Sulfide mineralization are the main resource for exploiting Pb, Zn, and Cu metals in Egypt.
Sulfide mineralization is represented by four sulfide types of the different setting, lithology and ages, namely:
i) Lead-Zinc sulphide Deposits
ii) Cu-NiCo sulphide Deposits
This type of mineralization is well represented in Abu Swayel in South Eastern Desert. The ore is closely related to mafic-ultramafic and gabbro of ophiolitic rocks.
iii) Cu-Ni sulphide deposits
This type of mineralization occurs in layered mafic-ultramafic intrusions like gabbro rocks at Akarm and El Geneina .
iv) Stratiform Massive Sulphide (Zn-Cu-Pb) Deposits
This type of mineralization is represented by a group of small lenses associated with talc deposits in South Eastern Desert at: Um Samuki, Helgit, Maakal, Atshan, Darhib, Abu Gurdi, and Egat.
Mineral deposits known to occur in Egypt; Classification of mineral deposit in Egypt, Possible Areas for Investment in Mineral Industry in Egypt, Mineral Commodities
Occurrences of asbestos, vermiculite, corundum, magnesite and talc, are typically associated with Pan-African ultramafic rocks such as peridotite, serpentinite, gabbro, and norite.
Migif-Hafafit area in the Eastern Desert of Egypt contains asbestos-vermiculite deposits at several sites, occurs in the magnesium-rich metapelitic schist-ultramafic complex.
Manganese ore deposits are widely scattered in various districts in Egypt.
They occur at some localities in Sinai Peninsula and at a few localities in the Eastern Desert.
Manganese deposits are known:
in the Um Bogma district in west central Sinai; and
in the Halaib "Elba" district in the southern portion of Eastern Desert.
In addition, minor occurrences are known in Wadi Mialik near Abu Ghosun and Ras Banas in the Southern Eastern Desert, and Wadi Abu Shaar El Qibli (Black Hill), to the north of Hurghada
IRON ORE DEPOSITS IN EGYPT ; EGYPTIAN IRON ORE DEPOSITS; Iron ore deposit of sedimentary nature; Sinai: Gabal Halal iron ore deposit; Western Desert:; Aswan iron Ore Deposits; Bahariya iron Ore Deposits; The Banded Iron ore deposits (BIFs), Geologic Setting BIFs, General Characteristics of the Egyptian Banded Iron Ores; Are the Egyptian Banded Iron Ores Unique?; Genesis of Egyptian Banded Iron Formation
Mineral deposits known to occur in Egypt; Classification of mineral deposit in Egypt, Possible Areas for Investment in Mineral Industry in Egypt, Mineral Commodities
Occurrences of asbestos, vermiculite, corundum, magnesite and talc, are typically associated with Pan-African ultramafic rocks such as peridotite, serpentinite, gabbro, and norite.
Migif-Hafafit area in the Eastern Desert of Egypt contains asbestos-vermiculite deposits at several sites, occurs in the magnesium-rich metapelitic schist-ultramafic complex.
Manganese ore deposits are widely scattered in various districts in Egypt.
They occur at some localities in Sinai Peninsula and at a few localities in the Eastern Desert.
Manganese deposits are known:
in the Um Bogma district in west central Sinai; and
in the Halaib "Elba" district in the southern portion of Eastern Desert.
In addition, minor occurrences are known in Wadi Mialik near Abu Ghosun and Ras Banas in the Southern Eastern Desert, and Wadi Abu Shaar El Qibli (Black Hill), to the north of Hurghada
IRON ORE DEPOSITS IN EGYPT ; EGYPTIAN IRON ORE DEPOSITS; Iron ore deposit of sedimentary nature; Sinai: Gabal Halal iron ore deposit; Western Desert:; Aswan iron Ore Deposits; Bahariya iron Ore Deposits; The Banded Iron ore deposits (BIFs), Geologic Setting BIFs, General Characteristics of the Egyptian Banded Iron Ores; Are the Egyptian Banded Iron Ores Unique?; Genesis of Egyptian Banded Iron Formation
Information about these fluids is an invaluable aid in mineral exploration.
Conventional academic methods of analysing fluid inclusions are too slow and tedious to be of practical application in typical mineral exploration activities.
However, the academic data from numerous studies does show that CO2 is an exceptionally important indicator when exploring for most types of gold deposit.
Because the baro-acoustic decrepitation method is a rapid and reliable method to measure CO2 contents in fluids, it can be used to study a spatial array of data and it is an invaluable and practical exploration method.
Measurements of temperatures of fluid inclusions does not usually help in mineral exploration as hydrothermal minerals deposit over a wide temperature range and there is no specific temperature which is indicative of mineralisation. However, if temperatures are available on a large spatial array of samples, then temperature trends may be a useful exploration method to find the hottest part of the system, which is presumably the location of the best economic mineralisation. Baro-acoustic decrepitation is the most practical method to determine temperatures of the large numbers of samples required.
Salinities of fluid inclusions are of limited use in exploration and are difficult to measure. However, they can be used to recognise intrusion related hydrothermal systems.
Models and exploration methods for major gold deposit typesMYO AUNG Myanmar
Models and Exploration Methods for Major Gold Deposit Types
Robert, F.[1], Brommecker, R.[1] Bourne, B. T.[2]
, Dobak, P. J.3], McEwan, C. .J.[4],Rowe, R. R.[2], Zhou, X.
[1]
_________________________ 1. Barrick Gold Corporation, Toronto, ON
, Canada
2. Barrick Gold of Australia Ltd., Perth, WA, Australia 3. Barrick Gold Exploration Inc., Elko, NV, U.S.A 4. Compania Minera Barrick Chile Ltda., Providencia, Santiago, Chile
ABSTRACT
Gold occurs as primary commodity in a wide range of gold deposit types and settings. In the last decade, significant progress has been made in the classification, definition and understanding of the main gold deposit types. Three main clans of deposits are now broadly
defined, each including a range of specific de
posit types with common characteristics and tectonic settings. The orogenic clan has
been introduced to include vein
-
type deposits formed during crustal shortening of their host greenstone, BIF or clastic sedimentary
rock sequences. Deposits of the new red
uced intrusion-
related clan share an Au
- Bi-
Te
-
As metal signature and an association with
moderately reduced equigranular post
-
orogenic granitic intrusions. Oxidized intrusion-related deposits, including porphyry, skarn,and high-
sulfidation epithermal depo sits, are associated with high-
level, oxidized porphyry stocks in magmatic arcs. Other important deposit types include Carlin, low sulfidation pithermal, Au,rich VMS and Witwatersrand deposits. The key geology features of the ore- forming environments and the key geologic manifestations of the different deposit types form the footprints of ore systems that are targeted in exploration programs. Important progress has been made in our ability to integrate, process, and visualize increasingly complex datasets
in 2D GIS and 3D platforms. For gold exploration, important geophysical advances include airborne gravity, routine 3D inversions of potential field data, and 3D modeling of electrical data. Improved satellite -, airborne- and field-based
infrared spectroscopy has significantly improved alteration mapping around gold systems, extending the dimensions of the footprints and enhancing vectoring capabilities. Conventional geochemistry remains very important to gold exploration, while promising new techniques are
being tested. Selection of the appropriate exploration methods must be dictated by the characteristics of the targeted model, its geologic setting, and the surficial environment. Both greenfield and brownfield exploration contributed to the discovery of ma jor gold deposits (>2.5 moz Au) in the last decade but the discovery rates have declined significantly. Geologists are now better equipped than ever to face this difficult challenge, but geological understanding and quality field work were important discov ery factors and must remain the key underpinnings of exploration programs
Minerals are formed by changes in chemical energy in systems which contain one fluid or vapor phase. In nature, minerals are formed by crystallisation or precipitation from concentrated solutions. These solutions are called as ore-bearing fluids. Ore-bearing fluids are characterised by high concentration of certain metallic or other elements.
Fluids are the most effective agents for the transport of material in the mantle and the Earth's crust.
Slides related to wall rock alteration.In these slides it is described that how host rock behave when it comes in contact with the hydro thermal fluid coming from deep Earth (Mantle) and their results.
Introduction of mineral deposits: Mineral deposit ; A geological definition of an ore deposit; Ore Deposit Environments; The significance of ore deposit size; Which commodities are included by the definition of Ore Deposits ; The extraction of an economic commodity from ore ; Geological Factors Affecting Economics of Ore Extraction ; Shape and depth of the deposit; Mineralogy and texture of the ore; The presence of multiple extractable products; Metals enrichment factors; Ore Deposit Constitutes; Ore Deposit Geology and Related Sciences; Structural Control Ore Deposits; Depth of Occurrence Mineral deposits; Nature of Mineralization; Morphology of Ore Deposit; Geographical Localization of Ore Deposits;
Orebodies; oreshoots; ore deposits; ore reserves
MANGANESE ORE DEPOSITS, Sedimentary Manganese Deposits, Types of Sedimentary Manganese, Classification, Manganese Nodules, EGYPTIAN MANGANESE ORE DEPOSITS , IRON ORE DEPOSITS, Cycle of Iron , Ironstone (Sedimentary iron) Ore Deposits, Bog Iron Ore Deposits, Principal iron-bearing minerals, Geochemical stability of iron-rich minerals, World Resources Iron Deposit, EGYPTIAN IRON ORE DEPOSITS, Iron ore deposit of sedimentary nature, Sinai: Gabal Halal iron ore deposit, Aswan iron Ore Deposits, Bahariya iron Ore Deposits
Uranium Occurrence in the Egypt
Types of Uranium Deposits in Egypt:
Uranium Occurrences in Pan-African Younger Granites of Egypt
Uranium Occurrences in Dykes
Uranium Occurrences in Sedimentary Rock Sequences of Egypt
Categories of Egyption Uranium Deposits:
I) Vein types:
Uranium deposits of Gabal Gattar
Uranium deposits of Gabal El-Missikat
Uranium deposits of El Erediya
Uranium deposits of Um Ara area
II) Volcanic type deposits:
5) Uranium deposits of El Atshan-II
III) Surficial deposits:
6) Uranium deposits in Sinai
7) Black Sand
IV) Phosphorite deposits
zeolites, types, nature, synthetic, processes, Deposits and properties;Physical characteristics of some naturally occurring zeolites; molecular sieves;Adsorption and related molecular sieving; zeolite catalysts
Information about these fluids is an invaluable aid in mineral exploration.
Conventional academic methods of analysing fluid inclusions are too slow and tedious to be of practical application in typical mineral exploration activities.
However, the academic data from numerous studies does show that CO2 is an exceptionally important indicator when exploring for most types of gold deposit.
Because the baro-acoustic decrepitation method is a rapid and reliable method to measure CO2 contents in fluids, it can be used to study a spatial array of data and it is an invaluable and practical exploration method.
Measurements of temperatures of fluid inclusions does not usually help in mineral exploration as hydrothermal minerals deposit over a wide temperature range and there is no specific temperature which is indicative of mineralisation. However, if temperatures are available on a large spatial array of samples, then temperature trends may be a useful exploration method to find the hottest part of the system, which is presumably the location of the best economic mineralisation. Baro-acoustic decrepitation is the most practical method to determine temperatures of the large numbers of samples required.
Salinities of fluid inclusions are of limited use in exploration and are difficult to measure. However, they can be used to recognise intrusion related hydrothermal systems.
Models and exploration methods for major gold deposit typesMYO AUNG Myanmar
Models and Exploration Methods for Major Gold Deposit Types
Robert, F.[1], Brommecker, R.[1] Bourne, B. T.[2]
, Dobak, P. J.3], McEwan, C. .J.[4],Rowe, R. R.[2], Zhou, X.
