when compared with bentonite-bonded pellets.
While organic binders provide sufficient wet and dry pellet strengths, inorganic salts provide the required preheated and fired pellet strengths.
The industrial development program of any country, by and large, is based on its natural resources.
Currently the majority of the world’s steel is produced through either one of the two main routes: i) the integrated Blast Furnace – Basic Oxygen Furnace (BF – BOF) route or ii) the Direct Reduced Iron - Electric Arc Furnace (DRI - EAF) route.
Depleting resources of coking coal, the world over, is posing a threat to the conventional (Blast Furnace [Bf]–Basic Oxygen Furnace [BOF]) route of iron and steelmaking.
During the last four decades, a new route of ironmaking has rapidly developed for Direct Reduction (DR) of iron ore to metallic iron by using noncoking coal/natural gas.
This product is known as Direct Reduced Iron (DRI) or Sponge Iron.
Processes that produce iron by reduction of iron ore (in solid state) below the melting point are generally classified as DR processes.
Based on the types of reductant used, DR processes can be broadly classified into two groups: (1) coal-based DR process and (2) gas-based DR process.
Details of DR processes, reoxidation, storage, transportation, and application of DRI are discussed in this presentation.
This presentation reviews the different DR processes used to produce Direct Reduced Iron (DRI), providing an analysis on the quality requirements of iron-bearing ores for use in these processes. The presentation also discusses the environmental sustainability of such processes. DR processes reduce iron ore in its solid state by the use of either natural gas or coal as reducing agents, and they have a comparative advantage of low capital costs, low emissions and production flexibility over the BF process.
Currently the majority of the world’s steel is produced through either one of the two main routes: i) the integrated Blast Furnace – Basic Oxygen Furnace (BF – BOF) route or ii) the Direct Reduced Iron - Electric Arc Furnace (DRI - EAF) route.
In the former, the blast furnace uses iron ore, scrap metal, coke and pulverized coal as raw materials to produce hot metal for conversion in the BOF. Although it is still the prevalent process, blast furnace hot metal production has declined over the years due to diminishing quality of metallurgical coke, low supply of scrap metal and environmental problems associated with the process. These factors have contributed to the development of alternative technologies of ironmaking, of which Direct Reduction (DR) processes are expected to emerge as preferred alternatives in the future.
This presentation reviews the different DR processes used to produce Direct Reduced Iron (DRI), providing an analysis on the quality requirements of iron-bearing ores for use in these processes. The presentation also discusses the environmental sustainability of such processes. DR processes reduce iron ore in its solid state by the use of either natural gas or coal as reducing agents, and they have a comparative advantage of low capital costs, low emissions and production flexibility over the BF process.
Ironmaking represents the first step in steelmaking.
The iron and steel industry is the most energy-intensive and capital-intensive manufacturing sector in the world (Strezov, 2006).
Steelmaking processes depend on different forms of iron as primary feed material. Traditionally, the main sources of iron for making steel were Blast Furnace hot metal and recycled steel in the form of scrap.
The Blast Furnace (BF) has remained the workhorse of worldwide virgin iron production (i.e., hot metal) for more than 200 years. Over the years, BFs have evolved into highly efficient chemical reactors, capable of providing stable operation with a wide range of feed materials.
However, operation of modern efficient BFs normally involves sintering and coke making and their associated environmental problems.
More than 90% of iron is currently produced via the BF process, while the rest is coming from Direct Reduction (DR) processes, Mini Blast Furnaces (MBFs), Corex, Finex, Ausmelt, etc. Additionally, the severe shortage of good-quality metallurgical coal has remained an additional constraint all over the world. In view of this, there is an increasing awareness that the BF route needs to be supplemented with alternative ironmaking processes that are more environment friendly and less dependent on metallurgical coal.
Because of the rapid depletion of easily processed iron ores, the utilization of refractory ores has attracted increasing attention .
There several billion tonnes iron deposits, and most are refractory ores, which are difficult to process by conventional methods because of the low iron grade, fine grain size and complex mineralogy.
The beneficiation of low-grade iron ores to meet the growing demand for iron and steel is an important research topic.
At present, magnetization roasting followed by magnetic separation is one of the most effective technologies for the beneficiation of refractory iron ores.
However, certain ores do not qualify to be treated in physical separation processes, and hence, alternative strategies are being looked into for upgrading their iron content.
Reduction roasting has many advantages over the physical beneficiation process, such as enhanced iron recovery and processing of complex and poorly liberated iron ores.
The objective of this presentation is to compile and amalgamate the crucial information regarding the beneficiation of low-grade iron ores using carbothermic reduction followed by magnetic separation, which is a promising technique to treat iron ores with complex mineralogy and liberation issues.
Reduction roasting studies done for different types low-grade iron ores including oolitic iron ores, banded iron ores, iron ore slimes and tailings, and industrial wastes have been discussed.
Reduction roasting followed by magnetic separation is a promising method to recover the iron values from low-grade iron ores.
