CIE -
International Commission on Illumination
The role of CIE and the U.S. National Committee in establishing standards for measurement and characterization of Solid State Lighting equipment and products
Coating Measurement Using Handheld X-Ray FluorescenceOlympus IMS
Coating Measurement Using Handheld X-Ray Fluorescence
Abstract
Handheld X-ray fluorescence (HHXRF) can be used to measure coating thicknesses with advantages in precision and portability compared to other technologies. For benchtop analysis, analyzing coatings applied over large surface areas often requires destructive procedures. HHXRF overcomes this limitation and provides a nondestructive coating thickness testing capability.
A simple, user-friendly calibration built into the instrument interface enables the use of a certified standard to determine up to three layers of accurate and precise coating thicknesses. HHXRF coating measurements, which are independent of the substrate material, provide a user the freedom to analyze any deposited coating comprised of elements Ti through Pu. Because of the large elemental range of analysis, many corrosion-, wear-, and adhesion-resistant coatings measured in labs near the site of action can benefit from the precise results returned by HHXRF.
The document describes the components and functioning of an electronic nose. It discusses how electronic noses mimic the human olfactory system using an array of chemical sensors and pattern recognition. The main components are a sample delivery system to introduce vapors to sensors, a detection system consisting of various sensor types, and a computing system to analyze the response patterns. Applications mentioned include environmental monitoring, medical diagnosis, crime prevention, and food quality control.
The document discusses ICR coatings, an international company that produces chemical products for automotive refinishing, marble, stones, and other industries. It provides an overview of ICR's history since 1961 and its expanding global presence. The document also summarizes ICR's electrodeposition (E-coat) line and its high quality coatings for applications in automotive, appliances, automotive suppliers machinery, ACE, HVAC, general industry, and decorative sectors.
Nitrogen Determination Made Easy with DUMATHERM Combustion AnalyzerXylem Inc.
The DUMATHERM® N-Pro Combustion Analyzer uses all of the advantages of the Dumas combustion method and enables labs to analyze a wide range of samples. DUMATHERM® reduces analysis time to 3 minutes or less and 98% time savings compared to Kjeldahl.
Learn more about our fully-automated combustion analyzer, that can deliver results within 3 minutes!
The document discusses the flame ionization detector (FID). It explains that the FID is one of the most sensitive and reliable detectors for gas analysis. It works by ionizing solutes in a flame, with electrons emitted attracted to a positive electrode to produce a current. The FID is responsive only to organic compounds with carbon atoms, making it useful for analyzing volatile solutes in water without pretreatment. It also lists key characteristics of the FID like being rugged, sensitive, having a wide dynamic range, and being destructive. Example applications mentioned include analyzing purge gases and impurities in gas supplies for various industrial processes.
This document summarizes a training presentation on inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) given to CRCL Group A officers. The presentation covers the basic principles and instrumentation of ICP-OES, including sample introduction using nebulization, plasma generation using a radio frequency coil, excitation of atoms in the plasma, and emission detection using a photomultiplier tube. Applications discussed include clinical, environmental, pharmaceutical and industrial analysis, as well as specific examples analyzing metals in CRCL samples such as estimating elements in alloys and heavy metals in oils and minerals. The document provides details on sample and standard preparation, microwave digestion of samples, and calculations for determining unknown sample concentrations from ICP-O
This document provides an overview of chemometrics. It begins with defining chemometrics as using mathematical and statistical methods to design experiments and analyze chemical data. The history of chemometrics is then discussed, noting it was coined in 1971 and the International Chemometrics Society was formed. Various chemometric techniques are described like multivariate calibration, pattern recognition, and multivariate curve resolution. Applications include exploratory analysis, regression analysis, and classification of data. Careers in chemometrics extend beyond chemistry to fields like biochemistry and medicine.
Coating Measurement Using Handheld X-Ray FluorescenceOlympus IMS
Coating Measurement Using Handheld X-Ray Fluorescence
Abstract
Handheld X-ray fluorescence (HHXRF) can be used to measure coating thicknesses with advantages in precision and portability compared to other technologies. For benchtop analysis, analyzing coatings applied over large surface areas often requires destructive procedures. HHXRF overcomes this limitation and provides a nondestructive coating thickness testing capability.
A simple, user-friendly calibration built into the instrument interface enables the use of a certified standard to determine up to three layers of accurate and precise coating thicknesses. HHXRF coating measurements, which are independent of the substrate material, provide a user the freedom to analyze any deposited coating comprised of elements Ti through Pu. Because of the large elemental range of analysis, many corrosion-, wear-, and adhesion-resistant coatings measured in labs near the site of action can benefit from the precise results returned by HHXRF.