[1]
_________________________ 1. Barrick Gold Corporation, Toronto, ON
, Canada
2. Barrick Gold of Australia Ltd., Perth, WA, Australia 3. Barrick Gold Exploration Inc., Elko, NV, U.S.A 4. Compania Minera Barrick Chile Ltda., Providencia, Santiago, Chile
ABSTRACT
Gold occurs as primary commodity in a wide range of gold deposit types and settings. In the last decade, significant progress has been made in the classification, definition and understanding of the main gold deposit types. Three main clans of deposits are now broadly
defined, each including a range of specific de
posit types with common characteristics and tectonic settings. The orogenic clan has
been introduced to include vein
-
type deposits formed during crustal shortening of their host greenstone, BIF or clastic sedimentary
rock sequences. Deposits of the new red
uced intrusion-
related clan share an Au
- Bi-
Te
-
As metal signature and an association with
moderately reduced equigranular post
-
orogenic granitic intrusions. Oxidized intrusion-related deposits, including porphyry, skarn,and high-
sulfidation epithermal depo sits, are associated with high-
level, oxidized porphyry stocks in magmatic arcs. Other important deposit types include Carlin, low sulfidation pithermal, Au,rich VMS and Witwatersrand deposits. The key geology features of the ore- forming environments and the key geologic manifestations of the different deposit types form the footprints of ore systems that are targeted in exploration programs. Important progress has been made in our ability to integrate, process, and visualize increasingly complex datasets
in 2D GIS and 3D platforms. For gold exploration, important geophysical advances include airborne gravity, routine 3D inversions of potential field data, and 3D modeling of electrical data. Improved satellite -, airborne- and field-based
infrared spectroscopy has significantly improved alteration mapping around gold systems, extending the dimensions of the footprints and enhancing vectoring capabilities. Conventional geochemistry remains very important to gold exploration, while promising new techniques are
being tested. Selection of the appropriate exploration methods must be dictated by the characteristics of the targeted model, its geologic setting, and the surficial environment. Both greenfield and brownfield exploration contributed to the discovery of ma jor gold deposits (>2.5 moz Au) in the last decade but the discovery rates have declined significantly. Geologists are now better equipped than ever to face this difficult challenge, but geological understanding and quality field work were important discov ery factors and must remain the key underpinnings of exploration programs
Minerals are formed by changes in chemical energy in systems which contain one fluid or vapor phase. In nature, minerals are formed by crystallisation or precipitation from concentrated solutions. These solutions are called as ore-bearing fluids. Ore-bearing fluids are characterised by high concentration of certain metallic or other elements.
Fluids are the most effective agents for the transport of material in the mantle and the Earth's crust.
Slides related to wall rock alteration.In these slides it is described that how host rock behave when it comes in contact with the hydro thermal fluid coming from deep Earth (Mantle) and their results.
Introduction of mineral deposits: Mineral deposit ; A geological definition of an ore deposit; Ore Deposit Environments; The significance of ore deposit size; Which commodities are included by the definition of Ore Deposits ; The extraction of an economic commodity from ore ; Geological Factors Affecting Economics of Ore Extraction ; Shape and depth of the deposit; Mineralogy and texture of the ore; The presence of multiple extractable products; Metals enrichment factors; Ore Deposit Constitutes; Ore Deposit Geology and Related Sciences; Structural Control Ore Deposits; Depth of Occurrence Mineral deposits; Nature of Mineralization; Morphology of Ore Deposit; Geographical Localization of Ore Deposits;
Orebodies; oreshoots; ore deposits; ore reserves
MANGANESE ORE DEPOSITS, Sedimentary Manganese Deposits, Types of Sedimentary Manganese, Classification, Manganese Nodules, EGYPTIAN MANGANESE ORE DEPOSITS , IRON ORE DEPOSITS, Cycle of Iron , Ironstone (Sedimentary iron) Ore Deposits, Bog Iron Ore Deposits, Principal iron-bearing minerals, Geochemical stability of iron-rich minerals, World Resources Iron Deposit, EGYPTIAN IRON ORE DEPOSITS, Iron ore deposit of sedimentary nature, Sinai: Gabal Halal iron ore deposit, Aswan iron Ore Deposits, Bahariya iron Ore Deposits
Uranium Occurrence in the Egypt
Types of Uranium Deposits in Egypt:
Uranium Occurrences in Pan-African Younger Granites of Egypt
Uranium Occurrences in Dykes
Uranium Occurrences in Sedimentary Rock Sequences of Egypt
Categories of Egyption Uranium Deposits:
I) Vein types:
Uranium deposits of Gabal Gattar
Uranium deposits of Gabal El-Missikat
Uranium deposits of El Erediya
Uranium deposits of Um Ara area
II) Volcanic type deposits:
5) Uranium deposits of El Atshan-II
III) Surficial deposits:
6) Uranium deposits in Sinai
7) Black Sand
IV) Phosphorite deposits
zeolites, types, nature, synthetic, processes, Deposits and properties;Physical characteristics of some naturally occurring zeolites; molecular sieves;Adsorption and related molecular sieving; zeolite catalysts
massive type interlayer with gabbroic rocks in the Eastern Desert; Main occurrences of Ti-Fe oxide deposits in Egypt; Abu Ghalaga Ore Deposit; Abu Ghalaga ilmenite ore deposit categories ; Abu Ghalaga Mineral composition; Mining Techniques; Origins; Korabkanci titano-magnetite ore; black sand placer deposits type; Rosetta (or Rashid East); Northern Sinai Coast
Egyptian Phosphate Ore Deposits; Red Sea Coast Phosphate Deposits; Nile Valley Phosphate Deposits; New Valley Geological Setting of Egyptian Phosphate; Geology of the Main Phosphate Regions; Egyptian Phosphate Ore Deposits:; Red Sea Coast Phosphate Deposits; Nile Valley Phosphate Deposits; New Valley Phosphate Deposits; Abu Tartur Ore Phosphate; Dakhla Phosphate; Common Characters of the Egyptian Phosphorites; Characteristics of the phosphate producing facies area; Phosphate Microfacies; Mineralogical composition ; Geochemistry ; Phosphate Reserves and Production
Limestone;Industrial Uses of Limestone ; Lime; Lime Cycle; Production of Lime; Classification of Hydrated Lime IS 712-1973; Purposes for the Utilize of Lime; Soda Ash;Solvay process for the manufacture of Soda Ash; Purposes for the Utilize of Soda Ash; Gypsum; Calcination of Gypsum; Hardening of Plaster; Magnesium; Production Of Magnesium from seawater and dolomite; Process for production Magnesium hydroxide and Calcium chloride from Dolomite ; Process for production Magnesium and Calcium chloride
Beneficiation and Mineral Processing of Sand and Silica Sand; Sand and Silica Sand; Processing Sand; Sand into Silicon-Silicon carbide ; Heavy Mineral Sand; Separation of Heavy Minerals from Black Sand/Sand; Zircon to Zirconium; Ti-Bearing Minerals
GROWTH FACTORS AND CHALLENGES FOR OIL MARKET; Demographic Factors; Oil Demand; Motorization in Asian Countries; Upstream Costs Increase; US Shale Oil Production; Deepwater Production; Iraqi production growth prospects; GTL – challenge for the oil market after 2020
Definition of Open pit Mining Parameters, Open pit Mining method, Bench, Open Pit Bench Terminology; Bench height; Cutoff grade; Open Pit Stability, Pit slope, Pit wall stability, Rock strength, Pit Depth, Pit diameter, Water Damage, Strip Ratio, Open-pit mining sequence, Various open-pit and orebody configurations; Ultimate Pit Definition, Manual Design, Computer Methods, Lerchs-Grossman method, Floating cone method; Open pit Optimization, The management of pit optimization, A simple example; The effects of scheduling on the optimal outline ; Optimum production scheduling; Materials handling Ex-Mine; Waste disposal; Dump design; Stability of mine waste dumps; Mine reclamation; Example of Open Pit Mining Methods
Uranium as an Element , Radioactive Elements, Uranium Occurrences , Uranium Minerals, Uranium Ore Miner, Uranium Geology, Categories of Uranium Deposits, Unconformity-related Deposits , Breccia complex deposits, Sandstone deposits, Quartz-pebble conglomerate deposits, Limestone deposits, Surficial deposits, Volcanic deposits, Intrusive deposits, Metasomatite deposits, Vein deposits, Phosphorite and Lignite deposits, Uranium Resources, Production from mines, Known Recoverable Resources, Types of Uranium Deposits in Egypt, Main Occurrences, Gabal Gattar uranium, Uranium deposits of Um Ara area
The Oil and Natural Gas Value Chain; PETROLEUM INDUSTRY STRUCTURE; THE AMERICAN PETROLEUM INSTITUTE CLASSIFICATION OF THE PETROLEUM INDUSTRY; UPSTREAM OIL AND GAS SECTOR; Business Cycle of Upstream; Components of the Upstream Sector; Upstream Oil Company Targets; MIDSTREAM SECTOR; DOWNSTREAM PROCESS AND SECTOR; Distribution of Refined Products; PETROLEUM REFINING; Distillation of Crude Oil; PETROLEUM COMPANIES TYPES; International Oil Companies (IOCs); Nation Oil Companies (NOCs); Operator Companies (or Exploration and Production (E &P) Companies); Types of exploration and production companies; Service Petroleum Companies; Types of service companies; MAIN PETROLEUM COMPANIES PARTICIPANTS IN THE INTERNATIONAL OIL MARKET; SEVEN SISTERS (or ANGLO-SAXON) ; Composition and history; New Seven Sisters
Earth Resources
Reserves and resources
Nonrenewable Mineral Resources
What are industrial minerals?
Why are industrial minerals so important?
Geology of Industrial Minerals Deposits
Classification of industrial minerals
General characteristics of Non-metallic Deposits
Factors important in evaluating an industrial minerals deposit
Selected industrial rocks and minerals
ABRASIVES MINERALS
OLIVINE
GYPSUM
CLAY MINERALS
FLUORITE
PERLITE
BUILDING STONES and Rip-rap
CALCIUM CARBONATE DEPOSITS
SULFUR ORE DEPOSITS
CHERT DEPOSITS
PHOSPHATE ORE DEPOSITS
EVAPORITE DEPOSITS
SELECTED SOME NON-METALLIC METAMORPHIC DEPOSITS
Asbestos Deposits
Graphite Deposits
Talc, Soapstone, and Pyrophyllite
Selected Some Ornamental Metamorphic Stones
Marble
Quartzite
Serpentinite
Some background on JORC; Why have a JORC Code?, The JORC Code – What is does; JORC a principles based Code; Classification; Stakeholders; 2011 Review of the JORC Code; JORC internationally and its importance.
Exploration in Deep Weathering Profiles, Supergene, R-mode factor analysis; Multi-element association geochemistry; Assessment of Au-Zn potentiality in Gossan; Rodruin-Egypt
Mattash kamal june 17, 2013. polymetallic mineralizations.Kamal Mattash
Polymetallic-barite mineralization at Wadi Al-Masilah Sedimentary Basin, Mahrah province, Yemen, extended abstract submitted to the Arabian Geosciences Students Forum, Oman.
Volcanogenic massive sulfide ore deposits, also known as VMS ore deposits, are a type of metal sulfide ore deposit, mainly copper-zinc which are associated with and created by volcanic-associated hydrothermal events in submarine environments
Mineral deposits of potential economic significance in Sinai:; Most of the metallic and non-metallic deposits are found in the Middle Western portion of South Sinai, close to the Gulf of Suez.
THE PRESENTATION OF MY GRADUATION PROJECT MetwallyHamza1
This is a presentation for my graduation project, which had been written by me, as a fulfillment of my B. Sc. in Geology and Chemistry, from Geology Department, Faculty of Science, Benha University, Egypt. Proudly I got (+A) in such a paper. These projects equipped me with perfect research and communication skills, as I had to present and defend in English in front of specialists.
PRIMARY GEOCHEMICAL HALOES IN PROSPECTING FOR GOLD DEPOSITS, UMM RUS MINE, EASTERN DESERT, EGYPT
The estimated Au values in the Umm Rus deposit are found to be dependent, besides physico-chemical factors, on the dip angles of the housing fractures and the amount of wedging-out of the quartz veins. The highest values are anticipated in the thin-gently dipping quartz veins which are commonly detected in some parts of level-279/ and level-487/. A stepwise discriminant analysis was used to reduce a number of potential pathfinder variables to an optimum group of pathfinder variables that differentiate between mineralized and unmineralized quartz vein samples.