The process involves the reduction of the goethite and hematite phases to magnetite, which can subsequently be recovered using a low-intensity magnetic separation unit.
The large-scale technological advancements in reduction roasting and the possibilities of the application of alternative reductants as substitutes for coal have also been highlighted.
This presentation aims at insight light on the occurrence of phosphorus in iron ores from the mines around the world.
The presentation extends to the phosphorus removal processes of this mineral to meet the specifications of the steel industry.
Phosphorus is a contaminant that can be hard to remove, especially when one does not know its mode of occurrence in the ores.
Phosphorus can be removed from iron ore by very different routes of treatment. The genesis of the reserve, the mineralogy, the cost and sustainability define the technology to be applied.
The presentations surveyed cite removal by physical processes (flotation and selective agglomeration), chemical (leaching), thermal and bioleaching processes.
Removal results of above 90% and less than 0.05% residual phosphorus are noticed, which is the maximum value required in most of the products generated in the processing of iron ore.
Chinese studies show that the direct reduction roasting of high phosphorus oolitic hematite followed by magnetic separation is reality technical solutions to improve the recovery of metallic iron and dephosphorization rate.
For ores with widespread phosphorus in the iron matrix and low release, thermal or mixed processes are closer to reality technical solutions. Due to their higher operating costs, it will be necessary to rethink the processes of sintering and pelletizing, such that these operations also become phosphorus removal steps.
With the exhaustive processing of the known reserves of hematite from Iron Ore Quadrangle (Minas Gerais-Brazil), there will be no shortage of granules in the not too distant future. THEREFORE, THERE IS AN EXPECTATION THAT THE ORE MINED WILL HAVE HIGHER LEVELS OF PHOSPHORUS.
Overview of IRON TYPES: Pig Iron, Direct Reduced Iron (DRI), Hot Briquetted Iron (HBI), Cold Briquetted Iron (CBI) and Cold Briquetted Iron and Carbon (CBIC) Specifications .
Comparison of Pig Iron and DRI
Properties; Manufacturing Process; Uses; Largest producers and markets
Iron ore mining plays a critical role in supplying the raw material necessary for steel production, supporting various industries and economic development worldwide.
From the extraction of iron ore to its processing and eventual export, each stage of the mining process requires careful planning, technological advancements, and environmental considerations.
By adopting sustainable mining practices and mitigating environmental impacts, the future of iron ore mining can be aligned with the principles of responsible resource utilization and environmental stewardship
The Egyptian steel sector is the second largest steel market in the Middle East and North Africa region in terms of production and third largest in terms of consumption.
Egypt was the third-ranked producer of Direct-Reduced Iron (DRI) in the Middle east and North Africa region after Iran and Saudi Arabia and accounted for 5.4% of the world’s total output
The Egyptian steel industry represents one of the cornerstones of Egypt’s economic growth and development, due to its linkages to almost all other industries that stimulate economic expansion, such as construction, housing, infrastructure, consumer goods and automotive. All these industries rely heavily on steel industry and so, the importance and development of the steel sector is significant for the progress of the Egyptian economy in general.
The Egyptian market has many companies that produce different steel products.
Geological consultant, working in a range of roles from project development/feasibility study programs and advanced exploration roles. Contracts in a variety of global locations including Egypt, Saudi Arab, and the Middle East. Commodities including Gold, base metal sulfide, Gossan/Supergene, heavy mineral sands, clay/kaolin, Silica Sand, and iron ore.
Exploration in Deep Weathering Profiles, Supergene, R-mode factor analysis; Multi-element association geochemistry; Assessment of Au-Zn potentiality in Gossan; Rodruin-Egypt
Mineral Processing: Crusher and Crushing; Secondary and Tertiary Crushing Circuits; Types of Crusher; Types of Crushing; Types of Jaw Crushers; Impact Crusher; Types of Cone Crushers; Ball Mill; BEST STONE MANUFACTURERS; Local Quality and High quality ; International and Country/Hand made
Classification Equipment
Introduction; Chemical composition of garnet; Structure; Classification; Physical properties; Optical properties; Occurrences; Gem variety; and Uses
Garnet group of minerals is one of the important group of minerals.
Since they are found in wide variety of colours, they are also used as gemstones.
Garnet group of minerals are also abrasives and thus have various industrial applications.
The increased availability of biomedical data, particularly in the public domain, offers the opportunity to better understand human health and to develop effective therapeutics for a wide range of unmet medical needs. However, data scientists remain stymied by the fact that data remain hard to find and to productively reuse because data and their metadata i) are wholly inaccessible, ii) are in non-standard or incompatible representations, iii) do not conform to community standards, and iv) have unclear or highly restricted terms and conditions that preclude legitimate reuse. These limitations require a rethink on data can be made machine and AI-ready - the key motivation behind the FAIR Guiding Principles. Concurrently, while recent efforts have explored the use of deep learning to fuse disparate data into predictive models for a wide range of biomedical applications, these models often fail even when the correct answer is already known, and fail to explain individual predictions in terms that data scientists can appreciate. These limitations suggest that new methods to produce practical artificial intelligence are still needed.
