The document discusses various robot drive systems and end effectors, focusing on four main types: hydraulic, pneumatic, electric, and mechanical. It details the functionalities, advantages, and application areas of each drive system, as well as specific components like actuators, motors, and valves that enable robot movement. Additionally, it elaborates on end effectors, describing different types such as grippers and tools, and their mechanisms, including mechanical, magnetic, and pneumatic options.

1. UNIT II
ROBOT DRIVE SYSTEMS AND END
EFFECTORS
Mr. TAMIL SELVAN M, A/P, MECH, KIT.

3.  Capacity to move robot’s body, arm and wrist
 Determine speed of the arm movements,
strength of the robot & dynamic performance
 Type of applications that the robot can
accomplish
 Powered by four types of drive systems:
1. Hydraulic
2. Pneumatic
3. Electric
4. Mechanical

4. 2004 4
Drive Systems..

5. 5
1. Hydraulic Drive
 Associated with large robot
 Provide greater speed & strength
 Add floor space
 Leakage of oil
 Provide either rotational or linear motions
 Applications such as:
• Spray coating robot
• Heavy part loading robot
• Material handling robot
• Translatory motions in cartesian robot
• Gripper mechanism
Drive Systems..

6. Hydraulic Actuators
An actuator wherein hydraulic energy is used to
impart motion is called an hydraulic actuator
Basic element of an oil Hydraulic power supply

7. Components of an hydraulic system

8. Pumps
• Is driven by an electric motor or an I.C engine
• Fluid pressures generated by pumps used in
heavy equipment. (e.g., large industrial
machines and construction equipment)
• Classification of pumps
1. Hydrodynamic or non positive displacement
pumps
2. Hydrostatic or positive displacement pumps
A) Gear Pumps B) Vane pumps C) Piston pumps

9. Classification of pumps

10. Hydrostatic or positive displacement
pumps

11. Pressure Regulator
• Is a pressure relief valve.
• Provided in positive
displacement pump
• To prevent the pressure
from exceeding design
limits.

12. Hydraulic Valves
• Are mechanical devices used for controlling
hydraulic parameters in hydraulic systems.
Classification of valves
1. Infinite position valves
 It allows any position between fully open and
closed to modulate flow pressure.
Also called analog position valves.
2. Finite position valves
Has discrete positions, usually just opened and
closed, each providing a different pressure and
flow condition.

13. Other classifications:
I. Based on the method of controlling the flow medium :
1. Seating – Ball, plate, cone.
2. Spool type :
 Sliding spool valve
 Rotary spool valve
II. Based on function and hydraulic quantity controlled :
1. Pressure control valve – to control pressure of flow
medium.
2. Flow control valve – to control quantity of flow
medium.
3. Direction control valve – to control direction of flow
medium.
Hydraulic Valves…

14. Graphic valve symbols
Valve symbols

15. Linear Actuators
• A fluid power hydraulic cylinder – is a linear
actuator.
• Converting fluid energy to an output force in a
linear direction for performing work.
• E.g., machine tools, earth moving equipment,
construction equipment and space applications.
Hydraulic cylinder consists of - movable element , a piston and
a piston rod operating within a cylinder bore.
Types of cylinders
1. According to function performed
2. According to construction
3. Special types

16. Hydraulic cylinder
Single acting cylinder Double acting cylinder

17. Hydraulic cylinder…
Two stage double acting telescoping cylinder

18. Hydraulic cylinder…
Some mechanisms driven by an Hydraulic cylinder

19. Rotary Actuators
• Are the hydraulic pneumatic equivalents of
electric motors, for a given torque, or power, a
rotary converter :
– Is more compact
– Cannot be damaged
– Can be safely used in an explosive atmosphere.

20. Hydraulic Motors
• Is a rotary actuator – Hydraulic energy is
converted into mechanical energy in the form
of rotary motion and torque.
Rotary actuator symbols :

21. • Classification of Hydraulic Motors
• Gear Motors
• Vane Motors
• Piston Motors
– Radial Type
– Axial Type
Hydraulic Motors

22. Drive Systems..
2. Pneumatic Drive
Introduction
 Reserved for smaller robot
 Limited to “pick-and-place” operations with fast cycles
 Drift under load as air is compressible
 Provide either rotational or linear motions
 Simple and low cost components
 Used to open and close gripper
Special Features of Pneumatic Actuators
 Better heat transfer capability
 High fatigue life
 Simple in construction
 High reliability
 Light weight Cont.
22

23. Pneumatic drive

24. Pneumatic Actuators
Components of a Pneumatic system

25. Pneumatic valves
 Direction control valves
– 1. Two way valve
– 2. Three way valve
– 3. Four way valve
– 4. Five way valve
Pneumatic check valve
Flow control valve
Pneumatic shuttle valve or OR type valve
AND type or Two – pressure valve
Quick exhaust valve
Time delay valve