The estimated Au values in the Umm Rus deposit are found to be dependent, besides physico-chemical factors, on the dip angles of the housing fractures and the amount of wedging-out of the quartz veins. The highest values are anticipated in the thin-gently dipping quartz vein
GOLD CONTENTS IN RELATION TO GEOMETRIC
FEATURES OF QUARTZ VEINS
Uranium Occurrence in the Egypt
Types of Uranium Deposits in Egypt:
Uranium Occurrences in Pan-African Younger Granites of Egypt
Uranium Occurrences in Dykes
Uranium Occurrences in Sedimentary Rock Sequences of Egypt
Conventional- , and Nonconventional types; URANIUM RESOURCES AND RESERVES IN EGYPT
In this presentation we discuss cobalt crusts, its classification, Occurrence and Distribution, Formation, Texture, Mineralogy, Scope for future mining and exploration.
Plate tectonics, like crustal evolution, provides a basis for understanding the distribution and origin of mineral and energy deposits. Different types of ores are characterized by distinct geological environment and tectonic settings.
The objectives of this course in iron ore Resources and iron industry are:
i) acquainting students (majors and non-majors) with the basic tools necessary for studying iron ore deposits and processes,
ii) different processes for phosphorus removal from iron ore
iii) beneficiation processes of iron ore deposits.
iv) different processes and techniques that used to enrichment low-grade iron ore resources
v) understanding the different ironwork processes and technology,
vi) understanding the different types of iron ore products,
vii) prominent routes for steelmaking
viii) understanding the relationship between the distribution of iron ore and scrap, as well as steelmarkets,
ix) steel industry in Egypt , and
x) gaining some knowledge of the global iron ore as well as environmental problems associated with the extraction and utilization of iron ore resources.
There are plenty of hard-to-beneficiate iron ores and high-grade tailings in India and all over the world; As the volume of high-grade iron ores declines.
Minerals phase transformation by hydrogen reduction (MPTH) can efficiently revitalize hard-to-beneficiate iron ore resources and tailings, turning the waste into profitable products. It may also improve the concentrate quality comparing to that from the previous method. From the economic and environmental aspects, MPTH is the most effective method to recover iron oxides.
The clean minerals phase transformation by hydrogen reduction (MPTH) was proposed.
Industrial utilization of limonite/goethite, limonite-hematite, sulfur-bearing refractory iron ore was achieved, where Sulfur-bearing minerals decomposed or formed sulfate after oxidation roasting.
Sulfur content of iron ore concentrate was significantly reduced to 0.038 %.
Improving utilization efficiency of refractory iron ore resources is a common theme for the sustainable development of the world’s steel and iron industry.
Magnetization Roasting is considered as an effective and typical method for the beneficiation of refractory iron ores.
After magnetization roasting, the weakly magnetic iron minerals, including hematite, limonite and siderite, are selectively reduced or oxidized to ferromagnetic magnetite, which is relatively easier to enrich by Magnetic Separation after liberation pretreatments.
The Primary Magnetization Roasting Methods include: Shaft Furnace Roasting, Rotary Kiln Roasting, Fluidized Bed Roasting, and Microwave assisted roasting. The developments in magnetization roasting of difficult to treat iron ores, including: Shaft Furnace Roasting, Rotary Kiln Roasting, Fluidized Bed Roasting, and Microwave Assisted Roasting in the Past Decade.
Shaft Furnace Roasting is gradually eliminated due to its high energy consumption and low industrial processing capacity, and the primary problem for rotary kiln roasting is the kiln coating which affects the yield of iron resource and its industrial application.
Fluidized Bed Roasting and Microwave assisted roasting are considered as the most effective and promising methods.
Suspension (Fluidized) Magnetization Roasting is recognized as the most effective and promising technology due to its high reaction efficiency, low energy consumption and large processing capacity. Moreover, an industrial production line with a throughput of 1.65 million t/a for beneficiation of a specularite ore has been built.
Microwave Assisted Roasting is a potential alternative technology for magnetizing iron ores. However, it is currently limited to laboratory research and has no industrial application. Forwarding microwave assisted magnetization roasting methods into industrial applications needs long way and time to achieve.
Furthermore, using biomass, H2 or siderite as a reducing agent in the magnetic reduction roasting of iron ores is a beneficial way to reduce carbon emissions, which can be called clean and green magnetization roasting technology.
In the future, technical research on clean and green magnetization roasting should be strengthened. Maybe microwave magnetization roasting using biomass/H2/siderite as reductant can be further studied for a more effective and greener magnetization of iron ores.
WORLD RESOURCES IRON DEPOSITS
Iron Ore Pellets Market Industry Trends
Scope and Market Size
Market Analysis and Insights
DRI Production in Plants Using Merchant Iron Ore
Outlook for DR grade pellet supply‐demand out to 2030
DRI and the pathway to carbon‐neutral steelmaking
Supply‐side challenges for the steel & iron ore industries
scrap is the main raw material, is growing in the structure of global steelmaking capacities; SCARP/ RECYCLING IRON ; EAF steel production method in the world; Scrap for Stock; A Global Scrap Shortage;Availability of Ferrous Scrap Resources; EGYPT IRON SCRAP IMPORTS.
The iron ore production has significantly expanded in recent years, owing to increasing steel demands in developing countries.
However, the content of iron in ore deposits has deteriorated and low-grade iron ore has been processed.
The fine ores resulting from the concentration process must be agglomerated for use in iron and steelmaking.
Bentonite is the most used binder due to favorable mechanical and metallurgical pellet properties, but it contains impurities especially silica and alumina.
Better quality wet, dry, preheated, and fired pellets can be produced with combined binders, such as organic and inorganic salts, when compared with bentonite-bonded pellets.
While organic binders provide sufficient wet and dry pellet strengths, inorganic salts provide the required preheated and fired pellet strengths.
The industrial development program of any country, by and large, is based on its natural resources.
Currently the majority of the world’s steel is produced through either one of the two main routes: i) the integrated Blast Furnace – Basic Oxygen Furnace (BF – BOF) route or ii) the Direct Reduced Iron - Electric Arc Furnace (DRI - EAF) route.
Depleting resources of coking coal, the world over, is posing a threat to the conventional (Blast Furnace [Bf]–Basic Oxygen Furnace [BOF]) route of iron and steelmaking.
During the last four decades, a new route of ironmaking has rapidly developed for Direct Reduction (DR) of iron ore to metallic iron by using noncoking coal/natural gas.
This product is known as Direct Reduced Iron (DRI) or Sponge Iron.
Processes that produce iron by reduction of iron ore (in solid state) below the melting point are generally classified as DR processes.
Based on the types of reductant used, DR processes can be broadly classified into two groups: (1) coal-based DR process and (2) gas-based DR process.
Details of DR processes, reoxidation, storage, transportation, and application of DRI are discussed in this presentation.
This presentation reviews the different DR processes used to produce Direct Reduced Iron (DRI), providing an analysis on the quality requirements of iron-bearing ores for use in these processes. The presentation also discusses the environmental sustainability of such processes. DR processes reduce iron ore in its solid state by the use of either natural gas or coal as reducing agents, and they have a comparative advantage of low capital costs, low emissions and production flexibility over the BF process.
Currently the majority of the world’s steel is produced through either one of the two main routes: i) the integrated Blast Furnace – Basic Oxygen Furnace (BF – BOF) route or ii) the Direct Reduced Iron - Electric Arc Furnace (DRI - EAF) route.
In the former, the blast furnace uses iron ore, scrap metal, coke and pulverized coal as raw materials to produce hot metal for conversion in the BOF. Although it is still the prevalent process, blast furnace hot metal production has declined over the years due to diminishing quality of metallurgical coke, low supply of scrap metal and environmental problems associated with the process. These factors have contributed to the development of alternative technologies of ironmaking, of which Direct Reduction (DR) processes are expected to emerge as preferred alternatives in the future.
This presentation reviews the different DR processes used to produce Direct Reduced Iron (DRI), providing an analysis on the quality requirements of iron-bearing ores for use in these processes. The presentation also discusses the environmental sustainability of such processes. DR processes reduce iron ore in its solid state by the use of either natural gas or coal as reducing agents, and they have a comparative advantage of low capital costs, low emissions and production flexibility over the BF process.
Ironmaking represents the first step in steelmaking.
The iron and steel industry is the most energy-intensive and capital-intensive manufacturing sector in the world (Strezov, 2006).
Steelmaking processes depend on different forms of iron as primary feed material. Traditionally, the main sources of iron for making steel were Blast Furnace hot metal and recycled steel in the form of scrap.
The Blast Furnace (BF) has remained the workhorse of worldwide virgin iron production (i.e., hot metal) for more than 200 years. Over the years, BFs have evolved into highly efficient chemical reactors, capable of providing stable operation with a wide range of feed materials.
However, operation of modern efficient BFs normally involves sintering and coke making and their associated environmental problems.
More than 90% of iron is currently produced via the BF process, while the rest is coming from Direct Reduction (DR) processes, Mini Blast Furnaces (MBFs), Corex, Finex, Ausmelt, etc. Additionally, the severe shortage of good-quality metallurgical coal has remained an additional constraint all over the world. In view of this, there is an increasing awareness that the BF route needs to be supplemented with alternative ironmaking processes that are more environment friendly and less dependent on metallurgical coal.
Because of the rapid depletion of easily processed iron ores, the utilization of refractory ores has attracted increasing attention .
There several billion tonnes iron deposits, and most are refractory ores, which are difficult to process by conventional methods because of the low iron grade, fine grain size and complex mineralogy.
The beneficiation of low-grade iron ores to meet the growing demand for iron and steel is an important research topic.
At present, magnetization roasting followed by magnetic separation is one of the most effective technologies for the beneficiation of refractory iron ores.
However, certain ores do not qualify to be treated in physical separation processes, and hence, alternative strategies are being looked into for upgrading their iron content.
Reduction roasting has many advantages over the physical beneficiation process, such as enhanced iron recovery and processing of complex and poorly liberated iron ores.
The objective of this presentation is to compile and amalgamate the crucial information regarding the beneficiation of low-grade iron ores using carbothermic reduction followed by magnetic separation, which is a promising technique to treat iron ores with complex mineralogy and liberation issues.
Reduction roasting studies done for different types low-grade iron ores including oolitic iron ores, banded iron ores, iron ore slimes and tailings, and industrial wastes have been discussed.
Reduction roasting followed by magnetic separation is a promising method to recover the iron values from low-grade iron ores.
The process involves the reduction of the goethite and hematite phases to magnetite, which can subsequently be recovered using a low-intensity magnetic separation unit.
The large-scale technological advancements in reduction roasting and the possibilities of the application of alternative reductants as substitutes for coal have also been highlighted.
This presentation aims at insight light on the occurrence of phosphorus in iron ores from the mines around the world.
The presentation extends to the phosphorus removal processes of this mineral to meet the specifications of the steel industry.
Phosphorus is a contaminant that can be hard to remove, especially when one does not know its mode of occurrence in the ores.
Phosphorus can be removed from iron ore by very different routes of treatment. The genesis of the reserve, the mineralogy, the cost and sustainability define the technology to be applied.
The presentations surveyed cite removal by physical processes (flotation and selective agglomeration), chemical (leaching), thermal and bioleaching processes.
Removal results of above 90% and less than 0.05% residual phosphorus are noticed, which is the maximum value required in most of the products generated in the processing of iron ore.
Chinese studies show that the direct reduction roasting of high phosphorus oolitic hematite followed by magnetic separation is reality technical solutions to improve the recovery of metallic iron and dephosphorization rate.
For ores with widespread phosphorus in the iron matrix and low release, thermal or mixed processes are closer to reality technical solutions. Due to their higher operating costs, it will be necessary to rethink the processes of sintering and pelletizing, such that these operations also become phosphorus removal steps.
With the exhaustive processing of the known reserves of hematite from Iron Ore Quadrangle (Minas Gerais-Brazil), there will be no shortage of granules in the not too distant future. THEREFORE, THERE IS AN EXPECTATION THAT THE ORE MINED WILL HAVE HIGHER LEVELS OF PHOSPHORUS.
Overview of IRON TYPES: Pig Iron, Direct Reduced Iron (DRI), Hot Briquetted Iron (HBI), Cold Briquetted Iron (CBI) and Cold Briquetted Iron and Carbon (CBIC) Specifications .
Comparison of Pig Iron and DRI
Properties; Manufacturing Process; Uses; Largest producers and markets
Iron ore mining plays a critical role in supplying the raw material necessary for steel production, supporting various industries and economic development worldwide.
From the extraction of iron ore to its processing and eventual export, each stage of the mining process requires careful planning, technological advancements, and environmental considerations.