In this talk, I will discuss our work in (1) building an integrative knowledge infrastructure to prepare FAIR and "AI-ready" data and services along with (2) neurosymbolic AI methods to improve the quality of predictions and to generate plausible explanations. Attention is given to standards, platforms, and methods to wrangle knowledge into simple, but effective semantic and latent representations, and to make these available into standards-compliant and discoverable interfaces that can be used in model building, validation, and explanation. Our work, and those of others in the field, creates a baseline for building trustworthy and easy to deploy AI models in biomedicine.
Bio
Dr. Michel Dumontier is the Distinguished Professor of Data Science at Maastricht University, founder and executive director of the Institute of Data Science, and co-founder of the FAIR (Findable, Accessible, Interoperable and Reusable) data principles. His research explores socio-technological approaches for responsible discovery science, which includes collaborative multi-modal knowledge graphs, privacy-preserving distributed data mining, and AI methods for drug discovery and personalized medicine. His work is supported through the Dutch National Research Agenda, the Netherlands Organisation for Scientific Research, Horizon Europe, the European Open Science Cloud, the US National Institutes of Health, and a Marie-Curie Innovative Training Network. He is the editor-in-chief for the journal Data Science and is internationally recognized for his contributions in bioinformatics, biomedical informatics, and semantic technologies including ontologies and linked data.
Observation of Io’s Resurfacing via Plume Deposition Using Ground-based Adapt...Sérgio Sacani
Since volcanic activity was first discovered on Io from Voyager images in 1979, changes
on Io’s surface have been monitored from both spacecraft and ground-based telescopes.
Here, we present the highest spatial resolution images of Io ever obtained from a groundbased telescope. These images, acquired by the SHARK-VIS instrument on the Large
Binocular Telescope, show evidence of a major resurfacing event on Io’s trailing hemisphere. When compared to the most recent spacecraft images, the SHARK-VIS images
show that a plume deposit from a powerful eruption at Pillan Patera has covered part
of the long-lived Pele plume deposit. Although this type of resurfacing event may be common on Io, few have been detected due to the rarity of spacecraft visits and the previously low spatial resolution available from Earth-based telescopes. The SHARK-VIS instrument ushers in a new era of high resolution imaging of Io’s surface using adaptive
optics at visible wavelengths.
Nutraceutical market, scope and growth: Herbal drug technologyLokesh Patil
As consumer awareness of health and wellness rises, the nutraceutical market—which includes goods like functional meals, drinks, and dietary supplements that provide health advantages beyond basic nutrition—is growing significantly. As healthcare expenses rise, the population ages, and people want natural and preventative health solutions more and more, this industry is increasing quickly. Further driving market expansion are product formulation innovations and the use of cutting-edge technology for customized nutrition. With its worldwide reach, the nutraceutical industry is expected to keep growing and provide significant chances for research and investment in a number of categories, including vitamins, minerals, probiotics, and herbal supplements.
Multi-source connectivity as the driver of solar wind variability in the heli...Sérgio Sacani
The ambient solar wind that flls the heliosphere originates from multiple
sources in the solar corona and is highly structured. It is often described
as high-speed, relatively homogeneous, plasma streams from coronal
holes and slow-speed, highly variable, streams whose source regions are
under debate. A key goal of ESA/NASA’s Solar Orbiter mission is to identify
solar wind sources and understand what drives the complexity seen in the
heliosphere. By combining magnetic feld modelling and spectroscopic
techniques with high-resolution observations and measurements, we show
that the solar wind variability detected in situ by Solar Orbiter in March
2022 is driven by spatio-temporal changes in the magnetic connectivity to
multiple sources in the solar atmosphere. The magnetic feld footpoints
connected to the spacecraft moved from the boundaries of a coronal hole
to one active region (12961) and then across to another region (12957). This
is refected in the in situ measurements, which show the transition from fast
to highly Alfvénic then to slow solar wind that is disrupted by the arrival of
a coronal mass ejection. Our results describe solar wind variability at 0.5 au
but are applicable to near-Earth observatories.
THE IMPORTANCE OF MARTIAN ATMOSPHERE SAMPLE RETURN.Sérgio Sacani
The return of a sample of near-surface atmosphere from Mars would facilitate answers to several first-order science questions surrounding the formation and evolution of the planet. One of the important aspects of terrestrial planet formation in general is the role that primary atmospheres played in influencing the chemistry and structure of the planets and their antecedents. Studies of the martian atmosphere can be used to investigate the role of a primary atmosphere in its history. Atmosphere samples would also inform our understanding of the near-surface chemistry of the planet, and ultimately the prospects for life. High-precision isotopic analyses of constituent gases are needed to address these questions, requiring that the analyses are made on returned samples rather than in situ.