The document describes the components and functioning of an electronic nose. It discusses how electronic noses mimic the human olfactory system using an array of chemical sensors and pattern recognition. The main components are a sample delivery system to introduce vapors to sensors, a detection system consisting of various sensor types, and a computing system to analyze the response patterns. Applications mentioned include environmental monitoring, medical diagnosis, crime prevention, and food quality control.
The document discusses ICR coatings, an international company that produces chemical products for automotive refinishing, marble, stones, and other industries. It provides an overview of ICR's history since 1961 and its expanding global presence. The document also summarizes ICR's electrodeposition (E-coat) line and its high quality coatings for applications in automotive, appliances, automotive suppliers machinery, ACE, HVAC, general industry, and decorative sectors.
Nitrogen Determination Made Easy with DUMATHERM Combustion AnalyzerXylem Inc.
The DUMATHERM® N-Pro Combustion Analyzer uses all of the advantages of the Dumas combustion method and enables labs to analyze a wide range of samples. DUMATHERM® reduces analysis time to 3 minutes or less and 98% time savings compared to Kjeldahl.
Learn more about our fully-automated combustion analyzer, that can deliver results within 3 minutes!
The document discusses the flame ionization detector (FID). It explains that the FID is one of the most sensitive and reliable detectors for gas analysis. It works by ionizing solutes in a flame, with electrons emitted attracted to a positive electrode to produce a current. The FID is responsive only to organic compounds with carbon atoms, making it useful for analyzing volatile solutes in water without pretreatment. It also lists key characteristics of the FID like being rugged, sensitive, having a wide dynamic range, and being destructive. Example applications mentioned include analyzing purge gases and impurities in gas supplies for various industrial processes.
This document summarizes a training presentation on inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) given to CRCL Group A officers. The presentation covers the basic principles and instrumentation of ICP-OES, including sample introduction using nebulization, plasma generation using a radio frequency coil, excitation of atoms in the plasma, and emission detection using a photomultiplier tube. Applications discussed include clinical, environmental, pharmaceutical and industrial analysis, as well as specific examples analyzing metals in CRCL samples such as estimating elements in alloys and heavy metals in oils and minerals. The document provides details on sample and standard preparation, microwave digestion of samples, and calculations for determining unknown sample concentrations from ICP-O
This document provides an overview of chemometrics. It begins with defining chemometrics as using mathematical and statistical methods to design experiments and analyze chemical data. The history of chemometrics is then discussed, noting it was coined in 1971 and the International Chemometrics Society was formed. Various chemometric techniques are described like multivariate calibration, pattern recognition, and multivariate curve resolution. Applications include exploratory analysis, regression analysis, and classification of data. Careers in chemometrics extend beyond chemistry to fields like biochemistry and medicine.
This document provides an overview of atomic emission spectrophotometry (AES) and atomic absorption spectrophotometry (AAS). It discusses the principles, instrumentation, applications in pharmaceutical analysis, and examples of quantitation for each technique. AES works by exciting the atoms of an element, which then emit light at characteristic wavelengths. AAS analyzes samples by measuring the absorption of light from a lamp, with higher concentrations absorbing more light. Both techniques can be used to quantify elements in samples like infusion solutions and identify metallic impurities.
The document discusses optical biosensors, including their components, operation, and applications. Optical biosensors consist of a biological component like proteins immobilized on a transducer surface. They can be coupled with microfluidics to introduce analytes and separate unbound molecules. Surface plasmon resonance is commonly used for detection and allows for real-time, label-free monitoring of biomolecule interactions. Optical biosensors have various medical applications and are expected to grow in healthcare, but challenges remain around issues like biomolecule immobilization, contamination, uniformity, and cost.
This document discusses color measurement and specular gloss measurement. It defines color as the wavelengths of light reflected or emitted from an object, and discusses key color terminology like hue, value, and chroma. Color measurement is important for quality control and specification. Specular gloss measures the shiny appearance of surfaces and films. Standard test methods for both color measurement using spectrophotometers and gloss measurement are provided, along with factors that can affect the measurements.
1. The Tintometer is used to measure the color of edible oils and fats during refining through comparison to known glass color standards. It uses a series of red, yellow, blue, and neutral gradient glasses.
2. Color measurements are important for refining oils as color indicates quality and optimization of bleaching and deodorizing processes. Oils are also sold based on their color specifications.
3. The Tintometer works by illuminating a sample in one viewing field and a white reference in another, allowing comparison of the sample color to Lovibond glass standards using red, yellow, blue, and neutral filters to match the human visual system.
