This document discusses valve types, valve positioners, cavitation, and flashing. It provides information on different types of valves like linear valves, rotary valves, angle valves, gate valves, globe valves, butterfly valves, ball valves, and eccentric plug valves. It also discusses valve positioners, cavitation, flashing, erosion, three-port valves, valve sizing, and pressure recovery factor. The document is presented as lecture material from Dr. S. Meenatchisundaram for the course ICE401: Process Instrumentation and Control.
In chemical processing industry the pressure inside the vessel is increase due to many reasons. An
important responsibility of a chemical plant designer is to make sure that a plant under design, can be operated
safely, it is provided with primary, secondary safety arrangement. One of the dangerous situations that can be
arises during operation inability of a system to a pressure higher than that for which it was designed. With
designing pressure safety release valve for inside vessel pressure, should be giving priority to mechanical systems
to release inside pressure. The reasons are many for increase/exceed inside pressure. Most flow applications
require regulating the flow of liquid, and usually the parameter of concern is the pressure. This paper focuses on
the review on design of self regulating pressure valve by using transient finite element analysis. There are many
authors work on this pressure valve. This paper includes study of various papers related to self regulating pressure
valve. In this project focus on exchange of liquid between two chambers, where in it is required that flow be shut
off when a certain pressure is reached .Electronic valves are available, however the intent of this design project is
have a total mechanical system, which has an in built response mechanism.
In chemical processing industry the pressure inside the vessel is increase due to many reasons. An
important responsibility of a chemical plant designer is to make sure that a plant under design, can be operated
safely, it is provided with primary, secondary safety arrangement. One of the dangerous situations that can be
arises during operation inability of a system to a pressure higher than that for which it was designed. With
designing pressure safety release valve for inside vessel pressure, should be giving priority to mechanical systems
to release inside pressure. The reasons are many for increase/exceed inside pressure. Most flow applications
require regulating the flow of liquid, and usually the parameter of concern is the pressure. This paper focuses on
the review on design of self regulating pressure valve by using transient finite element analysis. There are many
authors work on this pressure valve. This paper includes study of various papers related to self regulating pressure
valve. In this project focus on exchange of liquid between two chambers, where in it is required that flow be shut
off when a certain pressure is reached .Electronic valves are available, however the intent of this design project is
have a total mechanical system, which has an in built response mechanism.
Manipulation of Water Hammer Problem by Modification of NRV ValveIDES Editor
Water hammer in piping systems produces large
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industries, and the feasibility of our new method
Fabrication of an experimental setup to analyse the thermodynamic propriety o...eSAT Journals
Abstract An experimental setup was made to analyse some of thermodynamic properties of water. In these setup two pressure cookers was used. They were connected with a brass pipe having a gateway i.e., throttling valve in it. There was a pressure gauge and a temperature gauge fixed on the cap of each pressure cooker. A flow meter connected to brass pipe by poly urethane pipe was used to measure the volume flow rate of water vapour. Steam was generated in one of the pressure cooker by boiling water and second had left empty. Now generated steam was passes through brass pipe having gateway towards second pressure cooker. In this way, all the required reading of each measuring instrument was taken by this experimental setup. Thus all the thermodynamic properties of water like Joule-Thomson curve, P-V, T-s and h-s diagrams were studying by this setup. Keywords- Pressure cookers, throttling device, free expansion, Joule-Kelvin effect, P-V, T-s and P-h diagrams
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The compressor package contains the reciprocating compressor, pulsation dampers, gas coolers and the connected pipe system which are often the heart of an installation and should be operate smoothly and reliably. The compressor piping vibrations can contribute to fatigue failure of the system or entire package which can lead to unsafe situations for human being as well as environment,
loss of capacity and increase in maintenance as well as repair cost and to avoid this situation compressor piping vibration analysis to be carried out at a very early stage of the design of an installation. The pulsation analysis should be carried out before the piping vibration analysis. The
guidelines for the pulsation analysis are given in API 618 Approach 2 and the guidelines for the vibration analysis are given in API 618 Approach 3. The original system layout is checked with respect to pulsations with all operating cases that are characterized by steady-state operating conditions. The different gas properties and operation cases are considered with valve unloading cases as operation
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This document provides information about the third edition of the magazine "Sthapatya" published by the Association of Civil Engineers (Practicing) Aurangabad. It includes messages from current and past presidents of ACEP, memories and photos from past ACEP events, information on life time achievement awards given by ACEP, and a technical article on concrete maintenance, repairs and strengthening. The document highlights activities of ACEP and provides a technical educational article for members.
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This presentation explores the concept of inductive bias in machine learning. It explains how algorithms come with built-in assumptions and preferences that guide the learning process. You'll learn about the different types of inductive bias and how they can impact the performance and generalizability of machine learning models.
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A review on techniques and modelling methodologies used for checking electrom...nooriasukmaningtyas
The proper function of the integrated circuit (IC) in an inhibiting electromagnetic environment has always been a serious concern throughout the decades of revolution in the world of electronics, from disjunct devices to today’s integrated circuit technology, where billions of transistors are combined on a single chip. The automotive industry and smart vehicles in particular, are confronting design issues such as being prone to electromagnetic interference (EMI). Electronic control devices calculate incorrect outputs because of EMI and sensors give misleading values which can prove fatal in case of automotives. In this paper, the authors have non exhaustively tried to review research work concerned with the investigation of EMI in ICs and prediction of this EMI using various modelling methodologies and measurement setups.