Seminar of U.V. Spectroscopy by SAMIR PANDASAMIR PANDA
Spectroscopy is a branch of science dealing the study of interaction of electromagnetic radiation with matter.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy refers to absorption spectroscopy or reflect spectroscopy in the UV-VIS spectral region.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy is an analytical method that can measure the amount of light received by the analyte.
Professional air quality monitoring systems provide immediate, on-site data for analysis, compliance, and decision-making.
Monitor common gases, weather parameters, particulates.
(May 29th, 2024) Advancements in Intravital Microscopy- Insights for Preclini...Scintica Instrumentation
Intravital microscopy (IVM) is a powerful tool utilized to study cellular behavior over time and space in vivo. Much of our understanding of cell biology has been accomplished using various in vitro and ex vivo methods; however, these studies do not necessarily reflect the natural dynamics of biological processes. Unlike traditional cell culture or fixed tissue imaging, IVM allows for the ultra-fast high-resolution imaging of cellular processes over time and space and were studied in its natural environment. Real-time visualization of biological processes in the context of an intact organism helps maintain physiological relevance and provide insights into the progression of disease, response to treatments or developmental processes.
In this webinar we give an overview of advanced applications of the IVM system in preclinical research. IVIM technology is a provider of all-in-one intravital microscopy systems and solutions optimized for in vivo imaging of live animal models at sub-micron resolution. The system’s unique features and user-friendly software enables researchers to probe fast dynamic biological processes such as immune cell tracking, cell-cell interaction as well as vascularization and tumor metastasis with exceptional detail. This webinar will also give an overview of IVM being utilized in drug development, offering a view into the intricate interaction between drugs/nanoparticles and tissues in vivo and allows for the evaluation of therapeutic intervention in a variety of tissues and organs. This interdisciplinary collaboration continues to drive the advancements of novel therapeutic strategies.
Cancer cell metabolism: special Reference to Lactate PathwayAADYARAJPANDEY1
Normal Cell Metabolism:
Cellular respiration describes the series of steps that cells use to break down sugar and other chemicals to get the energy we need to function.
Energy is stored in the bonds of glucose and when glucose is broken down, much of that energy is released.
Cell utilize energy in the form of ATP.
The first step of respiration is called glycolysis. In a series of steps, glycolysis breaks glucose into two smaller molecules - a chemical called pyruvate. A small amount of ATP is formed during this process.
Most healthy cells continue the breakdown in a second process, called the Kreb's cycle. The Kreb's cycle allows cells to “burn” the pyruvates made in glycolysis to get more ATP.
The last step in the breakdown of glucose is called oxidative phosphorylation (Ox-Phos).
It takes place in specialized cell structures called mitochondria. This process produces a large amount of ATP. Importantly, cells need oxygen to complete oxidative phosphorylation.
If a cell completes only glycolysis, only 2 molecules of ATP are made per glucose. However, if the cell completes the entire respiration process (glycolysis - Kreb's - oxidative phosphorylation), about 36 molecules of ATP are created, giving it much more energy to use.
IN CANCER CELL:
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
introduction to WARBERG PHENOMENA:
WARBURG EFFECT Usually, cancer cells are highly glycolytic (glucose addiction) and take up more glucose than do normal cells from outside.
Otto Heinrich Warburg (; 8 October 1883 – 1 August 1970) In 1931 was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology for his "discovery of the nature and mode of action of the respiratory enzyme.
WARNBURG EFFECT : cancer cells under aerobic (well-oxygenated) conditions to metabolize glucose to lactate (aerobic glycolysis) is known as the Warburg effect. Warburg made the observation that tumor slices consume glucose and secrete lactate at a higher rate than normal tissues.
Cancer cell metabolism: special Reference to Lactate Pathway
Non-metallic Mineral Deposits
1. Nonmetallic Mineral Deposits
Prof. Dr. H.Z. Harraz Presentation - Nonmetallic Deposits
To Final Product
From raw material
Hassan Z. Harraz
hharraz2006@yahoo.com
2015- 2016
2. Outline of Topic :
21 November 2015 Prof. Dr. H.Z. Harraz Presentation Nonmetallic Deposits 2
We will explore all of the above in Topic.
Earth Resources
Reserves and resources
Nonrenewable Mineral Resources
What are industrial minerals?
Why are industrial minerals so important?
Geology of Industrial Minerals Deposits
Classification of industrial minerals
General characteristics of Non-metallic
Deposits
Factors important in evaluating an industrial
minerals deposit
3. What is a mineral?
Mineral: inorganic compound that occurs naturally in the earth’s crust
Solid
Regular internal crystalline structure
Definite chemical composition.
Rock is solid combination of one or more minerals.
What are orebody?
are aggregates of different minerals
have high concentrations of metal bearing minerals and
are hosted in barren “country” rock {Mined country rock is referred to as gangue (or
waste)}.