The document summarizes two color order systems: the Munsell system and the DIN system. The Munsell system represents color using three dimensions - hue, value (lightness), and chroma (color purity). It has 10 hues that are equally spaced around a color wheel. The DIN system also uses three attributes - hue, saturation (color strength), and darkness (light absorption). It has 6 principal hues and represents colors as distances in a defined color series. Both systems numerically scale lightness/darkness from 0 (white/light) to 10 (black/dark).
This document discusses various color order systems and color spaces including NCS, XYZ, Munsell, CIE Lab, CIE xyY, and CIE RGB. It explains that the CIE xyY color space uses chromaticity coordinates x, y, and Y to represent colors, with Y for value and x,y locating the color in a chromaticity diagram. It also introduces the CIE LCH color space which uses polar coordinates of L* for lightness, C* for chroma, and h° for hue angle to describe a color, relating better to earlier physical color systems like Munsell.
This presentation provides an overview of electronic noses (e-noses). It discusses how e-noses can detect volatile organic compounds to identify odors, similar to biological noses but with advantages like not tiring, getting sick, or being distracted. The main components of an e-nose include a sample delivery system to introduce odors, a sensor array to transduce chemical interactions into electrical signals, and a computing system to analyze the sensor responses. Common sensor technologies are metal oxide sensors, conducting polymers, quartz crystal microbalances, and MOSFETs. E-noses find applications in medical diagnosis, environmental monitoring, the food industry, and detecting explosives. Future areas of research include miniaturizing e-nose technology and
The document discusses methods for measuring and characterizing odors, including:
- Measuring odor concentration using olfactometry and dilution methods to determine the European Odor Unit concentration.
- Using an olfactometer and odor panelists to establish odor concentration through dilution and detection.
- Categorizing odor intensity on a scale of 0 to 6.
- Assessing odor hedonics on a scale from extremely unpleasant to extremely pleasant.
- Characterizing odors verbally through descriptors provided by test subjects.
Pigment is derived from word “pigmentum” means coloring matter.
“Pigments are organic and inorganic materials which are practically insoluble in medium in which they are incorporated
Lab on a chip technology integrates laboratory functions onto a single chip only millimeters in size through microfluidics and electronic components. It utilizes materials like glass, silicon, and polymers for microchannels and metals for conductive parts. Fabrication involves deposition, etching, and bonding processes to pattern channels, electrodes, and seal the device. Sensors can detect low concentrations using nanomaterials. Advantages include faster analysis, compact size, and lower costs, while challenges include new technology and detection scaling issues. Applications include point-of-care diagnostics, pollution monitoring, and military medicine.
This document discusses flame photometry and atomic absorption spectrophotometry. It begins by defining these techniques and their components. Flame photometry uses the characteristic colors emitted from flames to identify and quantify metal ions like sodium, potassium, and lithium. Atomic absorption spectrophotometry measures light absorption by atomized metal ions in a flame. The document then covers the principles, instrumentation, interferences, applications, and quality control of flame photometry.
The document discusses various aspects of atomic absorption spectroscopy including the principles, instrumentation, and applications. It describes different atomization techniques like flame, electrothermal, hydride generation, and cold vapor that are used to convert samples into gaseous atoms. The key components of an atomic absorption spectrometer including the light sources, atomizers, monochromators, and detectors are summarized. Various performance characteristics, interferences, and sample preparation methods are also highlighted. Atomic absorption spectroscopy is widely used for qualitative and quantitative analysis in many fields.
Color theory describes how colors are created and relate to each other. There are several color theories including additive, subtractive, and Munsell color theory. The color wheel is used to visualize relationships between primary, secondary, and tertiary colors. Complementary colors sit opposite each other on the wheel while analogous colors are adjacent. Warm colors contain red, orange, or yellow while cool colors contain blue, green, or purple. Sodium vapor and mercury vapor lamps produce light through exciting gases in tubes. Sodium lamps emit primarily yellow light while mercury lamps have better color rendering but contain mercury.
The principles of tristimulus colorimetry are presented in tutorial fashion. The classic color matching experiments are described with an emphasis on the assumptions that are implicit in these tests and on the units of measure which should be used to record the results. The transformation to alternative sets of primaries is derived and the geometry of the resulting color spaces is illustrated. An annotated bibliography of relevant literature is also provided.
The document discusses color theory, including the science of color, primary/secondary/tertiary colors, color systems like RGB and CMYK, color schemes such as monochromatic and complementary, creating custom color schemes, properties and effects of color, color psychology, and the social and cultural symbolism associated with different colors. It provides examples and explanations of these various aspects of color theory.
Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) measures the change in mass of a sample as it is heated or cooled over time. It works by precisely measuring and recording the weight of a sample as the temperature changes. TGA is useful for determining a material's thermal stability and its compositional components, as well as investigating decomposition reactions and absorbed moisture content. A TGA instrument consists of a microbalance, furnace, temperature controller, and recorder to plot weight changes against temperature or time. Heating rates, atmosphere, and sample characteristics can impact the resulting TGA curve. Common applications include measuring purity, stability, and phase changes.
This document discusses the use of machine vision systems in the food industry. It begins by defining machine vision as using visual sensors and image processing to enable machines to make intelligent decisions. It then explains that machine vision provides an automated, non-destructive, and cost-effective way to assess quality factors like appearance, flavor, and texture. Major applications of machine vision in the food industry include quality control, harvesting, sorting and grading, packing, food safety checks, bottling verification, and labeling verification. The document concludes that machine vision systems can increase productivity, quality, and customer satisfaction while reducing costs.
Nutritional profiling and chemical analysis of foodMuzaffarHasan1
Nutritional profiling involves classifying or ranking foods according to their nutritional composition to prevent disease and promote health. It provides descriptions of foods' nutrient levels (e.g. reduced/increased nutrients) and health effects (e.g. healthier/less healthy). Various systems exist for front-of-pack nutrition labeling that consider nutrients individually or combined. Chemical analysis of foods determines their nutritional composition through methods like Soxhlet extraction for fats, gas chromatography for trans fats, Lowry/Bradford methods for proteins, Molisch/Benedict's tests for carbohydrates, and spectroscopy techniques for various applications.
The document summarizes the International Baccalaureate (IB) Diploma Program, a rigorous two-year pre-university course of study. The IB program aims to develop independent critical thinkers through a balanced curriculum across arts, languages, mathematics, sciences, and social sciences. Students complete an extended essay, theory of knowledge course, and creativity-action-service requirements. Graduates of the IB program have been successful in gaining admission to top universities worldwide. The IB aims to promote international understanding through its multicultural and globally recognized curriculum.
The document discusses color difference evaluation. It introduces the importance of determining color differences between specimens, especially in industries like textile dyeing. Visual color assessments can vary between individuals. Instrumental methods provide more consistent results. The CIE developed the CIELAB and CIELUV color spaces and formulas to calculate color differences in an approximately uniform way. The CMC color difference formula was later developed to better account for non-uniformities in color perception at different areas of the color space. It converts ellipsoidal tolerance volumes to spherical volumes and allows for attribute differences to vary systematically based on color center.
This document provides an overview of atomic emission spectrophotometry (AES) and atomic absorption spectrophotometry (AAS). It discusses the principles, instrumentation, applications in pharmaceutical analysis, and examples of quantitation for each technique. AES works by exciting the atoms of an element, which then emit light at characteristic wavelengths. AAS analyzes samples by measuring the absorption of light from a lamp, with higher concentrations absorbing more light. Both techniques can be used to quantify elements in samples like infusion solutions and identify metallic impurities.
The document discusses optical biosensors, including their components, operation, and applications. Optical biosensors consist of a biological component like proteins immobilized on a transducer surface. They can be coupled with microfluidics to introduce analytes and separate unbound molecules. Surface plasmon resonance is commonly used for detection and allows for real-time, label-free monitoring of biomolecule interactions. Optical biosensors have various medical applications and are expected to grow in healthcare, but challenges remain around issues like biomolecule immobilization, contamination, uniformity, and cost.
This document discusses color measurement and specular gloss measurement. It defines color as the wavelengths of light reflected or emitted from an object, and discusses key color terminology like hue, value, and chroma. Color measurement is important for quality control and specification. Specular gloss measures the shiny appearance of surfaces and films. Standard test methods for both color measurement using spectrophotometers and gloss measurement are provided, along with factors that can affect the measurements.
1. The Tintometer is used to measure the color of edible oils and fats during refining through comparison to known glass color standards. It uses a series of red, yellow, blue, and neutral gradient glasses.
2. Color measurements are important for refining oils as color indicates quality and optimization of bleaching and deodorizing processes. Oils are also sold based on their color specifications.
3. The Tintometer works by illuminating a sample in one viewing field and a white reference in another, allowing comparison of the sample color to Lovibond glass standards using red, yellow, blue, and neutral filters to match the human visual system.
The document summarizes two color order systems: the Munsell system and the DIN system. The Munsell system represents color using three dimensions - hue, value (lightness), and chroma (color purity). It has 10 hues that are equally spaced around a color wheel. The DIN system also uses three attributes - hue, saturation (color strength), and darkness (light absorption). It has 6 principal hues and represents colors as distances in a defined color series. Both systems numerically scale lightness/darkness from 0 (white/light) to 10 (black/dark).