By adopting sustainable mining practices and mitigating environmental impacts, the future of iron ore mining can be aligned with the principles of responsible resource utilization and environmental stewardship
The Egyptian steel sector is the second largest steel market in the Middle East and North Africa region in terms of production and third largest in terms of consumption.
Egypt was the third-ranked producer of Direct-Reduced Iron (DRI) in the Middle east and North Africa region after Iran and Saudi Arabia and accounted for 5.4% of the world’s total output
The Egyptian steel industry represents one of the cornerstones of Egypt’s economic growth and development, due to its linkages to almost all other industries that stimulate economic expansion, such as construction, housing, infrastructure, consumer goods and automotive. All these industries rely heavily on steel industry and so, the importance and development of the steel sector is significant for the progress of the Egyptian economy in general.
The Egyptian market has many companies that produce different steel products.
Geological consultant, working in a range of roles from project development/feasibility study programs and advanced exploration roles. Contracts in a variety of global locations including Egypt, Saudi Arab, and the Middle East. Commodities including Gold, base metal sulfide, Gossan/Supergene, heavy mineral sands, clay/kaolin, Silica Sand, and iron ore.
Mineral Processing: Crusher and Crushing; Secondary and Tertiary Crushing Circuits; Types of Crusher; Types of Crushing; Types of Jaw Crushers; Impact Crusher; Types of Cone Crushers; Ball Mill; BEST STONE MANUFACTURERS; Local Quality and High quality ; International and Country/Hand made
Classification Equipment
Introduction; Chemical composition of garnet; Structure; Classification; Physical properties; Optical properties; Occurrences; Gem variety; and Uses
Garnet group of minerals is one of the important group of minerals.
Since they are found in wide variety of colours, they are also used as gemstones.
Garnet group of minerals are also abrasives and thus have various industrial applications.
Texture of Ore Minerals; Importance of Studying Textures; Individual Grains Properties; Filling of voids; Texture Types; Genetically differentiated between Texture types; Secondary textures from replacement; Hypogene Texture; Supergene Texture; Primary texture formed from Melts; Primary texture of open-space deposition; Secondary textures from cooling; Secondary textures from deformation; TEXTURES OF ECONOMIC ORE DEPOSITS; Textures of Magmatic ores; Cumulus textures; Intergranular or intercumulus textures; Exsolution textures; Textures of hydrothermal ore deposits and skarns; Replacement textures; Open space filling textures; Textures characteristic of surfacial or near surface environments and processes; Criteria for identifying replacement textures; Vein and Veining have different Nature Features
More from Geology Department, Faculty of Science, Tanta University (20)
Seminar of U.V. Spectroscopy by SAMIR PANDASAMIR PANDA
Spectroscopy is a branch of science dealing the study of interaction of electromagnetic radiation with matter.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy refers to absorption spectroscopy or reflect spectroscopy in the UV-VIS spectral region.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy is an analytical method that can measure the amount of light received by the analyte.
Nutraceutical market, scope and growth: Herbal drug technologyLokesh Patil
As consumer awareness of health and wellness rises, the nutraceutical market—which includes goods like functional meals, drinks, and dietary supplements that provide health advantages beyond basic nutrition—is growing significantly. As healthcare expenses rise, the population ages, and people want natural and preventative health solutions more and more, this industry is increasing quickly. Further driving market expansion are product formulation innovations and the use of cutting-edge technology for customized nutrition. With its worldwide reach, the nutraceutical industry is expected to keep growing and provide significant chances for research and investment in a number of categories, including vitamins, minerals, probiotics, and herbal supplements.
Richard's aventures in two entangled wonderlandsRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
Professional air quality monitoring systems provide immediate, on-site data for analysis, compliance, and decision-making.
Monitor common gases, weather parameters, particulates.
Earliest Galaxies in the JADES Origins Field: Luminosity Function and Cosmic ...Sérgio Sacani
We characterize the earliest galaxy population in the JADES Origins Field (JOF), the deepest
imaging field observed with JWST. We make use of the ancillary Hubble optical images (5 filters
spanning 0.4−0.9µm) and novel JWST images with 14 filters spanning 0.8−5µm, including 7 mediumband filters, and reaching total exposure times of up to 46 hours per filter. We combine all our data
at > 2.3µm to construct an ultradeep image, reaching as deep as ≈ 31.4 AB mag in the stack and
30.3-31.0 AB mag (5σ, r = 0.1” circular aperture) in individual filters. We measure photometric
redshifts and use robust selection criteria to identify a sample of eight galaxy candidates at redshifts
z = 11.5 − 15. These objects show compact half-light radii of R1/2 ∼ 50 − 200pc, stellar masses of
M⋆ ∼ 107−108M⊙, and star-formation rates of SFR ∼ 0.1−1 M⊙ yr−1
. Our search finds no candidates
at 15 < z < 20, placing upper limits at these redshifts. We develop a forward modeling approach to
infer the properties of the evolving luminosity function without binning in redshift or luminosity that
marginalizes over the photometric redshift uncertainty of our candidate galaxies and incorporates the
impact of non-detections. We find a z = 12 luminosity function in good agreement with prior results,
and that the luminosity function normalization and UV luminosity density decline by a factor of ∼ 2.5
from z = 12 to z = 14. We discuss the possible implications of our results in the context of theoretical
models for evolution of the dark matter halo mass function.
2. Sulfide mineralization are the main resource for exploiting
Pb, Zn, and Cu metals in Egypt.
Sulfide mineralization is represented by four sulfide types of
the different setting, lithology and ages, namely:
i) Lead-Zinc sulphide Deposits
ii) Cu-NiCo sulphide Deposits
This type of mineralization is well represented in Abu Swayel in South
Eastern Desert. The ore is closely related to mafic-ultramafic and gabbro
of ophiolitic rocks.
iii) Cu-Ni sulphide deposits
This type of mineralization occurs in layered mafic-ultramafic intrusions
like gabbro Akarem and El Geneina .
iv) Stratiform Massive Sulphide (Zn-Cu-Pb) Deposits
This type of mineralization is represented by a group of small lenses
associated with talc deposits in South Eastern Desert at: Um Samuki,
Helgit, Maakal, Atshan, Darhib, Abu Gurdi, and Egat.
2
4. Outline of Lecture 6:
Distribution of Miocene zinc-lead deposits in Egypt.
Host Rocks
Ore form
Mineralogy
Classification
Origin
Um Gheig Zn-Pb
Abu Ghorban
4
5. This group of deposits, restricted to a certain stratigraphic horizon,
occurring with the Phanerozoic sedimentary cover.
Seven Middle Miocene zinc-lead occurrences are known in the Eastern
Desert between the Quseir and Ras Banas towns at the Red Sea
coastal:-
Zug El Bohar, Essel, Wizr, Um Gheig, Abu Ghorban,
Abu Anz, Gabal El Rusas and Ranga.
Distribution of Miocene
zinc-Lead deposits in
Egypt.
Distribution of Miocene Zinc-lead deposits in Egypt
Gebel El-Zeit area was a source for the
Galena, Lead and other minerals during the
Old and Neo Kingdoms periods. The old
mines and the ancient settlements at Gebel
El-Zeit represents a special kinds of
archaeological sites.
5
8. Landsat
ETM+ (bands
2, 4 and 7)
image and
geological
map after
Aref and
Amstutz
(1983) of
wadi Um
Gheig.
8
9. Host Rocks
Zinc-Lead occurs in the middle and upper parts of the
mineralized limegrit and is embedded as stratiform to
stratabound in limegrit and sandstone and/or secondary
Fe, Pb and Zn oxide, carbonate or silicate minerals.
Zn-Pb sulphide minerals also replaced and/or
filling limegrit and conglomeratic limegrit of the Abu
Dabbab Formation.
A relatively, high Zn-Cu-Pb sulphide minerals
replaced the stromatolitic and nodular dolomites facies of
the Abu Dabbab Formation.
Middle Miocene
Limegrit, sandstone, conglomeratic limegrit, marl and
dolomite
Age:
Abu Dabbab
Formation.
9
10. Fig.2: Geologic Map of the Zinc-Lead occurrences along the Red Sea
coastal zone, Egypt.
10
11. Ore form
1) Mineralization occurs in is in the lower part of Gabal El Rusas Formation ,
which rests unconformably on the peneplaned Basement rocks in Zug El
Bohar and Essel areas.
2) In other occurrences the mineralization is associated with the upper Abu
Dabbab Formation and may extend into younger sediments.
3) A prevailing sebkha environment during the deposition of the Abu Dabbab
Formation is apparent, which contributed to the deposition of zinc and lead
sulfide minerals.
4) A relatively, high Zn-Cu-Pb concentrations are recognized in the stromatolitic
and nodular dolomites of the Abu Dabbab Formation south of Mersa Alam on
the Red Sea coast.
5) The highest contents of Zn (up to 3400 ppm), Pb (up to 1270 ppm), and Mo
(up to 200 ppm) are recorded in the rocks of the fault zone. High content of
both Pb and Mo is recorded in the overburden located nearby the fault zone as
well.
6) Moreover, these ore minerals and element distribution favour that, this
oxidized mineralized zone represents an upper zone of a deposit. Its lower
zone chiefly sphalerite can be expected at deeper level.
7) The ore is best developed, the thickness of the mineralized zone is ~50 m and
extend in a NNW-SSE for ~200 m. Galena occurs in the middle and upper
parts of the mineralized limegrit and shows massive, lenticular, cockade and
network textures and is embedded in limegrit and/or secondary Fe, Pb and Zn
oxide, carbonate or silicate minerals.
11
12. On the basis of detailed work on Um Gheig, Essel, and Zug El Bohar areas,
El Aref and Amstutz (1983) classified the mineralization into two groups:
a) Zn-Pb deposits of filling type: occurring in the Abu Dabbab Formation and
represented by Um Gheig, Ranga and Wizr, occurrences.
b) Stratiform to stratabound galena in sandstone : confined to the lower beds
of the Gabal El Rusas formation and represented by Zug El Bohar and
Essel occurrences.
The ore is restricted on the filling mass extend along the rift taking NW-
SE rift fault apparently affiliated to an intercontinental rift zone (Mitchell
and Garson, 1981), and not necessarily related to magmatism during
rifting.
12
13. Mineralogy
The primary composed of sulfides whereas secondary
composed of carbonates and oxides.
Primary sulfide minerals include:-
Sphalerite, Galena , Pyrite and Marcasite.
On surface exposures, these are extensively altered (i.e.,
non-sulfide Minerals) into:-
Cerussite, Anglesite, Smithonite, Hemimorphite,
Hydrozincite, Jarosite, Wulfenite and Limonite.
• The sulphide and iron-sulphide mineralizations are
relatively enriched in depth as revealed from drilling
investigations.
Textures: Massive, lenticular, cockade and network
13
14. Origin
There are different theories of the origin of lead and zinc. Many opinions have
been expressed the origin of these zinc-lead deposits:-
Most of the previous studies consider the lead-zinc deposits along the Red
sea coast to be of hydrothermal origin.
Hassaan (1990), verified the hydrothermal origin of the lead zinc sulphide
mineralization in the Red Sea coastal zone based on their mode of
occurrence, the litho-structural controlling factors in its present position, the
conspicuous wall rock alteration, the associated elements and the vertical and
lateral local zoning controlling Pb, Zn and Fe distribution. In this respect, the
ore deposits are pitches and flats, gash veins and disseminations and are not
bedded .
A syn-sedimentary origin (Kochin and others, 1968; El Ramly et al., 1970),
A sedimentary-hydrothermal genesis of lead and zinc ore (Buschendorf,
1959).
An exhalative sedimentary origin (Hilmy et al., 1972)
A genesis through replacement of 'limegrit' and 'conglomeratic limegrit' by
hydrothermal solutions has been agreed upon by many authors (Amin, 1955, El Shazly
et al., 1956, Sabet et al., 1976).
The mineralization took place in near-surface conditions of medium to low pressure
at a temperature between 90 and 150oC as 'telethermal to lepto-thermal' deposits
during pre-Upper Miocene and Policene time (Soliman and Hassan, 1969) .
14
15. Um Gheig Zn-Pb Mine
• The area of Um Gheig mine is a part of the coastal
plain of the Red Sea Coast, Egypt.
