Nigeria, the most populous nation and largest economy in Africa is endowed with abundant mineral resources, including energy fuels, industrial minerals, gemstones, and metallic minerals. As West Africa has become a major destination for mining investors and exploration companies, Nigeria's mineral resources have generated considerable interest from exploration and mining companies worldwide. This book furnishes a detailed description of the deposits of metallic, non-metallic, solid energy, gemstones and industrial minerals in Nigeria with emphasis on their location, geological setting, mode of occurrence, physical and chemical characteristics, ore reserve estimates and metallogeny. It also provides a geoscientific analysis of the solid mineral sector, mineral production statistics, mining, and potential targets for mineral exploration. There are twenty chapters in the book, divided into five parts. Part I is an introduction to mineral resources and discussion of the geological and tectonic setting and classification of Nigeria's mineral deposits. Part 2 provides detailed descriptions of known deposits of eighteen metals (Fe, Au, Pb, Zn, Cu, Ag, Sn, Nb, Ta, Mo, W, Ti, Bi, Cr, Ni, Pt, Mn, Al) with emphasis on their geological environment, mode of occurrence, mineralogy, origin, ore reserves mining history, and exploration. Part 3 describes the distribution, geological setting and reserves of solid energy minerals (uranium, coal, and bitumen), while Part 4 focuses on the geological occurrence, mineralogical and physical properties, mineral reserves and uses of non-metallic minerals comprised of thirty industrial minerals/rocks and several gemstone minerals. Part 5 reviews the status of the solid minerals industry, new mining regulations, mineral production statistics, mining practices, metallogenic provinces and assessment of resource potential and exploration targets in Nigeria. A Glossary of Common Terms in Economic and Mining Geology is included at the end of the book. This book is an invaluable source of information, not only for geology and mining students, but also for practicing geoscientists, exploration and mining professionals and administrators in government and private companies who are interested or involved in economic geology, mineral exploration, and mineral resource development in Nigeria.

1. Mineral Deposits and Exploration Potential of Nigeria
Author: Moses A. Olade
© 2020
About this Book
Nigeria, the most populous nation and largest economy in Africa is endowed with abundant mineral
resources, including energy fuels, industrial minerals, gemstones, and metallic minerals. As West Africa
has become a major destination for mining investors and exploration companies, Nigeria's mineral
resources have generated considerable interest from exploration and mining companies worldwide. This
book furnishes a detailed description of the deposits of metallic, non-metallic, solid energy, gemstones
and industrial minerals in Nigeria with emphasis on their location, geological setting, mode of occurrence,
physical and chemical characteristics, ore reserve estimates and metallogeny. It also provides a
geoscientific analysis of the solid mineral sector, mineral production statistics, mining, and potential
targets for mineral exploration.
There are twenty chapters in the book, divided into five parts. Part I is an introduction to mineral resources
and discussion of the geological and tectonic setting and classification of Nigeria's mineral deposits. Part
2 provides detailed descriptions of known deposits of eighteen metals (Fe, Au, Pb, Zn, Cu, Ag, Sn, Nb,
Ta, Mo, W, Ti, Bi, Cr, Ni, Pt, Mn, Al) with emphasis on their geological environment, mode of
occurrence, mineralogy, origin, ore reserves mining history, and exploration. Part 3 describes the
distribution, geological setting and reserves of solid energy minerals (uranium, coal, and bitumen), while
Part 4 focuses on the geological occurrence, mineralogical and physical properties, mineral reserves and
uses of non-metallic minerals comprised of thirty industrial minerals/rocks and several gemstone

2. minerals. Part 5 reviews the status of the solid minerals industry, new mining regulations, mineral
production statistics, mining practices, metallogenic provinces and assessment of resource potential and
exploration targets in Nigeria. A Glossary of Common Terms in Economic and Mining Geology is
included at the end of the book.
This book is an invaluable source of information, not only for geology and mining students, but also for
practicing geoscientists, exploration and mining professionals and administrators in government and
private companies who are interested or involved in economic geology, mineral exploration, and mineral
resource development in Nigeria.
About this Author
Dr. Moses (M.A.) Olade is a retired Professor of Economic Geology who has lectured and published
widely on the mineral deposits of Nigeria. He obtained a B.Sc. (Hons.) degree in Geology in 1969 from
the premier University of Ibadan, Nigeria, and M.Sc. in Economic Geology from the University of
Alberta, Edmonton, Canada in 1972 where he studied sandstone uranium deposits. He completed his
Ph.D. at the University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada in 1974 where he worked on porphyry
copper deposits. He was a post-doctoral research fellowship at the Geological Survey of Canada, Ottawa
he investigated uranium occurrences in alkaline igneous complexes. He was Professor and Head of
Department of Geology at the University of Ibadan Program Director of the first UNDP-sponsored
Postgraduate M.Sc. training program in Mineral Exploration for Africa, and pioneer Dean of the College
of Earth and Mineral Sciences at the Federal University of Technology (FUTA), Akure. Supervised
several dozens of M.Sc. and Ph.D. theses; and is the author of over 100 journal articles and technical
reports. After two decades in the United States working on mineral resources development and
environmental protection and teaching at the University of Phoenix, he returned to Nigeria in 2012 as a
Visiting Professor and Dean at the Achievers University, Owo where he lectured and provided leadership
in developing academic programs at the new University, as well as collect data and conduct field visits
for this book. Prof. Olade is a distinguished Fellow of the Nigerian Mining and Geosciences Society and
former Editor-in-Chief of the Nigerian Journal of Mining and Geology. He is finally retired in Houston,
Texas
Bibliographic Information
Book Title ISBN Number of Pages
Mineral Deposits and Exploration 978-0-576-67943-3 401
Potential of Nigeria
Author Topic
Moses A. Olade Economic Geology
Copyright
2020
Publisher Price Copyright Holder
Prescott Resources $89; (N30,000)Naira Moses A. Olade

