This document contains the detailed construction ,working principle ,advantages disadvantages and applications of different sensors used in an mechatronic system.
This document contains the detailed construction ,working principle ,advantages disadvantages and applications of different sensors used in an mechatronic system.
LINEAR POTENTIOMETER Potentiometers are electrical devices which are a form of variable resistance.
It consists of a sliding contact which moves over the length of a resistance element. This sliding contact connects to a plunger, which links to the object whose displacement is to be measured.
Referring to the electrical circuit shown here, An input voltage Xt is applied across the whole resistance element, at points A and C. The output voltage, Xi , is measured between the sliding contact at point B and the end of the resistance element at point C. A linear relationship exists between the input voltage Xt, output voltage Xi and the distance BC.
ANGULAR POTENTIOMETER Rotary or angular potentiometers measure angular displacement .
Definition, purpose, measurement – definitions, types of instruments, Classification of instruments, Generalized measurement system, Standards and calibrations.
Instrument Response: Instrument Response to step, ramp, sinusoidal i/p up to second order system.
Errors – types – gross, systematic, random, limiting & Numericals, Sources of errors, techniques to minimize them.
LINEAR POTENTIOMETER Potentiometers are electrical devices which are a form of variable resistance.
It consists of a sliding contact which moves over the length of a resistance element. This sliding contact connects to a plunger, which links to the object whose displacement is to be measured.
Referring to the electrical circuit shown here, An input voltage Xt is applied across the whole resistance element, at points A and C. The output voltage, Xi , is measured between the sliding contact at point B and the end of the resistance element at point C. A linear relationship exists between the input voltage Xt, output voltage Xi and the distance BC.
ANGULAR POTENTIOMETER Rotary or angular potentiometers measure angular displacement .
Definition, purpose, measurement – definitions, types of instruments, Classification of instruments, Generalized measurement system, Standards and calibrations.
Instrument Response: Instrument Response to step, ramp, sinusoidal i/p up to second order system.
Errors – types – gross, systematic, random, limiting & Numericals, Sources of errors, techniques to minimize them.
Basic Fluid Dynamics - Control Valves Brannon Gant
Setpoint Integrated Solutions is a industry leader in providing control valve solutions across industry segments.
Brannon Gant - Regional Sales Manager
Actuators 2171912 oil hydraulics & pneumaticHitarth Shah
Actuators are devices used to produce action or motion.
Input(mainly electrical signal , air, fluids)
Electrical signal can be low power or high power.
Actuators output can be position or rate i.e. linear displacement or velocity.
Actuation can be from few microns to few meters
types.
Hydraulic Actuators
Pneumatic actuators
Mechanical Actuators
Electrical Actuators
Linear actuator: solenoid, Hydraulic/Pneumatic.
Rotary actuator: motor, Hydraulic/Pneumatic.
Similar to Class 39 final control elements - actuators (20)
Saudi Arabia stands as a titan in the global energy landscape, renowned for its abundant oil and gas resources. It's the largest exporter of petroleum and holds some of the world's most significant reserves. Let's delve into the top 10 oil and gas projects shaping Saudi Arabia's energy future in 2024.
HEAP SORT ILLUSTRATED WITH HEAPIFY, BUILD HEAP FOR DYNAMIC ARRAYS.
Heap sort is a comparison-based sorting technique based on Binary Heap data structure. It is similar to the selection sort where we first find the minimum element and place the minimum element at the beginning. Repeat the same process for the remaining elements.
Forklift Classes Overview by Intella PartsIntella Parts
Discover the different forklift classes and their specific applications. Learn how to choose the right forklift for your needs to ensure safety, efficiency, and compliance in your operations.
For more technical information, visit our website https://intellaparts.com
Cosmetic shop management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
Buying new cosmetic products is difficult. It can even be scary for those who have sensitive skin and are prone to skin trouble. The information needed to alleviate this problem is on the back of each product, but it's thought to interpret those ingredient lists unless you have a background in chemistry.
Instead of buying and hoping for the best, we can use data science to help us predict which products may be good fits for us. It includes various function programs to do the above mentioned tasks.
Data file handling has been effectively used in the program.
The automated cosmetic shop management system should deal with the automation of general workflow and administration process of the shop. The main processes of the system focus on customer's request where the system is able to search the most appropriate products and deliver it to the customers. It should help the employees to quickly identify the list of cosmetic product that have reached the minimum quantity and also keep a track of expired date for each cosmetic product. It should help the employees to find the rack number in which the product is placed.It is also Faster and more efficient way.