What is an Ore Deposit?
Ore deposit is an occurrence of minerals or metals in sufficiently high concentration to
be profitable to mine and process using current technology and under current
economic conditions.
Ore deposits may be considered as:
Commercial mineral deposits (i.e., Ore: suitable for mining in the present
times) or
Non-commercial ore deposits (i.e., Protore: problems in mining, transportation,
prices....etc).
21 November Prof. Dr. H.Z. Harraz Presentation Nonmetallic Deposits 3
4. What is an Ore?
Ore: Rock materials that exist in quantities that can be extracted and profitably mined
for a mineral (often a metal) or for minerals (metals).
An ore is a mass of mineralization within the Earth's surface which can be mined:
at a particular place;
at a particular time;
at a profit
Marketed for a profit.
Ore: refers to useful metallic minerals that can be mined at a profit and, in
common usage, to some non-metallic minerals such as fluorite and sulfur.
To be considered of value, an element must be concentrated above the level of
its average crustal abundance:
High Grade Ore; has high concentration of the mineral
Low Grade Ore: smaller concentration
Most non-metallic minerals are generally not called ores, but
rather they are called Industrial Minerals
21 November Prof. Dr. H.Z. Harraz Presentation Nonmetallic Deposits 4
5. What is gangue (or waste)?
Gangue (or Waste): Minerals other than ore present in a rock.
Gangue (or Waste) is mineralized rock that is removed from a mine to provide
access to an underlying or nearby orebody containing at least one mineral of
value.
Types of Gangue (or Waste):
Typically pure barren materials;
Gangue material contained within the ore
Gangue (or Waste) rock can become ore at some later point in time.
Non-Metallic / commodity prices can change
Other values are discovered within the waste
New technology is developed
Cost of environmental protection becomes too high
Non-metallic minerals has been exhausted; too costly to close the mine.
Political factors
21 November Prof. Dr. H.Z. Harraz Presentation Nonmetallic Deposits 5
6. Finding a Deposit
21 November 2015 Prof. Dr. H.Z. Harraz Presentation Nonmetallic Deposits 6
The old fashioned way
of finding a mine was
your prospector with a
pick and shovel, a gold
pan, and a lot of luck.
Today, technologies used
include, but are not limited to,
exploration geology,
geophysics, geochemistry,
and satellite imagery.
7. Finding a Deposit
21 November 2015 Prof. Dr. H.Z. Harraz Presentation Nonmetallic Deposits 7
Geophysics
Geophysical exploration involves searching for favorable
mineral deposits using the physical properties of rocks.
Geophysical investigations ground-penetrating radar
studies or the use of seismic waves to show contrasting
rock types.
The selected rock units of interest might then be
mapped and sampled.
Geochemistry
Geochemists can determine the composition of what
lies below the Earth's surface by sampling soil. Soil at
the surface can carry a chemical signature of what lies
below, because of the movement of chemicals through
the rise and fall of the water table.
Positive geochemical results from surface sampling are
followed by a drilling program. Because of the great
expense, drilling is only carried out when the area is very
likely to contain substantial mineral deposits.
Drilling produces either rock fragments, or 'cores' of rock
for sampling to determine whether the mineral deposit
contains worthwhile concentrations of ore mineral
Geology
Geology is the study of the planet
Earth—the materials of which our planet
is made, the processes that act on these
materials, and the products formed.
Geologists use ground-mapping
techniques to identify features seen on
satellite images and aerial maps of large
tracts of the continent.
Remote sensing: Landsat and Satellite
Imagery
Ground-based surveys are expensive,
and one can often experience difficulty
in mapping large-scale structures.
However, large geological structures are
often readily visible on satellite imagery.
8. Reserves vs. Resources
Reserves
Natural resources that
have been discovered &
can be exploited profitably
with existing technology.
Resources
The term “resource” refers to the
total amounts of a commodity of
particular economic use that is
present in an area. These
estimates include both extractable
and non-extractable amounts of
this commodity.
Deposits that we know or believe to
exist, but that are not exploitable
today because of technological,
economical, or political reasons
Earth Resources may be
Renewable and/or Non-renewable
resources
21 November 2015 Prof. Dr. H.Z. Harraz Presentation Nonmetallic Deposits 8
9. Compared between Renewable and Non-renewable Mineral Resources
Renewable resources Non-renewable resources
Resource can be replenished over
relatively short time spans
Significant deposits take
millions of years to form; from
a human perspective there
are fixed quantities
Renewable can be:- It’s a one-time only deal.
i) Perpetual Renewable
Resources
ii) Potentially Exhaustible/
Renewable Resources
Once exploited and used the
resource is gone forever.
Direct solar energy.
Energy from flowing water, sun,
wind
Indirect effects related to
hydrological cycle (e.g., wind,
oceans, tides, running water
…etc).