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Power plants release a large amount of water vapor into the
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Recycled Concrete Aggregate in Construction Part III
Lecture 23, 24,25 valve types, valve positioners, cavitation & flashing
1. ICE401: PROCESS INSTRUMENTATION
AND CONTROL
Class 23, 24 & 25: Valve Types, Valve
Positioners, Cavitation & Flashing
Dr. S. Meenatchisundaram
Email: meenasundar@gmail.com
Control System Components (ICE 3015)
Dr. S.Meenatchisundaram, MIT, Manipal, Aug – Nov 2018
19. Three port valves:
There are three basic types of three-port valve:
• Piston valve type.
• Globe plug type.
• Rotating shoe type.
Control System Components (ICE 3015)
Dr. S.Meenatchisundaram, MIT, Manipal, Aug – Nov 2018
20. Three port valves: Piston type
Control System Components (ICE 3015)
Dr. S.Meenatchisundaram, MIT, Manipal, Aug – Nov 2018
21. Three port valves: Globe Plug Type
Control System Components (ICE 3015)
Dr. S.Meenatchisundaram, MIT, Manipal, Aug – Nov 2018
22. Three port valves: Rotating Shoe Type
Control System Components (ICE 3015)
Dr. S.Meenatchisundaram, MIT, Manipal, Aug – Nov 2018
23. Valve Sizing:
:V
v
f
q
C q GPM
P
G
=
∆
• The first step in finding the size of a valve is to determine the flow
coefficient (Cv) that is required for the system.
• Cv factor is defined as “the number of US gallons per minute of 60 oF
(15.5oC) water that will flow through a fully open valve with a 1 psi drop
across it”. This factor is determined by the construction of the valve and will
not change.
• Identical valves sizes may have different Cv’s if the body style or valve trim
is different. This value of Cv is probably the most useful piece of
information necessary to size a valve.
Control System Components (ICE 3015)
Dr. S.Meenatchisundaram, MIT, Manipal, Aug – Nov 2018
27. Flashing and Erosion:
• When vaporization occurs, the proportionality between flow rate and
the square root of pressure drop ceases.
• The flow rate reaches a maximum (chocked) value, which is constant
and though the down stream pressure is further reduced. The curve
will be
Control System Components (ICE 3015)
Dr. S.Meenatchisundaram, MIT, Manipal, Aug – Nov 2018
28. Flashing and Erosion:
• This condition is referred as “chocked flow’. If large amount of
dissolved gases come out of solutions as the pressure drop in the flow,
these released gases will also restrict the flow.
• Vaporization can cause cavitation or flashing. Cavitation occurs
when static pressure anywhere in the valve drops to or below the
vapour pressure of the process liquid.
• Vaporization begins around microscopic gaseous nuclei. The
cavitation process includes the vapour cavity formation and
sudden condensation (collapse) of the vapour bubble driven by
pressure changes.
• The basic process of cavitation is related to the conservation of
energy and Bernoulli’s theorem, which describes the pressure profile
of a liquid flowing through a restriction or orifice.
Control System Components (ICE 3015)
Dr. S.Meenatchisundaram, MIT, Manipal, Aug – Nov 2018
32. Flashing and Erosion:
• Cavitation occurs when p2 > pv, while flashing takes place when p2 <
pv.
• When a liquid flashes into vapour, there is a large increase in volume.
• In this circumstance, the piping downstream of a valve needs to be
much larger than the inlet piping in order to keep the velocity of the
two-phase stream low enough to prevent erosion.
• The ideal valve to use for such applications is an angle valve with an
oversized outlet connection.
Control System Components (ICE 3015)
Dr. S.Meenatchisundaram, MIT, Manipal, Aug – Nov 2018
33. Flashing and Erosion:
• In order to accelerate the fluid through the restriction, some of
the pressure head is converted into velocity head.
• This transfer of static energy is needed to maintain the same mass
flow through the reduced passage. The fluid accelerates to its
maximum velocity, which corresponds to the point of minimum
pressure (vena contracta).
• The fluid velocity gradually slows down as it expands back to the
full pipe area. The static pressure also recovers somewhat, but part of
it is lost due to turbulence and friction.
• If the static pressure at any point drops below the liquid vapour
pressure (Pv) corresponding to the process temperature, then vapour
bubbles will form.
Control System Components (ICE 3015)
Dr. S.Meenatchisundaram, MIT, Manipal, Aug – Nov 2018
34. Flashing and Erosion:
• If enough energy is imparted to the growing vapour bubble to
overcome surface tension effects, the bubble will reach a critical
diameter and expand rapidly.
• As the static pressure recovers to a point greater than the vapour
pressure, the vapour will condense, causing the bubbles to
collapse violently back into their liquid phase.
• The growth and collapse of the bubbles produce high-energy
shock waves in the fluid. The collapse stage of the process (the bubble
implosion) produces the more severe shock waves.
• Shock waves and liquid microjets radiate for short distances from
imploding cavities and erode nearby surfaces.
Control System Components (ICE 3015)
Dr. S.Meenatchisundaram, MIT, Manipal, Aug – Nov 2018
39. Flashing and Erosion:
• Cavitation can cause erosion, noise, and vibration in piping
systems and therefore must be avoided.
• Extensive cavitation also causes choked flow conditions in the
valve.
Predicting and Mitigating Cavitation:
• Sizing a valve in liquid service for choked flow allows one to
determine its maximum flow capacity, but this is of limited value,
because most liquid-service valves should not be operated under
choked conditions.
• Special trim designs with multiple stages or multiple flow paths are
typically used to prevent severe cavitation and are better able to
operate at or near choked conditions without damage.
Control System Components (ICE 3015)
Dr. S.Meenatchisundaram, MIT, Manipal, Aug – Nov 2018
40. Flashing and Erosion:
Pressure Recovery Factor (FL):
• FL is the pressure recovery factor, which indicates the size of the
pressure recovery relative to the valve pressure drop (Figure).
Control System Components (ICE 3015)
Dr. S.Meenatchisundaram, MIT, Manipal, Aug – Nov 2018