Hybrid optimization of pumped hydro system and solar- Engr. Abdul-Azeez.pdffxintegritypublishin
Advancements in technology unveil a myriad of electrical and electronic breakthroughs geared towards efficiently harnessing limited resources to meet human energy demands. The optimization of hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems plays a pivotal role in utilizing natural resources effectively. This initiative not only benefits humanity but also fosters environmental sustainability. The study investigated the design optimization of these hybrid systems, focusing on understanding solar radiation patterns, identifying geographical influences on solar radiation, formulating a mathematical model for system optimization, and determining the optimal configuration of PV panels and pumped hydro storage. Through a comparative analysis approach and eight weeks of data collection, the study addressed key research questions related to solar radiation patterns and optimal system design. The findings highlighted regions with heightened solar radiation levels, showcasing substantial potential for power generation and emphasizing the system's efficiency. Optimizing system design significantly boosted power generation, promoted renewable energy utilization, and enhanced energy storage capacity. The study underscored the benefits of optimizing hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems for sustainable energy usage. Optimizing the design of solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems as examined across diverse climatic conditions in a developing country, not only enhances power generation but also improves the integration of renewable energy sources and boosts energy storage capacities, particularly beneficial for less economically prosperous regions. Additionally, the study provides valuable insights for advancing energy research in economically viable areas. Recommendations included conducting site-specific assessments, utilizing advanced modeling tools, implementing regular maintenance protocols, and enhancing communication among system components.
NO1 Uk best vashikaran specialist in delhi vashikaran baba near me online vas...Amil Baba Dawood bangali
Contact with Dawood Bhai Just call on +92322-6382012 and we'll help you. We'll solve all your problems within 12 to 24 hours and with 101% guarantee and with astrology systematic. If you want to take any personal or professional advice then also you can call us on +92322-6382012 , ONLINE LOVE PROBLEM & Other all types of Daily Life Problem's.Then CALL or WHATSAPP us on +92322-6382012 and Get all these problems solutions here by Amil Baba DAWOOD BANGALI
#vashikaranspecialist #astrologer #palmistry #amliyaat #taweez #manpasandshadi #horoscope #spiritual #lovelife #lovespell #marriagespell#aamilbabainpakistan #amilbabainkarachi #powerfullblackmagicspell #kalajadumantarspecialist #realamilbaba #AmilbabainPakistan #astrologerincanada #astrologerindubai #lovespellsmaster #kalajaduspecialist #lovespellsthatwork #aamilbabainlahore#blackmagicformarriage #aamilbaba #kalajadu #kalailam #taweez #wazifaexpert #jadumantar #vashikaranspecialist #astrologer #palmistry #amliyaat #taweez #manpasandshadi #horoscope #spiritual #lovelife #lovespell #marriagespell#aamilbabainpakistan #amilbabainkarachi #powerfullblackmagicspell #kalajadumantarspecialist #realamilbaba #AmilbabainPakistan #astrologerincanada #astrologerindubai #lovespellsmaster #kalajaduspecialist #lovespellsthatwork #aamilbabainlahore #blackmagicforlove #blackmagicformarriage #aamilbaba #kalajadu #kalailam #taweez #wazifaexpert #jadumantar #vashikaranspecialist #astrologer #palmistry #amliyaat #taweez #manpasandshadi #horoscope #spiritual #lovelife #lovespell #marriagespell#aamilbabainpakistan #amilbabainkarachi #powerfullblackmagicspell #kalajadumantarspecialist #realamilbaba #AmilbabainPakistan #astrologerincanada #astrologerindubai #lovespellsmaster #kalajaduspecialist #lovespellsthatwork #aamilbabainlahore #Amilbabainuk #amilbabainspain #amilbabaindubai #Amilbabainnorway #amilbabainkrachi #amilbabainlahore #amilbabaingujranwalan #amilbabainislamabad
Industrial Training at Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL)MdTanvirMahtab2
This presentation is about the working procedure of Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL). A Govt. owned Company of Bangladesh Chemical Industries Corporation under Ministry of Industries.
1. ICE401: PROCESS INSTRUMENTATION
AND CONTROL
Class 39
Final Control Elements - Actuators
Dr. S. Meenatchisundaram
Email: meenasundar@gmail.com
Process Instrumentation and Control (ICE 401)
Dr. S.Meenatchisundaram, MIT, Manipal, Aug – Nov 2015
2. Actuators:
Process Instrumentation and Control (ICE 401)
Dr. S.Meenatchisundaram, MIT, Manipal, Aug – Nov 2015
• Actuators are devices used to produce action or motion.
• Input (mainly electrical signal, air, fluids)
• Electrical signal can be low power or high power.
• Actuators output can be position or rate i. e. linear displacement or
velocity. Actuation can be from few microns to few meters.