3. TABLE OF CONTENTS (Major Subtitles)
Introduction 1
Chapter 1: Introduction to Mineral Deposits 9
Definition of Terms
Types of Mineral Resources
Nature of Mineral Deposits
Life Cycle of Mineral Deposits
Types and Distribution of Mineral Deposits
Mode of Occurrence and Size
Formation of Mineral Deposits
Nature of Ore-Forming Fluids
Chapter 2: Geological Setting of Nigeria’sMineral Deposits 23
Introduction
Major Rock Groups
Basement Complex
Mesozoic Intrusive and VolcanicRocks
Sedimentary Basins
Cenozoic Volcanic Rocks
Tectonic and Structural Framework
Precambrian Tectonics and Evolution
Jurassic Uplift and Alkaline Magmatism
Cretaceous - Recent Tectonics and Magmatism
Chapter 3: Distribution and Classification of Nigeria’s Mineral Deposits
Introduction
Distribution of Mineral Deposits
Classification of Metallic Mineral Deposits
Metallic Content Classification
Geological Classification
Genetic Classification
Classification of Non-Metallic Minerals
Sedimentary Minerals (and Rocks)
Metamorphic Minerals (and Rocks)
Hydrothermal Minerals
Residual Minerals
Chapter 4: Iron Ore Deposits 59
Introduction
Iron Ore as Raw Materials
History of Iron Ore Exploration
Geological Occurrence and Types of Iron Ore

4. 1
Ferruginous Quartzites
Banded Ferruginous Schists (Iron Formation)
Iron in Amphibolites
Sedimentary Iron Ore
Lateritic Ironstone
Historical Overview of Nigeria’s Iron and Steel Industry
Nigeria’s Iron Ore as Raw Material
Raw Material Challenges for Nigeria’s Iron and Steel Industry
Chapter 5: Gold Deposits 87
Introduction
Geological Occurrence
Types of Gold Deposits
Primary Gold Deposits
Major Goldfields
Placer Gold Deposits
New Exploration Activities
Chapter 6: Lead and Zinc Deposits 107
Introduction
Geologic Occurrence
Types of Lead-Zinc Deposits
Lead-Zinc in CretaceousSediments
Lead-Zinc in Precambrian Basement Complex
Lead-Zinc in the Younger Granites
Chapter 7: Copper Deposits 121
Introduction
Types of Copper Deposits
Copper in Sedimentary Rocks
Copper Associated with the Younger Granites
Copper in Precambrian Metasediments
Chapter 8: Tin-Niobium-Tantalum Deposits 129
Introduction
History of Tin-Niobium Mining
Primary Mineralization in the Younger Granites
Disseminated Mineralization
Vein Deposits
Primary Mineralization in Pegmatites
Distribution
Mode of Occurrence
Mineralogy
Origin of Pegmatite Mineralization
Older (Pegmatite) Tin Fields
Ijero-Ekiti Tin Field
Placer Tin and Niobium-Tantalum Deposits

5. 2
Chapter 9: Tungsten-Molybdenum-Silver 149
Introduction
Tungsten
Molybdenum
Silver
Chapter 10: Manganese Deposits 155
Introduction
Geologic Occurrence
Mode of Occurrence and Distribution
Kebbi State
Zamfara State
Kaduna State
Niger State
Edo State
Cross River State
Origin of Manganese Deposits
Future Prospects
Chapter 11: Nickel Deposit 165
Introduction
Geologic Setting
Mode of Occurrence
Origin
Future Prospects
Chapter 12: Chromium 173
Introduction
Geological Setting
Mode of Occurrence
Chapter 13: Titanium, Platinum and Bismuth 177
Titanium
Platinum
Bismuth
Chapter 14: Uranium Deposits 181
Introduction
History of Uranium Exploration
Geologic Occurrence
Nature of Uranium Mineralization
Uranium in Peralkaline Granites
Vein-type Uranium Mineralization
Uranium in Sandstones
Phosphorite Uranium
Ore Genesis
Chapter 15: Solid Energy Minerals (Coaland Bitumen) 201