This document discusses various color order systems and color spaces including NCS, XYZ, Munsell, CIE Lab, CIE xyY, and CIE RGB. It explains that the CIE xyY color space uses chromaticity coordinates x, y, and Y to represent colors, with Y for value and x,y locating the color in a chromaticity diagram. It also introduces the CIE LCH color space which uses polar coordinates of L* for lightness, C* for chroma, and h° for hue angle to describe a color, relating better to earlier physical color systems like Munsell.
This presentation provides an overview of electronic noses (e-noses). It discusses how e-noses can detect volatile organic compounds to identify odors, similar to biological noses but with advantages like not tiring, getting sick, or being distracted. The main components of an e-nose include a sample delivery system to introduce odors, a sensor array to transduce chemical interactions into electrical signals, and a computing system to analyze the sensor responses. Common sensor technologies are metal oxide sensors, conducting polymers, quartz crystal microbalances, and MOSFETs. E-noses find applications in medical diagnosis, environmental monitoring, the food industry, and detecting explosives. Future areas of research include miniaturizing e-nose technology and
The document discusses methods for measuring and characterizing odors, including:
- Measuring odor concentration using olfactometry and dilution methods to determine the European Odor Unit concentration.
- Using an olfactometer and odor panelists to establish odor concentration through dilution and detection.
- Categorizing odor intensity on a scale of 0 to 6.
- Assessing odor hedonics on a scale from extremely unpleasant to extremely pleasant.
- Characterizing odors verbally through descriptors provided by test subjects.
Pigment is derived from word “pigmentum” means coloring matter.
“Pigments are organic and inorganic materials which are practically insoluble in medium in which they are incorporated
Lab on a chip technology integrates laboratory functions onto a single chip only millimeters in size through microfluidics and electronic components. It utilizes materials like glass, silicon, and polymers for microchannels and metals for conductive parts. Fabrication involves deposition, etching, and bonding processes to pattern channels, electrodes, and seal the device. Sensors can detect low concentrations using nanomaterials. Advantages include faster analysis, compact size, and lower costs, while challenges include new technology and detection scaling issues. Applications include point-of-care diagnostics, pollution monitoring, and military medicine.
This document discusses flame photometry and atomic absorption spectrophotometry. It begins by defining these techniques and their components. Flame photometry uses the characteristic colors emitted from flames to identify and quantify metal ions like sodium, potassium, and lithium. Atomic absorption spectrophotometry measures light absorption by atomized metal ions in a flame. The document then covers the principles, instrumentation, interferences, applications, and quality control of flame photometry.
The document discusses various aspects of atomic absorption spectroscopy including the principles, instrumentation, and applications. It describes different atomization techniques like flame, electrothermal, hydride generation, and cold vapor that are used to convert samples into gaseous atoms. The key components of an atomic absorption spectrometer including the light sources, atomizers, monochromators, and detectors are summarized. Various performance characteristics, interferences, and sample preparation methods are also highlighted. Atomic absorption spectroscopy is widely used for qualitative and quantitative analysis in many fields.
Color theory describes how colors are created and relate to each other. There are several color theories including additive, subtractive, and Munsell color theory. The color wheel is used to visualize relationships between primary, secondary, and tertiary colors. Complementary colors sit opposite each other on the wheel while analogous colors are adjacent. Warm colors contain red, orange, or yellow while cool colors contain blue, green, or purple. Sodium vapor and mercury vapor lamps produce light through exciting gases in tubes. Sodium lamps emit primarily yellow light while mercury lamps have better color rendering but contain mercury.
The principles of tristimulus colorimetry are presented in tutorial fashion. The classic color matching experiments are described with an emphasis on the assumptions that are implicit in these tests and on the units of measure which should be used to record the results. The transformation to alternative sets of primaries is derived and the geometry of the resulting color spaces is illustrated. An annotated bibliography of relevant literature is also provided.
The document discusses color theory, including the science of color, primary/secondary/tertiary colors, color systems like RGB and CMYK, color schemes such as monochromatic and complementary, creating custom color schemes, properties and effects of color, color psychology, and the social and cultural symbolism associated with different colors. It provides examples and explanations of these various aspects of color theory.
Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) measures the change in mass of a sample as it is heated or cooled over time. It works by precisely measuring and recording the weight of a sample as the temperature changes. TGA is useful for determining a material's thermal stability and its compositional components, as well as investigating decomposition reactions and absorbed moisture content. A TGA instrument consists of a microbalance, furnace, temperature controller, and recorder to plot weight changes against temperature or time. Heating rates, atmosphere, and sample characteristics can impact the resulting TGA curve. Common applications include measuring purity, stability, and phase changes.