3. Classification of Actuators:
Process Instrumentation and Control (ICE 401)
Dr. S.Meenatchisundaram, MIT, Manipal, Aug – Nov 2015
Type of motion
Linear Rotary
Type of medium
Hydraulic pneumatic
electrical
ACTUATORS
4. Actuators:
Process Instrumentation and Control (ICE 401)
Dr. S.Meenatchisundaram, MIT, Manipal, Aug – Nov 2015
• Linear actuator: solenoid, Hydraulic/Pneumatic.
• Rotary actuator: motor, Hydraulic/Pneumatic.
• A solenoid is a coil wound into a tightly packed helix.
• In physics, the term solenoid refers to a long, thin loop of wire, and
wrapped around a metallic core.
• Which produces a magnetic field when an electric current is passed
through it.
6. Hydraulic Actuators:
Process Instrumentation and Control (ICE 401)
Dr. S.Meenatchisundaram, MIT, Manipal, Aug – Nov 2015
• Hydraulic Actuators are used in industrial process control, employ
hydraulic pressure to drive an output member.
• Principle: Pascal’s Law
“Pressure exerted anywhere in a confined incompressible fluid is
transmitted equally in all directions throughout the fluid, acts upon
every part of the confining vessel at right angles to its interior
surfaces”.
• F = PxA
8. Working of Hydraulic Actuators:
Process Instrumentation and Control (ICE 401)
Dr. S.Meenatchisundaram, MIT, Manipal, Aug – Nov 2015
• Α directional control valve controls the direction of oil flow in the
system and, therefore, the direction of motion of the cylinder piston.
• The valve has four ports, labelled Ρ, Τ, Α, and Β. Ρ and Τ stand for
pressure and tank (or reservoir), and Α and Β are output ports. The
valve can be operated in three different positions.
9. Working of Hydraulic Actuators:
Process Instrumentation and Control (ICE 401)
Dr. S.Meenatchisundaram, MIT, Manipal, Aug – Nov 2015
• The oil from the pump flows through path Ρ-Α of the valve to the
upper end of the cylinder.
• The oil pushes the piston downward, which lowers the attached load.
At the same time, the oil at the lower end of the cylinder flows back to
the reservoir through path Β-Τ of the directional control valve.
10. Working of Hydraulic Actuators:
Process Instrumentation and Control (ICE 401)
Dr. S.Meenatchisundaram, MIT, Manipal, Aug – Nov 2015
• When the directional control valve lever is released, the valve
automatically returns to the center (neutral) position.
• In this position, all four ports are blocked and oil cannot escape from
either side of the cylinder. This stops the movement of the piston and
causes oil to flow from the pump back to the reservoir through the
pressure relief valve.
12. Pneumatic Actuators:
Process Instrumentation and Control (ICE 401)
Dr. S.Meenatchisundaram, MIT, Manipal, Aug – Nov 2015
• A pneumatic actuator converts energy (typically in the form
of compressed Air) into motion. The motion can be rotary or linear,
depending on the type of actuator.
• A Pneumatic actuator mainly consists of a piston, a cylinder, and
valves or ports.
• Pneumatic systems are very common, and have much in common with
hydraulic systems with a few key differences.
13. Working of Pneumatic Actuators:
Process Instrumentation and Control (ICE 401)
Dr. S.Meenatchisundaram, MIT, Manipal, Aug – Nov 2015
• Pneumatic actuators are generally relatively simplistic and depend on
their own ability to convert potential energy into kinetic energy.
14. Constructional Features of Pneumatic
Cylinders:
Process Instrumentation and Control (ICE 401)
Dr. S.Meenatchisundaram, MIT, Manipal, Aug – Nov 2015
15. Hydraulic & pneumatic actuators: Cylinders
Process Instrumentation and Control (ICE 401)
Dr. S.Meenatchisundaram, MIT, Manipal, Aug – Nov 2015
16. Electrical Actuators:
Process Instrumentation and Control (ICE 401)
Dr. S.Meenatchisundaram, MIT, Manipal, Aug – Nov 2015
• Electric motors are the most common source of torque for mobility
and/or manipulation in machines.
• The physical principle of all electric motors is that when an electric
current is passed through a conductor (usually a coil of wire) placed
within a magnetic field, a force is exerted on the wire causing it to
move.
17. Components of An Electric Motor:
Process Instrumentation and Control (ICE 401)
Dr. S.Meenatchisundaram, MIT, Manipal, Aug – Nov 2015
• The principle components of an electric motor are:
• North and south magnetic poles to provide a strong magnetic field.
Being made of bulky ferrous material they traditionally form the outer
casing of the motor and collectively form the stator
• An armature, which is a cylindrical ferrous core rotating within the
stator and carries a large number of windings made from one or more
conductors.
• A commutator, which rotates with the armature and consists of copper
contacts attached to the end of the windings
• Brushes in fixed positions and in contact with the rotating commutator
contacts. They carry direct current to the coils, resulting in the required
motion.