• It lies 55 km south of Quseir City (Fig.1).
• The area can be reached by Quseir-Mersa Alam
asphalet road. The Um Gheig mine is located in
Wadi Um Gheig, 7.5 km from the Red Sea Coast
(Fig. 1).
Host rock:
Middle Miocene strata:
Main host rocks are limegrit, conglomeritic limegrit,
gypsum and clayey limestone that associated
with oil-tained limestone
Limegrit intercalated with clayey limestone and
shale bed [ gypsum (bed or/and veinlets)]
15
16. Geology
• The deposits are occurrence in the basal series of Middle
Miocene, which lies unconformable the igneous-metamorphic
basement complex (Shazley, et al., 1959).
• The succession of the country rocks of the ore deposit as follows
(Geological Survey, 1963):
Limestone. Top
Conglomeratic lime-grit.
Conglomeratic lime-grit with clay intercalations.
Clay and calcareous sandstone.
Basal Conglomerate. Bottom
• The thickness of this Middle Miocene (basal horizon) is 100-150 m
(Geological Survey, 1976).
• This horizon was deposited under coastal-marine shallow
environment and partly continental conditions. The Middle
Miocene sediments hosting the lead-zinc mineralization along the
Red Sea coast from Quseir to Ras Benas.
16
18. Mineralogy
The nonsulfide Zinc mineral association at Um Gheig mine consists mainly of smithsonite, hydrozincite and hemimorphite, which
replace both primary sulfide minerals and carbonate host rocks. The nonsulfide Zinc mineral association at Um Gheig mine
consists mainly of smithsonite, hydrozincite and hemimorphite, which replace both primary sulfide minerals and carbonate host
rocks.
Smithsonite (ZnCO3) is the most abundant nonsulfide zinc mineral that occurs in two generations in the studied sample, the
first generation of smithsonite, occurs as dull, cryptocrystalline with visible crystals, is finely intergrown with goethite. A late
generation of smithsonite occurs as clear rhombohedral crystals.
Hydrozincite (Zn5(CO3)2(OH)6) is less abundant compared with smithsonite, occurs in different generations in the studied
samples as veins, nodule and Botryodial.
Hemimorphite Zn4Si2O7(OH)2.H2O quite abundant, occurring in at least two generations:
i) A first generation occurs as small concretions with a dusty appearance growing in fine grained smithsonite.
ii) The second one appears as clear elongated crystals growing in veins and cavities.
Gangue Minerals: Gypsum, calcite, barite, and goethite.
Egyptian Ore Deposits
Primary
Sulfide
Galena
(black)
PbS Sphalerite ZnS
Supergeneminerals
(Non-Sulfide)
Cerussite
(Colorless)
PbCO3
Smisthonite
(White crystal)
ZnCO3
Wulfenite
(Reddish-brown)
PbMoO4 Hydrozincite (Zn5(CO3)2(OH)6)
Shannonite Pb2O(CO3)
Hemimorphite
(Brittle crystal)
Zn4Si2O7(OH)2.H2O
Lanarkite Pb2O(SO4)
Gangue
Minerals
Gypsum, Calcite, Barite, and Goethite
18
19. Ore Minerals
Ore form and shape:
Cavity filling, Veins, Lenses or Pocket zones inside limegrit rocks.
Ore body extend vertically for ~65 m and Laterally for: ~150 – 200
m.
The zinc and lead ores are generally replacing mainly of white
to brownish white massive the limestones or limegrit as
pockets or lenses.
The deposits may be rich in zinc and lead, which may be preferential by
the presence of a cover of hard limestone and bands of clay in the
limegrit.
Ore reserve:
The Geological Survey of Egypt estimates the reserves in Um
Gheig as 1.5 million tons with an average assay of 13.8% Zn
and 2.3% Pb.
Um Gheig ore is a nonsulfide Zn (Pb) deposit with estimated
reserves of about ~2 million tonnes with an average grade of
10% Zn, 2% Pb (El Aref and Amstutz,1983).
Age of Mineralization: Tertiary at time related to Red Sea tectonic
19
20. Source and Transportations of Zinc and Pb Elements
In the Um Gheig area after the progress of the crystalline basement, the
area was subjected to erosion for long epoch.
During the Upper Cretaceous and Early Tertiary, submerged and
accumulation of the terrigenous-carbonate rocks were occurred.
At that time and the beginning of the Miocene, the tectonic
movements occurred in the Red Sea depression.
In this depression accumulated the Middle Miocene terrigenous
sediments.
This was followed by a period of marine environment and deposited
the carbonate sediments.
Consequently, the basement in addition to Lower Miocene sediments
has been affected by tectonic processes and Um Gheig deposits may be
referred to one of tectonic zones of the fault type. Slightly crushed rocks
were subjected to mineralization more than the enclosing rocks.
Therefore, faults of the crystalline basement due to the Red Sea Rift
create a lot of temperature.
Waters from deep in the basin and geothermal fluids from the
Precambrian basement have been considered as sources of the ores
zinc and lead in the carbonate-hosted deposit, which is in agreement
with Hitcho, (2006), Charef and Sheppard, (1987) and Geldmacher, et al,
(2008).
This condition assist the redistribution of the ore minerals and their
mobilization with the hosting carbonate sediments.
20
21. Origin Processes where sulphide and sulphate solutions move to zinc-Lead ore are mainly hosted
by are limegrit, conglomeritic limegrit, gypsum, clayey limestone and oil-tained limestone
(i.e., Contiental to shallow marine facies or lagoonal facies (syngenetic origin)
Source of mineralized solutions: volcanic exhalations from continental
Telethermal high distance.
Both waters from deep in the basin and geothermal fluids from the crystalline rocks (i.e.,
basement) have been considered as sources of the ores lead and zinc in the
carbonate-hosted deposit.
Oxidation process is a main alteration and only observed south portion of the mine. Mine
extend to south which revealed to change in precipitation conditions from sulphide to oxidation
process.
The Pb-Zn ores in Um Gheig confide the oxidation zone above the water level.
Clay content of the hosted rocks play an important role in partitioning and up take the
zinc, furthermore, Fe–Mn oxy-hydroxides and the sulfide minerals play a significant role
for mobilizing and trapping the Pb at the oxic–suboxic in subsurface layers.
The genesis of Pb/Zn mineralization may be considered as epigenetic nature.
Probable mechanism that leads to the formation of such deposits taking into consideration the
reactions which may be taken place as a result of interaction of the basement rocks with
different attacking reactant chemicals produced during the old geological ages.
21
22. Abu Ghorban
• Wadi Abu Ghorban is located in the Red Sea coastal zone, 55 km south of Quseir, 6.5 km SW of
the bay of Marsa Um Gheig about 3 km to the east of Um Gheig Pb-Zn mine. The downstream
of W. Abu Ghorban is located at about 3 km from that of W. Um Gheig.
• Abu Ghorban locality occupies about 6 km2 as narrow belt (1- 4 km) striking NW. It is covered
with Miocene clastic, carbonate and evaporite sediments occasionally to the east capped with
recent terrace deposits. These sediments rest with sharp angular dis-conformity upon the
Precambrian basement rocks that, exposed to the east of the occurrence.
22
24. References
El Aref, M.M. and Amstutz, G.C. (1983): Lead-zinc deposits along the Red Sea coast of Egypt, new
observations and enetic models on the occurrences of Um Gheig, Wizr, Essel and ZugEl
Bohar. Monogr. Ser. on Mineral Deposits, Borntraeger Stuttgart, 21, 103p
El Shazly, E. M.; Mansour, A.; Afia, M. S.; and Ghobrial, M. G. (1959). Miocene Lead and Zinc
Deposits in Egypt. 20th International Geological Congress, Mexico, pp.119-134.
Hassaan, M.M. (1990): Studies on lead -zinc sulphide mineralization in the Red Sea coastal zone,
Egypt: Proc. 8th Symp. IGADO, Otowa, Canada, pp. 835-847.
Hilmy, M. E.; Nakhla, F. M.; and Ramsy, M. 1972. Contribution to the Mineralogy, Geochemistry,
and Genesis of the Miocene Pb-Zn Deposits in Egypt. Chemie der Erde, Vol. 31, pp. 373-390.
Hitzman, M.W., Reynolds, N.A., Sangster, D.F., Allen, C.R., and Carman, C. (2003): Classification,
genesis, and exploration guides for non-sulfide zinc deposits, ECONOMIC GEOLOGY, Vol.
98, p.685–714
Large, D. , (2003): The geology of non-sulphide zinc deposits-an overview. Erzmetall,Vol. 54, p.
264–276
Boni, M. , (2005): The Geology and Mineralogy of Nonsulfide Zinc Ore Deposits. Proceedings of
LEAD and ZINC '05, Kyoto 17–19 October, pp. 1299–1314
Woollett, A. (2005): The processing of non-sulphide zinc deposits. In: Boni, M., Gilg, H.A.(Eds.),
European Science Foundation (ESF) Workshop on Nonsulfide Zn–Pb Deposits, Iglesias, 21–
23 April, Abstract 1 pp.
de Wet, K., and Singleton, J.D. (2008): Development of a viable process for the recovery of zinc
from oxide ores. The Southern African Institute of Mining and Metallurgy, Proceedings of
LEAD and ZINC '08, Durban, pp. 177–192
24
25. Follow me on Social Media
http://facebook.com/hzharraz
http://www.slideshare.net/hzharraz
https://www.linkedin.com/in/hassan-harraz-3172b235
25
26. Copper deposits in Egypt are well known since ancient
times.
Copper extraction is in all probability the first metal to be
mined in ancient Egypt during the Neolithic Period (6000-
2900 BC, also called New Stone Age).
Ancient Egyptian copper mines contain those at Wadi El-
Maghara, Wadi Samra and Serabit el-Khadim in Sinai (Fig.
20), and at Wadi Araba, Wadi Sitra, Hamash, Wadi Dara
and Buhen in the Eastern Desert. The amount of copper the
Egyptians produced annually was about four tons during the
Bronze Age.
The ancient mining complex of Serabit el-Khadim lies on a
small plateau north of Al-Tor city.
Introduction
26
27. To mine the turquoise and copper, the Egyptians would hollow
out large galleries in the mountains, carving at the entrance to
each a representation of the reigning pharaoh who was the
symbol of the authority of the Egyptian state over the mines. A
huge quantity of turquoise over that period was mined, carried
down the Wadi Matalla to a garrisoned port located at el-Markha
(south of Abu Zenima), and loaded aboard ships bound for Egypt.
The turquoise was then used both for jewelry and to make color
pigments for painting. Stone tool assemblages made up of flint
scrapers, hand axes, and pounders comprise the largest corpus
of mining tools found at the Serabit el-Khadim turquoise and
copper mines (Elizabeth, 2010).
Copper staining, Eastern Desert, Egypt
27
30. Egyptian Turquoise
Egypt was a country rich in gold and precious stones.
2600 years BC, there were turquoise mines at Wadi Maghara in the Sinai.
30
31. Turquoise
Turquoise mining is known to have been carried on at Serabit el
Khadim, near Um Bogma, for an extended period. Engineers of
the Sinai Manganese Company stated that numerous additional
small turquoise mines occur in the region. Hume (1906) also
reported turquoise occurrences at Gebel Maghara. No other
information regarding turquoise mines and occurrences could be
obtained during our investigation. Turquoise mining is typically a
small, labor-intensive industry.
Deposits generally occur as thin seams along fractures or small
pockets of pebbly stone in a sandstone matrix. Owing to this
distribution and the fragile nature of the material, mass mining
techniques are not applicable and blasting must be minimized.
However, despite the labor intensive nature of turquoise mineral,
it can be a lucrative enterprise.
Top-quality turquoise brings up to LE 200 per kilogram on the
European wholesale market. Although, limited as a major
industrial growth resource, turquoise exploitation potential in
south Sinai should be investigated. If sufficiently rich deposits are
found, market development, minor financial aid, and technical
assistance could launch a cottage industry with long-term income
potential for numerous small mines.
31
32. Mode of Occurrences The copper deposits were encountered at several areas in Eastern Desert and Sinai, such as: Abu
Swayel, Gabbro Akarem, Geneina Gharbia, Hamash, Um Qareiyat, and Um Samuki.