This document discusses the use of machine vision systems in the food industry. It begins by defining machine vision as using visual sensors and image processing to enable machines to make intelligent decisions. It then explains that machine vision provides an automated, non-destructive, and cost-effective way to assess quality factors like appearance, flavor, and texture. Major applications of machine vision in the food industry include quality control, harvesting, sorting and grading, packing, food safety checks, bottling verification, and labeling verification. The document concludes that machine vision systems can increase productivity, quality, and customer satisfaction while reducing costs.
Nutritional profiling and chemical analysis of foodMuzaffarHasan1
Nutritional profiling involves classifying or ranking foods according to their nutritional composition to prevent disease and promote health. It provides descriptions of foods' nutrient levels (e.g. reduced/increased nutrients) and health effects (e.g. healthier/less healthy). Various systems exist for front-of-pack nutrition labeling that consider nutrients individually or combined. Chemical analysis of foods determines their nutritional composition through methods like Soxhlet extraction for fats, gas chromatography for trans fats, Lowry/Bradford methods for proteins, Molisch/Benedict's tests for carbohydrates, and spectroscopy techniques for various applications.
The document summarizes the International Baccalaureate (IB) Diploma Program, a rigorous two-year pre-university course of study. The IB program aims to develop independent critical thinkers through a balanced curriculum across arts, languages, mathematics, sciences, and social sciences. Students complete an extended essay, theory of knowledge course, and creativity-action-service requirements. Graduates of the IB program have been successful in gaining admission to top universities worldwide. The IB aims to promote international understanding through its multicultural and globally recognized curriculum.
The document discusses color difference evaluation. It introduces the importance of determining color differences between specimens, especially in industries like textile dyeing. Visual color assessments can vary between individuals. Instrumental methods provide more consistent results. The CIE developed the CIELAB and CIELUV color spaces and formulas to calculate color differences in an approximately uniform way. The CMC color difference formula was later developed to better account for non-uniformities in color perception at different areas of the color space. It converts ellipsoidal tolerance volumes to spherical volumes and allows for attribute differences to vary systematically based on color center.
The document provides an overview of the Cambridge IGCSE qualification. It describes Cambridge IGCSE as an international alternative to the UK GCSE that is widely recognized and accepted by universities. It outlines key differences between Cambridge IGCSE and UK GCSE such as Cambridge IGCSE being linear and assessing students at the end of the course rather than through modules. The document also discusses benefits of Cambridge IGCSE for students, including developing important life skills and providing an internationally recognized qualification.
Rreport on Different University-SpreedSuraya Zaman
The document provides information on majors and specializations offered in BBA and MBA programs at various universities in Bangladesh. For BBA, the most common majors offered are Management, Accounting, Marketing, Finance, and Human Resource Management. For MBA, the most common majors are the same except Human Resource Management is less frequently offered. The document also lists specific courses offered for Marketing, Finance, and Human Resource Management majors in both BBA and MBA programs.
B.D. Somani International School is a private school located in Mumbai, India that was established in 2006 by the Somani family and offers a world-class curriculum from kindergarten through grade 12 using international programs like Cambridge and IB. The school has modern facilities, experienced teachers, and offers extracurricular activities and field trips to complement students' academic and personal development. Students at B.D. Somani International School have achieved excellent exam results, including perfect scores on IB exams, and have gained admissions to top universities worldwide.
This document compares different types of lighting sources, including LED, incandescent, fluorescent, sodium vapor, and metal halide lamps. It discusses their working principles, efficiencies, color temperatures, lifetimes, and applications. The key points are:
1. LED lamps have the highest efficacy ranging from 45-150 lumens/watt and longest lifetime of 25,000-30,000 hours. They produce light through electroluminescence and are directional, compact, and resistant to breaking and vibration.
2. Fluorescent lamps have efficacies of 80-90 lumens/watt and lifetimes of 7,000-15,000 hours. They work by passing electricity through gases to
This document provides information about Cambridge International Examinations and the qualifications they offer for students aged 5-19 years old. Cambridge International Examinations is the world's largest provider of international education programs, serving over 10,000 schools in 160 countries. They offer a range of qualifications from Cambridge Primary for ages 5-11 years, through Cambridge Secondary 1 (ages 11-14), Cambridge Secondary 2 (ages 14-16), to Cambridge Advanced (ages 16-19). Some of the subject qualifications mentioned include IGCSEs in English, maths, sciences, humanities, languages, and business/technical subjects. The exams are designed to be thought-provoking and assess a range of skills.