Alternate/futuristic energy
resources:
Geothermal energy
Solar energy
• Fresh Air
• Fresh Water
• Fertile Soil
• Biodiversity: Examples include :
Plants
Animals for food
Trees for lumber
Examples:
Fuels (coal, oil, natural
gas)
Metals (iron, copper,
uranium, gold)
21 November 2015 Prof. Dr. H.Z. Harraz Presentation Nonmetallic Deposits 9
10. Mineral Resources
Non-metallic mineral deposits (NM)
Industrial Minerals (IM)): Sulfur, Gypsum, Coal, Barite, Salt, Clay,
Feldspar, Borax, Lime, Magnesite, Potash, Phosphates, Silica, Fluorite,
Asbestos, Abrasives, Mica.
Precious stones: Gem Minerals,
Construction minerals : Stone, Sand, Gravel, Limestone
Metallic mineral deposits or (Ore mineral deposits):
Ferrous metals: Iron and Steel, Cobalt, Nickel
Non-ferrous (or base metals): Copper, Zinc, Tin, Lead, Aluminum,
Titanium, Manganese, Magnesium, Mercury, Vanadium, Molybdenum,
Tungsten.
Precious metals: Silver, Gold, Platinum
Energy Resources(or Energy minerals):
Fossil Fuels: Coal, Oil, Natural Gas
Radioactive Minerals: Uranium
Geothermal Energy
Groundwater
21 November 2015 Prof. Dr. H.Z. Harraz Presentation Nonmetallic Deposits 10
12. 21 November 2015 Prof. Dr. H.Z. Harraz Presentation Nonmetallic Deposits 12
Fig.2: Selected raw materials consumed in the U.S., 1900-95. For this graph, construction
materials (crushed stone, sand and gravel) have been separated from the remainder of the
industrial minerals to illustrate the upsurge in construction following the end of World War II
13. 21 November Prof. Dr. H.Z. Harraz Presentation Nonmetallic Deposits 13http://eps.berkeley.edu/courses/eps50/documents/lecture31.mineralresources.pdf
13
14. Fig.1: The most famous 30 ore minerals in the world according to quantity.
21 November Prof. Dr. H.Z. Harraz Presentation Nonmetallic Deposits 14
15. Fig.2: The most famous 30 ore minerals in the world according to economic value.
21 November Prof. Dr. H.Z. Harraz Presentation Nonmetallic Deposits 15
16. WHAT ARE NON-METALLIC MINERALS?
Non-metallic minerals are minerals that have no metallic luster and break easily. These are
also called industrial materials and are typically some form of sediment. Non-metallic
minerals are not malleable.
Nonmetallic minerals/ rocks like limestone, magnesite, dolomite, phosphorite, talc, quartz,
mica, clay, silica sand, gemstones, decorative and dimension stones, construction materials
etc. are the common nonmetallic minerals.
Sand, limestone, marble, clay and salt are all examples of non-metallic minerals. They are not
recyclable because they can not be reshaped significantly and repurposed, unlike metals that
can be melted down and easily reshaped into a new product. An exemption is concrete
because concrete is often used from a mixture of non-metallic minerals that have been
crushed or ground into small, fine pieces.
These are called INDUSTRIAL MINERALS because they are used in the creation of many
different products.
For example, glass is made from sand, silica and limestone. Each type of mineral has a
use for industrial means, such as abrasion, fire resistance and absorbency, that makes
it necessary in industry.
Nonmetallic minerals do not have a high profit margin, despite how essential they are
to modern industry. The end consumer has little desire or need to pay high prices, but
transporting and mining these materials both have relatively high costs. Because these
materials are so necessary, though, companies continue gathering the materials for
use in factories and product creation.
21 November 2015 Prof. Dr. H.Z. Harraz Presentation Nonmetallic Deposits 16
17. Coal, Gas,
Oil, Uranium
Iron ore,
Niobium,
Tantalum
Gold,
Silver,
Platinum
Diamond,
Gems
Brick, building
stone, cement,
clay, crushed
rock aggregate,
gypsum, sand,
slate, gravel
Bentonite,
industrial
carbonates,
kaolin, magnesia,
potash, salt, sand,
silica, sulphur
Bauxite/aluminium
, cobalt, copper,
lead, zinc, nickel,
molybdenum
Jewellery,
Monetary,
industrial
Construction Jewellery,
industrial
Ceramics, chemical,
foundry casting,
fillers/pigments,
fuel, gas, iron, steel,
metallurgy, water
treatment
Construction,
electrical/electronic
, engineering,
manufacturing
Aerospace,
contruction,
electronic,
engineering,
manufacturing
, steel making
Electricity, organic
chemical/plastics,
process fuel,
transportation
Energy minerals Non-metallic mineralsMetallic minerals
Mineral Resources
Precious
metals
Ferrous
metals
Base
metals
Construction
minerals
Industrial
minerals
Precious
stones
End Use
Groundwater
18. 21 November Prof. Dr. H.Z. Harraz Presentation Nonmetallic Deposits 18
Non-metallic (NM) Mineral Resources: not mined to extract a metal or an energy source.