In Egypt, copper deposits expressed in different mode of occurrences and geologic settings as
following:
1) Mafic-Ultramafic Assemblages:
Copper extracted from sulphide deposits that is well known to occur in two petrological
assemblages of mafic-ultramafic assemblages:
a) Cu-NiCo Sulphide Deposits:
This type of mineralization is well represented in Abu Swayel in South Eastern Desert.
The ore is closely related to mafic-ultramafic and gabbro members of ophiolite
sequence
b) Cu-Ni Sulphide Deposits :
This type of mineralization occurs in layered mafic-ultramafic intrusions like gabbro
rocks at Akarem and El Geneina El Gharbia . An extensive program of exploration was
conducted in the two areas, and the occurrences were found to be uneconomic.
2) Felsic Assemblages Cu-porphyry deposits are known to occur in felsic assemblages at Hamash
and Um Garayiat areas.
3) Stratiform Massive Sulphide (Zn-Cu-Pb) Deposits
This type of mineralization is represented by a group of small lenses highly enriched in Zn-Cu-
Pb mineralization that associated with talc deposits in South Eastern Desert (e.g., Um
Samuki, Helgit, Maakal, Darhib, Atshan, Abu Gurdi, and Egat).
4) Copper Sediments
Several occurrences of copper were recorded in Phanerozoic sediments in Northern portion of
Eastern Desert (at Wadi Araba, Wadi Sitra, Hamash, Wadi Dara and Buhen) and in the Centre
and West Sinai (e.g., Wadi El-Maghara, Wadi Samra and Serabit el-Khadim) as secondary
malachite and in some places mixed with Manganese.
The reserves are limited.
32
34. 1) Copper Associated Mafic-Ultramafic Assemblages
The area was discovered by the ancient Egyptians who
exploited the oxidized top part for copper and malachite to a
depth of 10 m by open pits.
No mining activities have been recorded in modern times;
however, geologic and feasibility studies were conducted by
DEMAG of West Germany in 1960.
This work included deepening the shaft to 69 m, but the
results showed that the deposit is not economic.
Abu Swayel is considered one of the most important Cu-Ni
occurrences known in Egypt were discovered and exploited by
ancient Egyptians thousands of years ago.
a) Cu-Ni±Co-SULPHIDE DEPOSITS
This type of mineralization is well represented in Abu Swayel in South
Eastern Desert. The ore is closely related to mafic-ultramafic and gabbro
members of ophiolite sequence
Abu Swayel Copper Occurrence
34
36. Schematic diagram of a typical sequence
of rock types and mineral depostis in
oceanic crust generated at a mid-ocean
ridge spreading center. Fragments of
ocean crust found in mountain belts are
called ophiolites. Ophiolites and their
associated mineral deposits are emplaced
in mountain belts when ocean crust is
subducted and continents collide (after,
Constantinou, 1980).
36
37. Abu Swayel Cu-Ni±Co Sulphide Deposit
Locality: This deposit is located at ~185 km southeastern of
Aswan, near the head of Wadi Haimour, and is located at
latitudes 22º 47' N and longitude 33º38' E (Fig.1).
Topographically: the area have been dissected by three
main wades (Haimur, Abu Swayel, and Mereikha) which are
tectonically controlled and possessing a direction roughly
NE-SW.
The Abu Swayel Cu-Ni deposit occurs in conformable, lens-
like bodies of mafic-ultramafic rocks in Proterozoic
metasediments. The mineralization and the enclosing rocks
have been metamorphosed to amphibolite facies.
The ore body includes both massive and disseminated
mineralization hosted in a lenticular sheet-like body of
amphibolite, ~500 m long, 30 m wide, striking NW-SE with
dips at 60-80°NE, following the regional structures of the
enclosing biotite schist.
Host Rocks: The amphibolite lens is surrounded by biotite-
garnet-schist of basic derivation. The amphibolite and
biotite-garnet-schist may represent the metamorphosed
equivalents of the gabbro and the basalt of dismembered
ophiolite suite, respectively.
37
41. Abu Swayel
Sulfide Mineralogy
In all samples studied the sulfides do not show any primary magmatic textures; most of the sulfide minerals occur
as stringers, fracture fillings in narrow veinlets, a few millimeters wide and interstitial to the silicates. A systematic
study of samples representing the different mineralized rocks revealed the presence of the following types of
sulfides:
i) The oxidized type consists mainly of hematite, limonite with local enrichment of malachite and azurite.
Relics of primary sulfides are rare. The contact between the oxidized and the fresh sulfides is sharp due to
absence of a stable water table (Bassyouni, 1960).
ii) Primary sulfides occur as two types: (a) disseminated chalcopyrite-pyrrhotite-pyrite-bornite. The bulk of
sulfides occurs as grains interstitial to, or along the cleavage planes of metamorphic amphiboles and
chlorite. The sulfide content varies between 2 and 30 vol % with a general increase toward the shear plane.
The disseminated sulfides represent approximately 90% of the reserves. (b) Massive or banded
chalcopyrite, either as veins or stringers elongated parallel to the foliation at the bottom of the
hanging wall rocks. A zone of mobilized massive sulfides is encountered along the symmetamorphic
shear plane.
The primary sulfides comprise chalcopyrite, pyrrhotite, pyrite, cubanite, violarite, pentlandite, bornite, and
accessory sphalerite, valleriite, heazlewoodite, parkerite, mackinawite, and molybdenite. Ilmenite is the major
oxide mineral whereas hematite and rutile are minor.
Sulfide minerals exhibit metamorphic features such as preferred orientation of crystals, fine mineralogical
layering, and filling tension fractures in metamorphic plagioclase and garnet. Most of these sulfides are
considered primary minerals exsolved subsequently from a metamorphic monosulfide solid solution during
postmetamorphic cooling.
The ore minerals are representing mainly by pyrite, pyrrhotite, chalcopyrite, pentlandite, bravoite, violarite,
cubanite and ilmenite, with brochiantite, chalcanthite and malachite in the oxidation zone.
Mineralogy of Platinum-Group and Related Minerals
Six platinum-group minerals are described: michenerite, froodite, merenskyite, sudburyite, geversite, and
palladian bismuthian melonite. Hessite, joseite, altaite, bismuthinite, and electrum are common associated
minerals.
Most of the PGM (80%) occur in massive sulfide bodies.
Ore reserves were estimated at 85000 tonnes of ore containing 2.8% Cu and 1.53% Ni and minor amounts of Co.
41
42. Abu Swayel
Origin: The Cu and Ni sulphides were formed as a result of
liquid immiscibilities from the silicate melt during
solidification of the basic magma into an oceanic crust.
Mineral assemblages and textural relations indicate
precipitation of PGE during postmetamorphic cooling, over
a 'wide range of temperatures. The presence of PCM on
tension fractures in metamorphic plagioclase and
almandine-rich garnet in association with Pb, Bi, and Ag
tellurides illustrates the participation of hydrothermal
solutions generated during amphibolite facies
metamorphism in the transport and concentration of PGE.
This also underlines the possible role of metamorphic
processes in the formation of PGE deposits.
• Chalcopyrite, cubanite, pyrrhotite, pyrite, and violarite are
the major sulfide minerals. At the peak of amphibolite facies
metamorphism, the associated fluid regimes resulted in
remobilization and transport of Cu-rich sulfides and PGE and
in the development of hydrosilicate alteration zones.
42
43. b) Cu-Ni sulphide deposits
This type of mineralization occurs in layered mafic-ultramafic intrusions like
gabbro rocks at Akarem and El Geneina El Gharbia .
An extensive program of exploration was conducted in the two areas, and the
occurrences were found to be uneconomic.
Gabbro Akarem
Fig. 1. Location map of the Gabbro Akarem ; Genina Gharbia area and other concentrically zoned
complexes in the Eastern Desert of Egypt (Helmy & El Mahallawi 2003). Deep structures revealed by
geophysical studies in the Eastern Desert of Egypt from Garson and Shalaby (1976)
43
45. Gabbro Akarem Copper Deposit
It located 130 km east of Aswan and 130 km west of Bernice (5 km south of Wadi Kharit
and 20 km South-East of Gebel Homr Akarem) at Latitude 24o1'N and Longitude 34o17'E.
It was first discovered during reconnaissance geochemical prospecting in March 1972 in a
gabbro peridotite complex by Victor A.Bugrov and I.M. Shalaby. So, this locality has been
given the name of Gabbro Akarem by them.
Host Rocks:
Gabbro Akarem is a small mafic- ultramafic complex composed of two small bodies
lying midway between Aswan and Berenice. According to Carter (1975) and Carter
et al (1978), the complex consists of two separate bodies which are steeply dipping
dike-like intrusions, with inward dipping contacts against metasediments.
This belt is differentiated into gabbro and peridotitic types (gabbro, olivine – gabbro,
gabbro – norite, pyroxenite and peridotites) and is cut a cross by a system of
diabase and gabbro-diabase dykes.
Ore Body:
The main bulk of the complex is composed of noritic rocks, intruded by pipe-like
bodies of peridotites in two generations, the later of which is mineralized with Cu-
Ni sulphide minerals.
These rocks were found with traces of Cu-Ni sulphide mineralization and form a
magmatic belt extending 11.5 km in ENE- WSW direction with a width of from 1
up to 3 km.
The sulphide mineralization occurs as disseminating or as massive bands and the
sulphide grains are molded around the silicate crystals with no signs of replacement.
The mineralization is expressed in the form of three zones of gossans within the
peridotites and is possibly resulted to massive sulphide bands.
45
47. Fig. 2. Geological sketch-map of the southwestem gossan zone at Gabbro
Akarem (After Bugrov and Shalaby, 1973).
47
48. Mineralogy
Primary sulphide minerals:
Primary sulphide assemblage includes pyrrhotite, pentlandite, chalcopyrite and
cubanite. Pyrrhotite and pentlandite are replaced partially by a pyrite, marcasite,
violarite and mackinwite.
In the fresh gabbroidal rock it is possible to find disseminated sulphides, i.e.
1)Pyrrhotite [Fe1-xS] softer than pyrite FeS2 (predominant) and
2)Chalcopyrite (CuFeS2) like gold in colour and
3)Pentlandite [(Fe, Ni)9S8 associated with pyrrhotite] and cubanite (CuFe3S3) were
identified.
Also there are four zones of gossans were discovered during reconnaissance
geochemical studies in the area (Fig.5), the distance between the western and eastern
zones being about 7 km. The gossans are generally reddish – yellow to dark brownish –
red in colour, light in weight and with cellular texture, they are typical of the oxidation of
post massive sulphides (Fig.6).
Secondary minerals
In the host rock developed in and around the gossans there are secondary copper-
nickel minerals with associated "copper-green" stains including:
1)Malachite[Cu2CO3(OH)2],
2)Chrysocolla [CuH2(Si2O5)(OH)4]
3)Turquoise [ CuAl6(PO4)4(OH)3.5H2O] and
4)Garnierite [(Ni, Mg)3 Si2O8(OH)4].
48
49. Reserves
The mineralization was traced on the surface, and four exploratory drilholes
were put down, with a total of 621m.
It is evident that neither the grade nor the tonnage permits consideration of
exploitation under present circumstances.
The total Reserves were estimated at 700,000 tonnes of mineralized
peridotite at a grade of 0.95 % combined Ni and Cu, of which 270,000 tonnes
of grade 1.18% Ni+Cu are proven.
No mining activities have been done so far.
49
50. Gabbro Akarem is now
considered to be a Precambrian
analogue of an Alaskan-type
complex (Helmy & Mogessie
2001, Helmy & El Mahallawi,
2003).
The Cu–Ni–PGE mineralization
at Gabbro Akarem is hosted
mainly in ultramafic dunite
pipes and shows a typical
magmatic mineralogy and
textures.
Three platinum-group minerals
(merenskyite, michenerite,
palladoan bismuthian melonite)
were documented (Helmy &
Mogessie, 2001).
The consistently low PGE
contents (PGE <270 ppb) and
their uniform distribution in
sulfide-bearing and barren rocks
were attributed to rapid
crystallization of sulfides in a
highly dynamic environment.
Fig.4: Drillhole sections 2, 3, and 7 Gabbro Akarem No.1 (after Carter, 1973).