This document discusses circular motion and related concepts. It defines circular motion as motion along a circular path and uniform circular motion as motion with a constant speed. It describes angular displacement as the angle through which an object rotates and defines the SI unit as radians. Angular velocity and centripetal acceleration are introduced as concepts to describe rotation and the inward acceleration experienced by objects in circular motion. Centripetal force is defined as the inward force causing this centripetal acceleration according to Newton's second law of motion.
This document discusses shade selection and communication between dentists and dental laboratories. It begins with an introduction to color science concepts like hue, value, chroma, and color mixing systems. It then describes common shade guides like Vita Classic and Vita 3D-Master and how to use them. Electronic shade matching devices and shade distribution charts are also introduced. Principles of shade selection and factors affecting color perception are outlined. The responsibilities of dentists and laboratories are defined, including the importance of clear communication of shade and details in work authorizations. Custom shade matching techniques using resin kits are presented to improve color matching between clinicians and technicians.
El documento proporciona información sobre la Clasificación Internacional de Enfermedades (CIE). Explica que la CIE se originó en el siglo XIX con el propósito de clasificar enfermedades para fines de salud pública y que la última versión fue adoptada en 1990. Describe que la CIE permite la producción de estadísticas comparables sobre mortalidad y morbilidad entre países y regiones. Además, explica que la CIE convierte diagnósticos médicos a códigos alfanuméricos para facilitar el análisis de
The International Commission on Illumination - also known as the CIE from its French title, the Commission Internationale de l´Eclairage - is devoted to worldwide cooperation and the exchange of information on all matters relating to the science and art of light and lighting, color and vision, photobiology and image technology.
Also visit blogsite: http://www.merchandisingbangla.com/
The document provides an overview of ISO/TS standards for quality management systems. It discusses the definition, purpose, and history of international standards and ISO/TS standards. The key points are:
1. ISO/TS standards aim to promote continual improvement, defect prevention, and reduction of variation and waste in supply chains.
2. International standards development began in the early 20th century to overcome technical barriers in trade. ISO was formed in 1946 and publishes thousands of international standards.
3. ISO/TS 16949 is the quality management standard for the automotive industry and was prepared by ISO and IATF. It focuses on defect prevention and reducing variation across suppliers.
The presentation highlights key points in two new reports on Maintenance Factors from the ILP and ISO/CIE and updates on CIE recent activity.
Maintenance factors are applied to ensure that at the end of scheme’s design life, the worst-case scenario, the specified lighting level is still maintained. The maintenance factor applied to a luminaire should reflect how its light output reduces over time due to, for example, the effects of lumen depreciation of the light source and the build-up of dirt on a luminaire.
The methodology of determining the maintenance factor has been extensively documented. However, as the focus of these earlier technical reports was predominantly on incandescent and gas discharge light sources, more clarity is needed to ensure the proper use/translation of the existing methodology towards technologies such as light emitting diodes (LED).
Technologies such as LED distinguish themselves from other technologies by their long lifetime, low failure rate and their integration of components which were previously seen as separate components. As such the previous methods used to determine the depreciation and survival of luminaires might seem unusable and cause uncertainty. However, based on work by IEC the luminous flux depreciation and light source failure parameters have now been re-established for LED-based light sources and allow for translation into an updated way of working to determine the maintenance factor using the existing methodology and data for luminaire and surface dirt depreciation.
This would benefit manufacturers, public realm, highways and amenities.
By Nigel Parry, CIE
This document summarizes a seminar on offshore wind energy standards presented by Carsten Riis Fredriksen from Danish Standards. It discusses:
1) What ISO is and its role in developing international standards.
2) The various technical committees and working groups under ISO/TC 8 related to ships and marine technology, including offshore structures.
3) How Danish Standards facilitates the development of standards in Denmark through technical committees and makes standards easily accessible and usable.
L6 testing organizations and its committeekarthi keyan
This document discusses materials testing and testing organizations. It provides an introduction to materials testing, including the purpose and selection of material testing. It then describes several major testing organizations and standards committees, including ASTM, BSI, IEC, DIN, ANSI, AFNOR, and ISO. For each organization, it lists some example standards and provides brief details about the organization's history and purpose.
This document discusses a continuing education course for AIA members on lighting. It states that credits earned from completing the course will be reported to AIA CES. It also notes that the course is registered with AIA CES for continuing education, but does not constitute an approval or endorsement of any materials or methods discussed in the course. Questions related to specific materials and methods will be addressed at the conclusion of the presentation.