Noncombustible solid rocks or minerals used in industry and construction in natural form or after
mechanical, thermal, or chemical processing or for the extraction of nonmetallic elements or their
compounds.
The variety of the composition and properties of nonmetallic minerals determines the complex nature
of their use.
Nonmetallic minerals are ordinarily divided into four groups on the basis of the field in which they are
used:
(1) Chemical raw materials (apatite, halite, sylvinite, carnallite, bischofite, polyhalite, native sulfur, celestite, barite,
borosilicates, nitrates, natural salt, and so on), most of which are used to produce mineral fertilizers;
(2) Metallurgical raw materials, including nonmetallic minerals used to produce refractories (refractory clays, dolomite,
magnesite, quartzite, and so on), as fluxes (limestones, dolomites, quartzites, and fluorite) and molding materials
(molding clays and sands), and agglomerations of fine ore (bentonite clays);
(3) Construction materials, including nonmetallic construction materials (granite, labradorite, diorite, limestone, dolomite,
marble, quartzite, tuff, sandstone, and so on), ceramic and glass raw materials (high-melting clays, sands, kaolins,
feldspar, wollastoite, and rhyolites), raw material for the production of binders (low-melting clays, limestone,and marl),
mineral dies (ochers and colcothar), and thermal and acoustic insulation materials (perlite and vermiculite);
(4) Nonmetallic non ore raw materials, represented by the (a) industrial crystals (diamond, piezo quartz, Iceland spar,
muscovite, phlogopite, and agate) and precious and (b) semiprecious stones (jewelry diamond, emerald, topaz,
ruby, agate, malachite, turquoise, jasper, and amber). (c ) Asbestos, talc, graphite, and abrasive materials
(corundum and emery) are also ordinarily classed with this group.
As technology develops, the group of nonmetallic minerals is growing steadily through industrial use of rocks and
minerals not formerly used in industry (perlite and wollastonite).
WHAT ARE NON-METALLIC MINERALS?
19. Non-metallic Resources
• Non-metallic resources - not mined to
extract a metal or an energy source.
Construction Materials
• sand, gravel, limestone, and gypsum
Agriculture
• phosphate, nitrate and potassium
compounds.
Industrial uses
• rock salt, sulfur
Gemstones
• diamonds, rubies, etc.
Household and Business Products
• glass sand, diatomite
21 November Prof. Dr. H.Z. Harraz Presentation Nonmetallic Deposits 19
21. 21 November Prof. Dr. H.Z. Harraz Presentation Nonmetallic Deposits 21
Typical examples of natural Industrial Mineral Deposits :
Clays
Silica sand
Talc
Limestone/chalk
Gypsum
Pumice
Potash
Carbonate Minerals
Evaporite Salts
Phosphate
Sulphur
made from:
Mullite bauxite, kaolin
Aluminas bauxite
Silicon carbide quartz + coke
ppt calcium
carbonate
lime & CO2
Spinel magnesite + alumina
Soda salt + limestone + coal +
ammonia
Fused minerals alumina, magnesia, spinel
Typical examples of synthetic IM:
What are Non-metallic Deposits?
22. Steps in Obtaining Mineral Commodities
1) Prospecting: finding places where non-metallic minerals occur.
2) Mine exploration and development: learn whether non-metallic
minerals can be extracted economically.
3) Mining: extract non-metallic minerals from ground.
4) Beneficiation: separate non-metallic minerals from other mined
rock. (Mill)
5) Refining: extract pure mineral commodity from the ore mineral
(get the good stuff out of waste rock) (Refinery)
6) Transportation: carry commodity to market.
7) Marketing and Sales: Find buyers and sell the commodity.
21 November Prof. Dr. H.Z. Harraz Presentation Nonmetallic Deposits 22
23. Geology of Industrial Minerals Deposits
21 November Prof. Dr. H.Z. Harraz Presentation Nonmetallic Deposits 23
Geology provides
the framework in
which mineral
exploration and
the integrated
procedures of
remote sensing,
geophysics, and
geochemistry are
planned and
interpreted.
24. Non-metallic mineral deposits life cycle
Supply Sector
exploration
mineral finance
plant engineering
mining
processing
Logistics Sector
trading
port handling
mineral inspection
freight
warehousing/distribution
Consuming Market
Sector
direct market mineral consumer
intermediate market mineral consumer
end market mineral consumer
SUPPLY
DEMAND
25. 21 November 2015 Prof. Dr. H.Z. Harraz Presentation Nonmetallic Deposits 25
Mine to market supply chain
Supply sector
Logistics sector
Consuming market sector
• centres of high population
• their economy - the driver
• directly influence demand for NM
26. Why are Non-Metallic Deposits so important?
21 November Prof. Dr. H.Z. Harraz Presentation Nonmetallic Deposits 26
26
27. Nonmetallic Deposits in your kitchen
21 November Prof. Dr. H.Z. Harraz Presentation Nonmetallic Deposits 27
IM in
your
kitchen
Glass/glasses/ light bulbs silica sand, limestone, soda ash, borates,
feldspar, lithium
Ceramic tiles/mugs/ plates
….etc.