50
51. Fig. 5: Variation diagram of 100Cr/(Cr + Al) versus 100Fe 2+ /(Mg + Fe 2+ ) ( left ) and 100Fe
3+ /(Fe 3+ + Cr + Al) versus 100Fe 2+ / (Mg + Fe 2+ ) ( right ) for spinel
51
52. Origin
The sulphide mineralization occurs as disseminating or
as massive bands and the sulphide grains are molded
around the silicate crystals with no signs of
replacement. →This indicates that the sulphides are
magmatic and constituted an integral part of the
original magma.
The ore was formed as a result of pre-intrusion
segregation, followed by the emplacement of
successive phases, starting with norite and ending with
the mineralized peridotite which represents the residual
sulphide bearing fraction of the primary magma.
Gabbro Akarem was emplaced in association with a
deep-seated transverse tectonic structure trending
ENE. It is therefore suggested that, like most of the
layered mafic- ultramafic intrusions in the world
(Eckstrand 1984), Gabbro Akarem was formed from a
mafic magma, mantle – derived in most cases, which
was emplaced quiescently in multiple phases at higher
crustal levels in a tensional rift environment.
52
53. Genetic model of concentrically-zoned Gabbro-Akarem igneous
complex (after Helmy& EL Mahallawi,2003)
53
54. Genina Gharbia Cu-Ni occurrence
is located in the intersection of Latitude 23º 57'N and
Longitude 34º 37'E where gossans with Cu and Ni do
exist.
A gossan with copper and nickel secondary minerals was
discovered in 1973 during a geochemical exploration
program undertaken by the Aswan Mineral Survey Project.
Figure 1. Location map and aerial
photograph of the Genina Gharbia complex,
Eastern Desert, Egypt.
54
55. Fig. 2. Geological map of the
Genina Gharbia area (after
Fredricksson, 1974).
Host Rocks:
The Genina Gharbia intrusion is a small late Precambrian mafic–
ultramafic complex in the Eastern Desert of Egypt.
It comprises harzburgite, lherzolite, pyroxenite, norite and gabbro.
The intrusion is not metamorphosed, but highly affected by faulting and
shearing, and most of the original contacts have been obliterated.
The various rocks are characterized by high modal content of
magnesiohornblende and abundant phlogopite and fluorapatite.
55
56. Ore minerals
In the area, disseminated and massive Cu–Ni sulfide ore is
hosted in mafic–ultramafic rocks of Precambrian age.
The Cu–Ni ore forms either disseminations in peridotite or
massive patches in gabbro and consists of pyrrhotite [Fe1-
xS] > pentlandite [(Fe, Ni)9S8] = chalcopyrite> pyrite =
violarite = cubanite and minor cobaltite–gersdorffite,
nickeline, sphalerite, molybdenite and valleriite.
Fresh ore minerals are represented mainly by Pyrite
(FeS2), Pyrrhotite [Fe1-xS], Chalcopyrite (CuFeS2), and
Pentlandite [(Fe, Ni)9S8].
Malachite [Cu2CO3(OH)2], and Garnierite
[(Ni,Mg)3Si2O8(OH)4] stained gossans are associated with
thrust slices of mafic-ultramafic rocks that include peridotite,
pyroxenite and gabbros.
Intense alteration commonly is associated with sulfides in
gabbroic rocks, in which the silicate assemblage is
dominated by actinolite, chlorite, epidote, albite and quartz.
The metal assays are 0.17 % Cu and 0.38 % Ni.
The total Cu + Ni locally reaches up to 1.5 wt%, with a
Cu : Ni ratio <1.
56
57. Fig. 3. Detailed geological map of the mineralized portion of Genina Gharbia intrusion,
indicating drill-core sites.
57
58. Mineralogy of Platinum-Group and Related Minerals
Platinum-group minerals (PGM) are restricted to bismuthotellurides of Pd, (i.e.,
michenerite and the melonite–merenskyite) series;
no Pt minerals were identified.
The PGM are usually associated with hessite, altaite, tsumoite, sylvanite and native
tellurium.
90% of the PGM and other tellurides grains are located at sulfide–silicate contacts and
as inclusions in altered silicates.
Platinum-group elements (PGE) concentrations (maximum 260 ppb Pd, 65 ppb Pt, 9
ppb Rh, 38 ppb Ir, 10 ppb Ru, 7 ppb Os) were determined in sulfide-bearing materials.
The Pd : Pt ratio increases from the hornblende harzburgite to hornblende gabbro.
Origin
The mineralogical and chemical characteristics of the Genina Gharbia mineralization are
best explained by a three-stage process:
(1) a stage of magmatic crystallization in which the base metals and precious metals
were concentrated in a sulfide melt largely in the harzburgite and lherzolite,
(2) a late-magmatic stage in which base metals and precious metals were concentrated
in a volatile-rich fluid, and
(3) a postmagmatic stage of faulting and shearing, which locally remobilized metals and
concentrated them along shear zones.
In stage (1), the PGE were hosted in base-metal sulfides, mainly pentlandite and
cobaltite–gersdorffite. The availability of semimetals (Te, Bi) in the late-magmatic fluid
controlled the deposition of PGM in stage (2).
58
60. Figure 10B. Cross section of a stratovolcano showing
the relative locations of porphyry copper deposits,
lead-zinc veins, gold-silver veins, and sulfur deposits.
60
61. 2) COPPER ASSOCIATED FELSIC ASSEMBLAGES
(or PORPHYRY COPPER DEPOSITS)
Porphyry copper deposits have certain characteristics in
common, including:
a)Large reserves and low metal grade.
b)Association with subvolcanic, calc-alkaline, intermediate to
acid intrusions with a porphyry phase among the intrusive
rocks.
c)A spatial relationship to deep crustal fractures or old benioff
zones.
d)Extensive, zonally arranged hydrothermal alterations with:
potassic-, phyllic-, argillic-, and propylitic-zones, arranged
from the inside outwards, and
e) Simple mineralogy of disseminated and stringer sulphides
of which pyrite is the most abundant, followed by
chalcopyrite, bornite, chalcocite and covellite, and where
Mo and/or Au are sometimes found in concentrations high
enough to name the deposits a porphyry Cu-Mo or Cu-Au
deposit.
Taking all of these features into consideration, Ivanov and
Hussein (1972) suggested that two porphyry copper
prospects are present in Egypt, at Hamash and Um Garayiat
areas.
61
62. a) Hamash Area
Hamash area has long been known for its Au deposit. Later, it was noted that, in the wider area, several
localities have strong hydrothermal alterations and malachite stainings along joints and fractures.
Five localities with High concentrations of Cu and Mo (up to 0.5 wt.%, 300ppm, respectively) are known
in the Hamash area. i.e. Um Hagalig, Ara West, Ara East, Um Tundub, Hamash North and the
Hamash gold mine (Fig. 1).
Mineralization: Fe-Cu sulfides in the veins representing by pyrite and chalcopyrite were altered to
secondary chalcocite, bornite and digenite. Hematite and magnetite are the main oxide minerals. Quartz
contain inclusions of gold as well as remobilized gold along cracks and microfractures.
The coarse-grained pink granite and granodiorite and the surrounding metavolcanic and
metasedimentary rocks are the main hosts of copper mineralization (Bugrov, 1972; Moustafa and Hilmy,
1958). Garson and Shalaby (1976) suggest that the mineralized rocks at Hamash were emplaced on the
continental margin above a steeply dipping Benioff zone. In a recent investigation of the deposit Hilmy
and Osman (1989) describe remobilization of gold from a high temperature chalcopyrite and pyrite
assemblage.
These were noted at
• Um Hagalia a zone of intensive propylitization, sericitization, kaolinization and silicification occurs
within the granodiorite porphyry. A number of quartz veins with malachite cut the granodiorite
porphyry and were excavated in the past. Cu up to 0.5% was found in close vicinity to the veins, with
~50 ppm Mo.
• Ara East and Ara West quartz-sericite-pyrite zones are characteristic with 500 ppm Cu and 80 ppm
Mo
• Hamash North is more interesting area, with abundant quartz veins with pyrite-chalcopyrite as well
as the presence of gossans and zones of hydrothermal alterations (up to 500 m long and 100 m
wide) within the andesite-granodiorite porphyry. Analysis of samples from the alteration zones yield
Cu 200-500 ppm and Mo (10-50ppm).
• Um Tundub a zone of hydrothermal alteration almost circular and ~2000 m X 1700 m, excluding the
outmost propylitized rocks. Within this zone, concentric, more or less complete, subzones are
recognized with propylitized to the outside, pyrophyllitization-sericitization in the middle, an inner
subzone of silicification, alunitization and development of a small amount of hydrobiotite. Pyrite is
disseminated and fills cracks and fractures to a depth of 250 m. This body of pyrite is estimated to
contain 500 million tonnes of pyrites, but other sulphides are almost absent.
62
63. Figure 1: Geologic Map of Hamash area, south Eastern Desert, Egypt
(after El Ramly and Akaad, 1960).
63
64. Fig.2: Geologic Map of Hamash Gold Mine area, south Eastern Desert, Egypt.
64
65. b) Um Garayiat
• Um Garayiat area (22° 34/ N and 33° 24/ E) is located at the SW sector of the
Eastern Desert.
• Copper occurrences at, ~175 km to the SSE of Aswan city, on the right bank of Wadi
Allaqi.
• The area is made up of different assemblages of granodiorite and quartz-andesite
porphyries.
• The granodiorite porphyry intrusion shows concentric, almost complete zones of
hydrothermal alteration, and very rich sulfide mineralization, now in the oxidized
state and forming gossan-like bodies. The central core of quartz porphyry
(granodiorite) suffered intrusive silicification, sericitization, pyrophyllitization, and
development of minor hydrobiotite. These are followed outwards by kaolinization
and propylitization. Pyrite mineralization is superimposed on these alterations, which
pass gradually into less altered rocks, then fresh rocks. Within the silicified core,
minor quartz veins and lenses with apatite, tourmaline and occasional specks of
native gold are encountered.
• The sequence of events leading to the mineralization of Um Garayiat must have
begun with the emplacement of andesite-granodiorite porphyry in a subvolcanic
environment. The parent magma was intermediate to acid in composition and rich in
volatiles (e.g., Au, As, Ag, Mo, and Cu). The emplacement was immediately followed
by propylitization of a wide area caused by circulating ground water heated by the
magmatic bodies. The magmatic phase of hydrothermal alterations started by the
formation of a little hydrobiotite or orthoclase (potassium metasomatism). High
temperature silicification and pyrophyllitization. This stage was accompanied by the
apatite and tourmaline-bearing quartz lenses, and small amounts of pyrite, pyrrhotite
and chalcopyrite. Another phase of silicification followed, and with it most of the
pyrite and some of the native gold were introduced. The third, low temperature
phase of silica introduction was accompanied by most of the gold and silver, mainly
in the form of veins in the mined area.
65
67. Two possibilities are suggested to explain failure to
encounter Cu-mineralization at the various sites of
Hamash and Um Um Garayiat areas:-
i. Copper was not introduced, being very poor in
the mineralizing solutions., or
ii. It was formed but subsequently leached and/or
eroded out down below the level of
mineralization and almost completely from the
zone of oxidation. But, is present deeper,
probably with a supergene enrichment zone.
67
68. Figure 10: Cross section schematically illustrating the characteristic features of volcanogenic massive
sulfide (VMS) deposits. Hydrothermal fluids move upwards along fractures in volcanic rocks towards the
sea floor. When the hot hydrothermal fluids vent and mix with cold ocean water, iron, copper, lead, and
zinc sulfide minerals can form and collect as a mound on the sea floor. Ore minerals also can form in the
fractures underlying the mound of sulfide materials (after Lydon, 1988).
68
69. Fig. 1 Location of VMS deposits or districts in
the Arabian–Nubian shield, and bordering
areas. Egypt: 1 Hamama and Abu Marawat; 2
Um Samuiki. Sudan: 3 Hamissana district
(Uar, Hamissana, Onib, Tbon, Eigiet, and
Adarmo deposits); 4 Gebiet; 5 Serakoit; 6
Ariab (Hassai) district; 7 Eyob district
(Tohamyam, Abu Samar, Eyob, Derudeb, and
Tagoteb deposits); 8 NE Nuba Mountains
(*1100 Ma, external to ANS) Tumluk, Jabal,
Fayo, and Agbash deposits. Eritrea: 9 Bisha
district (see Fig. 3); 10 Asmara district.