6. 3
Introduction
Coal Deposits
Introduction
Distribution
Geologic Occurrence
Coal Districts
Lignite
Quality of Nigerian Coals
Current Status and Future Prospects
Bitumen Deposits
Introduction
Distribution
Geologic Setting
Mode of Occurrence
Exploration and Exploitation
Chapter 16: Industrial Minerals 215
Introduction
Industrial Minerals Production
Barite
Introduction
Distribution
Mode of Occurrence
Quality of Nigerian Barite
Origin
Bentonite
Clays and Kaolin
Kaolin and Kaolinitic Clay
Ball Clay
Fire Clay
Feldspar
Gypsum
Halite (Salt)
Limestone
Introduction
Geological Occurrence
Use of Limestone in Cement Production
Cement Factories
Marble
Phosphate
Silica Sand
Trona
Zircon
Other Industrial Minerals
Bauxite
Beryl
Diatomite
Fluorite (Fluorspar)

7. 4
Graphite
Lepidolite
Metamorphic Minerals
Mica
Chapter 17: Gemstones 259
Introduction
Geological Occurrence
Older Granite Pegmatite Gemstones
Younger Granite Gemstones
Alkali Basalt Gemstones
Metamorphic Gemstones
Distribution of Gemstones
Gemstone Minerals
Tourmaline
Sapphire
Emerald
Aquamarine
Garnets
Topaz
Amethyst
Zircon
Other Gemstones
Origin of Gemstones
Gemstone Mining
Chapter 18: Metallogenic Epochs and Metallogenic Beltsof Nigeria 277
Introduction
Geologic and Tectonic Setting
Metallogenic Epochs
Archean Epoch
Late Proterozoic Epoch
Early Paleozoic Epoch
Jurassic Epoch
Cretaceous Epoch
Metallogenic Provinces and Belts
Pb-Zn Belt (Benue Trough)
Sn-Nb Province (Younger Granites)
Sn-Ta Pegmatite Belt
Ni-Cr Serpentinite Belt
Gold Province
Iron Province
Significance of Metallogenic Provinces and Belts
Chapter 19: Solid Minerals Production andMining Practices 287
Introduction
Nigerian Economy and Solid Minerals Sector

8. 5
Strategic Minerals
Solid Minerals Export
Solid Minerals Revenue
Roadmap for Revitalization of the Solid Minerals Sector
Mining in Nigeria
Historical Perspective
Current Mining Practices
Environmental Impact of Mining
Physical Disturbance of the Landscape
Public Safety Hazard
Contaminated Soils
Lead and Mercury Poisoning
Surface Water and Groundwater Pollution
Vegetation Loss and Ecosystem Damage
Air Pollution
Chapter 20: Mineral Resource Potential and Exploration Prospects 309
Introduction
History of Mineral Exploration
Legal Framework for Mineral Exploration and Development
Reconnaissance Permit
Exploration License
Strategic Minerals for Development
Roadmap for Boosting Mineral Exploration
Recent Developments
Nigeria’s Mineral Resource Potential
Mineral Potential Indices
Geologic and Tectono-Metallogenic Analysis
Litho-Metallogenic Units
Archean Migmatite-Gneiss-Quartzite Complex
Proterozoic Schist Belts
Proterozoic Serpentinites and Amphibolites
Early Paleozoic Granites and Pegmatites
Jurassic Younger Granites
Deformed Cretaceous Sedimentary Rocks
Undeformed Cretaceous-Tertiary Sedimentary Rocks
Cenozoic Alkali Basalts
Metallogenic Provinces and Mineral Exploration
Search for Minerals (Mineral Exploration)
Mineral Exploration in Practice
Approaches to Mineral Exploration
Mineral Exploration Cycle
Stages of Mineral Exploration
Status of Mineral Exploration and Mining Projects
Target Selection for Mineral Exploration in Nigeria
Gold
Conceptual Framework
Potential Targets

9. 6
Uranium
Greenfield Exploration Targeting
Brownfield Exploration Targeting
Conceptual Framework
Potential Targets
Lead-Zinc
Conceptual Framework
Potential Targets
Chromium-Nickel-Platinum
Conceptual Framework
Potential Targets
Manganese
Conceptual Framework
Potential Targets
Iron Ore
Conceptual Framework
Potential Targets
Aluminium (Bauxite)
Conceptual Framework
Potential Targets
Bibliography 381
Glossary of Common Terms in Mineral Deposits and Mining 397
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