kaolin, feldspar, talc, wollastonite, borates,
alumina, zirconia
Paint TiO2, kaolin, mica, talc, wollastonite, GCC, silica
Plastic white goods
eg. fridge, washer
talc, GCC, kaolin, mica, wollastonite, flame
retardants (ATH, Mg(OH)2)
Wooden flooring treatment materials- borates, chromite
Drinking water treatment materials- lime, zeolites
Wine/beer diatomite, perlite filters
Salt salt
Sugar lime in processing
Detergents/soap borates, soda ash, phosphates
Surfaces marble, granite
Books kaolin, talc, GCC, lime, TiO2 in paper
Oven glass petalite, borates
Heating elements fused magnesia insulators
Wallboard/plaster gypsum, flame retardants
Metal pots/cutlery mineral fluxes & refractories in smelting
28. Why are NM so important?
21 November Prof. Dr. H.Z. Harraz Presentation Nonmetallic Deposits 28
Main consuming market mineral sectors
Abrasives Foundry
Absorbents Glass
Agricultural Metallurgy
Cement Paint
Ceramics Pigments
Chemicals Paper
Construction Plastics
Oil well drilling Refractories
Electronics Flame retardants
Filtration Welding
29. General characteristics of Non-metallic Deposits
21 November 2015 Prof. Dr. H.Z. Harraz Presentation Nonmetallic Deposits 29
Highest volume and tonnage
low value, but vital commodities
High total value
Prices are more stable
NM are prerequisite raw materials for a wide range of industrial and domestic
products
Recycling is not much of an issue
Price of the unit value is so low that transportation becomes a major
issue
Rarely exported.
Feasibility study: Often need to find a market before looking for a nearby
deposit
Depending on their uses, product purity and grain size may become very
important factors in deciding the suitability and price of the commodity
NM support and add value to industrial sectors
Market demand drives NM supply
30. Classification of Non-metallic Deposits
21 November 2015 Prof. Dr. H.Z. Harraz Presentation Nonmetallic Deposits 30
End-use and genesis (Bates, 1960)
By unit price and bulk (Burnett, 1962)
Unit value, place value, representative value (Fisher,
1969)
Chemical and physical properties (Kline, 1970)
Geologic occurrence and end-use (Dunn, 1973)
Geology of origin (Harben and Bates, 1984)
Alphabetical (Harben and Bates, 1990; Carr, 1994)
31. Classification of Non-metallic deposits (Cont.)
Rock classification Mineral classification
A) Igneous Rocks
Granite
Basalt and diabase
Pumice and pumicite
Perlite
B) Metamorphic Rocks
Slate
Marble
Serpentinite
Schist
Gneiss
C) Sedimentary Rocks
Sand and gravel
Sandstone
Clay
Limestone and dolomite
Phosphate rock
Gypsum
Salt
A) Igneous Minerals
Nepheline syenite
Feldspar
Mica
Lithium minerals
Beryl
B) Vein and Replacement Minerals
Quartz crystal
Fluorspar
Barite
Magnesite
C) Metamorphic Minerals
Graphite
Asbestos
Talc
Vermiculite
Emerald
D) Sedimentary Minerals and sulfur
Diatomite
Potash minerals
Sodium minerals
Borate
Nitrates
Sulfur
32. Factors important in evaluating a Non-metallic deposits
21 November 2015 Prof. Dr. H.Z. Harraz Presentation Nonmetallic Deposits 32
Customer specifications
Distance to customer (transportation)
Ore grade--concentration of the commodity in the deposit
By-products
Commodity prices
Mineralogical form
Grain size and shape
Undesirable substances
Size and shape of deposit
Ore character
Cost of capital
Location
Environmental consequences/ reclamation/bonding
Land status
Taxation
Political factors
33. DIFFERENCES BETWEEN METALLIC AND NON-METALLIC MINERALS DEPOSITS
21 November 2015 Prof. Dr. H.Z. Harraz Presentation Nonmetallic Deposits 33
Metallic Minerals Non-Metallic Minerals
Metallic mineral are those minerals which
can be melted to obtain new products.
Non-metallic minerals are those which do
not yield new products on melting.
Iron, copper, bauxite, gold, tin,
manganese are some examples.
Coal, salt, clay, salt, sulfur, marble are
some examples.
These are generally associated with
igneous/metamorphic rocks.
These are generally associated with
sedimentary rocks.
They are usually hard and have shines or
luster of their own.
They are not so hard and have no shine
or luster of their own.
They are ductile and malleable They are not ductile and malleable.
When hit, they do not get broken. When hit, they may got broken into
pieces.