26. Pneumatic valves

27. Linear and Rotary Actuators
Linear Actuators – Pneumatic cylinders
1. Single acting cylinder
2. Double acting cylinder
3. Tandem cylinder
4. Three position cylinder
5. Through rod cylinder
6. Adjustable stroke
cylinder
7. Telescoping cylinder

28. Rotary actuators – Air motors
Air motors
 To generate rotational motion in a
pneumatic system
 Provides very high rotational speeds
Types of Air motors
1. Piston type motors
2. Vane motors
3. Turbine motors
4. Gerotor type motors

29. Drive Systems..
2 February 2021 Cont.
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30. Drive Systems..
1. Hydraulic Drive..
Cont.
30

31. 2004 31
3. Electric drive
• Slower movement compare to the hydraulic
robots
• Good for small and medium size robots
• Better positioning accuracy and repeatability
• Stepper motor drive: open loop control
• DC motor drive: closed loop control
• Cleaner environment
• The most used type of drive in industry

32. Electric drive

33. Drive Systems..
3. Electric Drive..
2 February 2021 Cont.
33

34. Drive Systems..
3. Electric Drive..
2 February 2021 Cont.
34

36. 4. Mechanical drives
• When the various driving methods like hydraulic,
pneumatic, electrical servo motors and stepping
motors are used in robots, it is necessary to get the
motion in linear or rotary fashion.
• When motors are used, rotary motion is converted to
linear motion through rack and pinion gearing, lead
screws, worm gearing or bail screws.

37. Mechanical drives
Rack and Pinion Movement:
• The pinion is in mesh with rack (gear of infinite
radius). If the rack is fixed, the pinion will rotate.
• The rotary motion of the pinion will be converted to
linear motion of the carriage.

38. Ball Screws:
• Sometimes lead screws rotate to drive the nut along
a track. But simple lead screws cause friction and
wear, causing positional inaccuracy.
• Therefore ball bearing screws are used in robots as
they have low friction. The balls roll between the nut
and the screw.
• A cage is provided for recirculation of the balls. The
rolling friction of the ball enhances transmission
efficiency to about 90%.

39. Gear Trains:
• Gear trains use spur, helical and worm
gearing. A reduction of speed, change of
torque and angular velocity are possible.
• Positional errors are caused due to backlash in
the gears.

40. Moments and Forces
• There are many forces acting about a robot
• Correct selection of servo - determined by required torque
• Moments = Force x Distance
• Moments = Load and robot arm
• Total moment calculation
• Factor of safety- 20%

41. Actuators
Actuators – Converts some form of energy to mechanical work .
Motors - Control the movement of a robot.
Identified as Actuators there are three common types
• DC Motor
• Stepper Motor
• Servo motor
Servo
motor

42. DC MOTORS
• Most common and cheapest
• Powered with two wires from source
• Draws large amounts of current
• Cannot be wired straight from a Peripheral Interface Controller
• Does not offer accuracy or speed control

43. STEPPER MOTORS
• Stepper has many electromagnets
• Stepper controlled by sequential
turning on and off of magnets
• Each pulse moves another step,
providing a step angle
• Example shows a step angle of 90°
• Poor control with a large angle
• Better step angle achieved with the
toothed disc

44. Stepper motor operation
Step1

45. Step 2
Stepper motor operation

46. Stepper motor operation
Step 3

47. Stepper motor operation
Step 4

48. • 3.6 degree step angle => 100 steps per revolution
• 25 teeth, 4 step= 1 tooth => 100 steps for 25teeth
• Controlled using output Blocks on a PIC
• Correct sequence essential
• Reverse sequence - reverse motor
DISADVANTAGES
• Low efficiency - Motor draws substantial power regardless of load.
• Torque drops rapidly with speed (torque is the inverse of speed).
• Low accuracy.
• No feedback to indicate missed steps.
• Low torque to inertia ratio. Cannot accelerate loads very rapidly.
• Motor gets very hot in high performance configurations.
• Motor is audibly very noisy at moderate to high speeds.
• Low output power for size and weight.
Stepper Motor

49. Servo Motors
• Servo offers smoothest control
• Rotate to a specific point
• Offer good torque and control
• Ideal for powering robot arms etc.
• Degree of revolution is limited
• Uses Encoders for feedback
• Not suitable for applications which require
continuous rotation

50. Servo motors Operation
• Pulse Width Modulation (0.75ms to 2.25ms)
• Pulse Width takes servo from 0° to 150° rotation
• Continuous stream every 20ms
• Pulse width and output pin must be set to the controller
• Pulse width can also be expressed as a variable

51. Open and Closed Loop Control
All control systems contain three elements:
(i) The control
(ii) Current Amplifiers
(iii) Servo Motors
• The control is the Brain - reads instruction
• Current amplifier receives orders from brain and sends
required signal to the motor
• Signal sent depends on the whether Open or Closed loop
control is used.