Ethiopia: 11 Tarakimti, 12 Abetselo, Azale,
and Akendayu; 13 Tulu Boli and Wankey.
Uganda: 14 Kilembe (external to ANS).
Kenya: 15 Macalder (external to ANS). Saudi
Arabia: 16 Ash Shizm; 17 Nuqrah, Nuqrah
North, Nuqrah South, An Nimahr; 18 Jabal
Sayid, Umm Ad Damar; 19 As Safra; 20 Ar
Ridaniya, Khnaiguiyah, Al Amar, Umm Ash
Shalahib; 21 Shayban, Jabal Baydan; 22 Shaib
Lamisah; 23 Shaab Al Taare, Wadi Bidah,
Gehab, Rabathan, Jadmar, Al Hajar; 24 Al
Masane; 25 Kutam. See Tadasse et al. (2003),
Ogola (2006), Owor et al. (2007), Barrie et al.
(2007), Johnson et al. (2011)
69
70. Volcanofenic massive sulfide (VMS) deposits are known in many localities in the Eastern Desert of Egypt,
i.e., Um Samiuki, Helgate, Maaqal, Derhib and Abu Gurdi.
Massive and disseminated sulfides are present in all localities, however many differences among these
deposits do exist.
The comparative geological, mineralogical canogenic and geochemical studies enabled the distinction of
two groups:
1) The first group, Um Samiuki, Helgate and Maaqal are hosted in felsic volcanics and pyroclastics in a
certain stratigraphic level in the Shadli Metavolcanics. Although massive sulfides of these deposits are
located along fault zones, disseminated sulfides are encountered in the metavolcanics. Sphalerite,
chalcopyrite, pyrite and galena are the major sulfides. Sphalerite is Mn-rich (up to 5.5 wt.%) and Cd-poor
(<0.1%) and shows a wide range of Fe content (from 0.5 to 4.5 %). Galena is pure PbS, no Ag or Se was
detected. Tellurides are represented by Ag-tellurides. Gangue minerals are Mn-minerals, barite, calcite,
talc and Mn-chlorite. Geochemically, these deposits are Zn-dominated.
2) The second group is represented by Derhib and Abu Gurdi, the sulfides are located along major shear
zones crossing ophiolite succession. No primary depositional features were observed, metamorphic and
deformational features are dominant. Chalcopyrite, pyrite, sphalerite and galena are common.
Sphalerite is enriched in Cd (up to 5.1 %) and depleted in Mn (<0.3%). It shows a bimodal distribution of
FeS (2.1 and 9.3 mol.% FeS). Galena is generally enriched in Se (up to 7.2%). Ag, Pb and Bi tellurides are
present. These deposits are Cu-dominated.
It is concluded that the first group is genetically related to the hosting island arc volcanics while the
second group is connected to ophiolite succession and were later modified during tectonism and
metamorphism.
The differences in telluride mineralogy, trace element contents of sulfides and ore chemistry reflect the
magmatic environments at which the ore-forming fluids were originated and the post-magmatic
processes.
70
71. Fig. 1. Location map
showing the distribution of
BIF and massive sulphide
deposits in the Eastern
Desert of Egypt. Inset map
shows gold occurrences
nearby the Abu Marawat
area (compiled from Kochn
et al., 1968).
71
72. 3) STRATIFORM MASSIVE SULPHIDE (Zn-Cu-Pb) DEPOSITS
This type of mineralization is represented by a group of small lenses
associated with talc deposits in South Eastern Desert at: Um
Samiuki, Helgate, Maakal, Atshan, Darhib, Abu Gurdi, and Egat.
Um Samiuki Deposits
Um Samiuki Zn-Cu-Pb-Ag sulfide deposit
Um Samiuki deposit lies in the intersection of latitude 24º 14' N and long 34º
30 E.
Host rocks: The area is mainly built of calc-alkaline island arc volcanics
andesite and their pyroclastics and were later subjected to conditions of
greenschist-facies metamorphism (Searle et al.,1976).
Small lenses of the massive sulfides (Zn-Cu-Pb-Ag), are consisting of
pyrite, sphalerite, chalcopyrite and galena, exposed as gossans on the
surface and inducing a greenish tint to white colours talc materials in their
vicinity.
The ore body in the Western part assays 21.6 % Zn, 2.2 % Cu, 0.5 % Pb
and 109 g/t Ag with total reserves of 200,000 tons (Searle et al., 1976)
while the Eastern part is less in metal content where Zn 13.6 %, Cu
posses 1.8 %,and Pb 3.4%.
Total Reserves: 300,000 ton of massive ore
the Umm Samiuki deposit is currently mined for Zn and Cu.
72
73. Latitude & Longitude (WGS84): 24° 13' 58'' North , 34° 50' 4'' East
Latitude & Longitude (decimal): 24.2327777778, 34.8344444444
Um Samiuki Mine
Um Samiuki Mine, Eastern Desert, Red Sea Governorate, Egypt
73
74. Um Samiuki Mine
Fig. 1 : Satellite image showing Helgate–Maaqal area located within the Shadli metavolcanic belt and Derhib–Abu Gurdi
area located to the south of the belt, note the structural boundary (yellow dashed line) separating Shadli metavolcanic
belt from ophiolitic succession
74
75. Figure 1: Geologic Map of Um Samiuki area, south Eastern Desert, Egypt
75
76. Figure 1: Geologic map of Helgate and Maaqal prospects area, south Eastern Desert, Egypt (after El
Habaak, 1986)
76
78. The ore bodies overlay a stockwork of altered
rocks resulting from intensive metasomatic effects
induced by the ascending volcanic exhalation on
the channel ways through which they ascended
(Hussein et al., 1977).
The mineralization can be attributed to epigenetic
process, where it was introduced by hydrothermal
solutions along shear zones developed by
replacement of pre-existing rocks.
On the contrary of epigenetic hydrothermal
deposition, Hussein et al. (1977) and Hussein
(1990) believed that this deposit is a massive
sulphide body which was deposited during the Abu
Hamamid volcanics episode on the top of
submarine volcanic vent system and the
sedimentation took place conformally with the
enclosing rocks at the interface between the
volcanic pile and sea water.
Origin
78
79. 4) Copper Sandstone deposit
Precambrian crystalline rocks at a number of locations in south Sinai
bear thin quartz veins of short length which contain copper carbonate,
probably an oxidation product of sparse chalcopyrite. These types of
deposits have no practical exploration potential.
Historically, copper has been produced from copper oxide-bearing
sandstones of the Cambrian Serabit el Khadim Formation or from
overlying lower Carboniferous strata. Extensive beds of cupriferous
sandstone in these units are reported to have been mined in ancient
times near Wadi Maghara in west central Sinai. Ores are described as
containing up to 18% copper in carbonates and silicates.
Numerous other locations with cupriferous sandstone outcrops have
been described by Egyptian geologists who have worked in the region.
The deposits are sometimes associated with sandstone-bearing uranium
and silver.
Several occurrences of copper were recorded in Phanerozoic
sediments in Northern portion of Eastern Desert (at Wadi Araba,
Wadi Sitra, Hamash, Wadi Dara and Buhen) and in the Centre and
West Sinai (e.g., Wadi El-Maghara, Wadi Samra and Serabit el-
Khadim) as secondary malachite and in some places mixed with
Manganese.
Moreover, recent technological developments allow these ores to be
treated at very low cost, making them attractive exploration targets.
79
81. Sinai
Precambrian crystalline rocks at a number of locations in south Sinai bear thin
quartz veins of short length which contain copper carbonate, probably an
oxidation product of sparse chalcopyrite. These types of deposits have no
practical exploration potential.
Historically, copper has been produced from copper oxide-bearing sandstones of
the Cambrian Serabit el Khadim Formation or from overlying lower
Carboniferous strata. Extensive beds of cupriferous sandstone in these units are
reported to have been mined in ancient times near Wadi Maghara in west
central Sinai. Ores are described as containing up to 18% copper in carbonates
and silicates. Numerous other locations with cupriferous sandstone outcrops
have been described by Egyptian geologists who have worked in the region.
While the ore has been no thorough evaluation of a copper sandstone deposit
in Sinai, comparable deposits elsewhere have supported economic mining
operations. The deposits are sometimes associated with sandstone-bearing
uranium and silver. Moreover, recent technological developments allow these
ores to be treated at very low cost, making them attractive exploration targets.
Their potential for economic occurrences and exploitation in Sinai should be
pursued.
81
82. ReferencesEl Shazly, E.M., Farag, I.A.M., and Bassyouni, F.A., 1965, Contribution to the geology and mineralization of Abu Swayel area, Eastern
Desert. Part I—Geology of Abu Swayel area: Egyptian Journal of Geology, 9, 45-67.
El Shazly, E.M., Farag, I.A.M., and Bassyouni, F.A., 1969, Contribution to the geology and mineralization of Abu Swayel area, Eastern
desert. Part Il—Abu Swayel copper-nickel deposit: Egyptian Journal of Geology 13, 1—15
Helmy, H.M. and Kaindl, R. (1999). Mineralogy and fluid inclusion studies of the Au-Cu quartz veins in the Hamash area, South-Eastern
Desert, Egypt. Mineralogy and Petrology 65,69-86
Helmy, H.M., and Mogessie, A. (2001): Gabbro Akarem, Eastern Desert, Egypt: Cu-Ni-PGE mineralization in a concentrically zoned mafic-
ultramafic complex. Mineralium Deposita 36, 58-71.
Helmy, H.M. & EL Mahallawi, M.M. (2003): Gabbro Akarem mafic–ultramafic complex, Eastern Desert, Egypt: a Late Precambrian analogue
of Alaskan-type complexes. Mineral. Petrol. 77, 85-108.
Helmy, H. M., Stumpfl, E. F., & Kamel, O. A. (1995). Platinum-group minerals from the metamorphosed Abu Swayel Cu-Ni-PGE deposit,
South Eastern Desert, Egypt. Economic Geology and the Bulletin of the Society of Economic Geologists, 90(8), 2350-2360.
Hilmy, M. E. and Mohsen, M. (1965). Secondary Copper Minerals from West Central Sinai,” Egyptian Journal of Geology, Vol. 9, pp. 1-12.
Hilmy, M. E.; Nakhla, F. M.; and Ramsy, M. (1972). Contribution to the Mineralogy, Geochemistry, and Genesis of the Miocene Pb-Zn
Deposits in Egypt. Chemie der Erde, Vol. 31, pp. 373-390.
Hume, W.F. (1937). Geology of Egypt: The minerals of economic values associated with the intrusive Precambrian igneous rocks. Geologic
Survey Egypt 2:689-990.
Hussein, A.A.A. (1990). Mineral deposits. In: Said, R. (Ed.), The geology of Egypt. 1990. A.A. Balkema, Rotterdam/Brookfield, pp. 511-566.
Ivanov, T. G., Hussein, A. A., (1972). Assessment of the mineral potential of the Aswan region. Technical. Report on the geological
operations carried out from July 1968 to June 1972. Egyptian Geological Survey, Internal report, No. 68/73.
Nassim, G.L., 1943, The thermodynamic metamorphism of the district of Abu Swayel copper mine: Unpublished M. Sc. Thesis, Cairo
University, Egypt.
Nassim, G.L., 1949, The discovery of nickel in Egypt: Economic Geology, 44, 143-150.
Rasmy, A.H., Takla, M.A. & Gad, M.A. (1983): Alteration associated with ore formation at Umm Samiuki, South Eastern Desert, Egypt.
Annals Geol. Surv. Egypt 13, 1-21.
Searle, DL., Carter, G.S. & Shalaby, I.M. (1976): Mineral exploration at Umm Samiuki. U.N. Tech. Rep. Egypt 72008/3.
82
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Editor's Notes
The definition of “Nonsulfide zinc” is a very general term, which comprises a large series of minerals [2-4].
The only minerals of current economic importance are ; the carbonates smithsonite and hydrozincite, and the silicates hemimorphite, willemite, as well as Zn smectite.
The economic value of zinc nonsulfide ores is thus dependent not only on the geologic setting of each deposit but also on the specific characteristics of the mineralogical association and the nature of the gangue minerals [4-6].