52. Open Loop Control
For Open Loop Control:
• The controller is told where the output device needs to be
• Once the controller sends the signal to motor it does not
receive feedback to known if it has reached desired position
• Open loop much cheaper than closed loop but less accurate

53. Closed Loop Control
• Provided feedback to the control unit telling it the actual
position of the motor.
• This actual position is found using an encoder.
• The actual position is compared to the desired.
• Position is changed if necessary

54. The Encoder
• Encoders give the control unit information as to the actual
position of the motor.
• Light shines through a slotted disc, the light sensor counts
the speed and number of breaks in the light.
• Allows for the calculation of speed, direction and distance
travelled.

55. End Effectors
Correct name for the “Hand” that is attached to the end of
robot.
• Used for grasping, drilling, painting, welding, etc.
• Different end effectors allow for a standard robot to
perform numerous operations.
• Two different types - Grippers & Tools
End Effector

57. End Effectors
Tools: Tools are used where a specific operation needs
to be carried out such as welding, painting drilling
etc. - the tool is attached to the mounting plate.
Grippers: mechanical, magnetic and pneumatic.
Mechanical:
• Two fingered most common, also multi-fingered available
• Applies force that causes enough friction between object to
allow for it to be lifted
• Not suitable for some objects which may be delicate / brittle

58. End Effectors
Magnetic:
•Ferrous materials required
•Electro and permanent magnets used
Pneumatic:
•Suction cups from plastic or rubber
•Smooth even surface required
•Weight & size of object determines size and number of cups

59. Hydraulic :
• It has the potential to provide very high
holding forces but its limitation is risk of oil
leaks
Various types of Gripper mechanisms
• Pivoting movement
• Linear or translational movement

60. Linkage actuation
• This is the most popular mechanical gripper for industrial
robots. It can be designed for limited shapes of an object,
especially cylindrical work piece.
• If actuators that produce linear movement are used, like
pneumatic piston- cylinders, the device contains a pair of
slider-crank mechanisms.
• When the piston 1 is pushed by pneumatic pressure to the
right, the elements in the cranks 2 and 3, rotate counter
clockwise .
• These rotations make the grasping action at the extended
end of the crank elements 2 and 3.

62. Cam actuation
• The cam actuated gripper
includes a variety of
possible designs, one of
which is shown.
• A cam and follower
arrangement, often using a
spring-loaded follower, can
provide the opening and
closing action of the gripper.
• The advantage of this
arrangement is that the
spring action would
accommodate different
sized objects.

63. Screw actuation
• The screw is turned by a
motor, usually
accompanied by a speed
reduction mechanism.
• Due to the rotation of the
screw, the threaded block
moves, causing the
opening and dosing of the
fingers depending on the
direction of rotation of the
screw.

64. Rack and pinion actuation
• The rack gear would be
attached to a piston or
some other mechanism
that would provide a
linear motion
• Movement of the rack
would drive two partial
pinion gears, and these
would in turn open and
close the fingers.

65. Magnetic grippers
• Magnetic grippers are used extensively on ferrous materials. In
general, magnetic grippers offer the following advantages in
robotic handling operations
• Variations in part size can be tolerated
• Pickup times are very fast
• They have ability to handle metal parts with holes
• Only one surface is required for gripping
• Magnetic grippers can use either electromagnets or permanent
magnets. Electromagnetic grippers are easier to control, but
require a source of dc power and an appropriate controller.

66. Cont…
• Permanent magnets do not
require an external power
and hence they can be used
in hazardous and explosive
environments, because there
is no danger of sparks which
might cause ignition in such
environments.

67. Vacuum grippers
• It also called as suction
cups, can be used as gripper
device for handling certain
type of objects and it made
up of with rubber and soft
plastic.
• The usual requirements on
the objects to be handled are
that they be flat, smooth,
and clean.

68. Adhesive grippers
• It uses adhesive substance to grasping action on fabrics and
light weight materials.
• One of the potential limitation of an adhesive gripper is that
the adhesive substance loses its tackiness on repeated usage.
• To overcome the limitation, the adhesive material is loaded in
the form of a continuous ribbon into a feeding mechanism that
is attached to the robot wrist.

69. Hooks, scoops and other
miscellaneous devices
• Hooks can be used to handle containers of parts and to load
and unload parts hanging from overhead conveyors.
• Scoops can be used to handle certain materials in liquid or
powder form.

70. Gripper selection and design

72. THANK YOU