Standardization provides several economic benefits. It allows access to global markets by ensuring products meet common requirements. Standards also help with innovation management by establishing technologies in the market. Using standardized parts and processes leads to cost reduction through economies of scale and not having to re-check quality. Standards promote safety and sustainability by developing uniform guidelines. They prevent information asymmetry in the marketplace. Overall, standardization encourages innovation, creates scale, reduces costs, and enhances public safety.
The International Organization for Standardization (ISO) is a worldwide federation comprising 170 member countries that promotes standardization to facilitate international exchange and cooperation. ISO began in 1947 to coordinate industrial standards internationally and now covers standardization in almost all fields except electrical engineering. ISO standards are developed by technical committees and approved by consensus of member countries to ensure compatibility and interoperability of products, processes and services globally.
Presentation in session 111 during the World Sustainable Building Conference 2014 in Barcelona (28-30th .Oct. 2014)
The theme of the WSB14 was: "Sustainability. Are we moving as quickly as we should? It is up to us!"
Session 111 (out of 144 sessions) had to answer the question: "Are we moving in the same direction?"
This presentation by Nordic Innovation, a project of the Nordic countries in Europe, gave an overview of the position and developments towards a more sustainable construction sector.
This presentation was one out of the 5 from this session 111. After a questioning, answering and discussion with the audience the session concluded: "No, we are not moving in the same direction!"
see WSB14-Sessions 111-0 to 111-4
Document gives the lists of standards that have been developed by different international organizations. such as ISO, DIN, ASTM, AISI, and etc.inths document all the standards that have ever been introduced by any organization for engineering field are listed down
IFLA-ISO Relations since 1947: Making standards in information and documentationISSN International Centre
This document discusses the relationship between the International Federation of Library Associations and Institutions (IFLA) and the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) since 1947. It provides a brief history of their cooperation on developing library standards and describes ISO's standardization process. It also outlines the current standards developed by ISO/TC 46 on information and documentation and proposes ways for IFLA and ISO to strengthen their cooperation, such as jointly revising the library statistics standard and developing standards in areas like information governance and documentation terminology.
CPIPE is a vocational training center in Padua, Italy that was established in 1947. It provides various types of training programs, including professional training for young people, apprenticeships, continuing education, and higher education funded by the EU. In 2009, CPIPE began implementing a quality system according to ISO 9001 standards to connect its accreditation from the Veneto Region to a complete quality system. By 2010, CPIPE defined its quality document system and organizational structure according to ISO 9001, though it was not required to pursue official ISO 9001 certification.
1) The document discusses navigation displays and electronic charts in international regulations.
2) It explains that international standards like SOLAS and IMO govern navigation equipment on ships engaged in international trade.
3) National regulations set standards for smaller vessels, fishing vessels, and non-SOLAS ships.
Standards and standardization have existed for thousands of years, becoming more widespread and formalized during the Industrial Revolution. The British Standards Institution (BSI) was founded in 1901 and plays a key role in developing technical standards both nationally through British Standards and internationally through organizations like ISO and CEN. Standards provide economic benefits and can help organizations improve processes, ensure safety and quality, and demonstrate compliance. Individuals and organizations can get involved in standards development in various ways.
The document provides information about ISO (International Organization for Standardization), including that it is the world's largest developer and publisher of international standards. ISO has over 163 member countries and has developed over 18,500 international standards covering many subjects. Standards are developed through technical committees and undergo a six stage process from proposal to publication. ISO certification can help organizations increase efficiency, satisfy customers, and integrate into the global economy. Examples of specific medical standards are provided.
2017 Geospatial standards for the sustainable development goalsPLACE
This document discusses geospatial standards for supporting the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). It introduces several organizations involved in geospatial standards development, including ISO, OGC, and IHO. Several key SDGs and indicators that have direct geospatial aspects are highlighted. Existing standards that can help measure related indicators are referenced. Standards still under development that could help, such as DGGS and an updated LADM, are also discussed. Best practice examples of using geospatial data and standards to measure SDG indicators are presented. The document aims to identify how standards can help measure SDGs and indicators, discuss relevant existing and in-development standards, and provide examples of best practices.
The document provides an introduction to the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC). It discusses the IEC's mission of promoting international cooperation and standardization in electrotechnology. It aims to encourage adoption of international standards, stimulate business, and set frameworks for conformity assessment. The document also lists IEC's 62 member countries and 3 levels of membership. It describes how technical committees and national committees work to develop IEC standards over time in accordance with established procedures.
Roland Hosein_International developments for nanotechnology standardizationNe3LS_Network
This document summarizes the international developments in nanotechnology standardization. It discusses:
1) The context for nanotechnology standards including the emergence of many related fields simultaneously and the need for international cooperation to develop standards.
2) The processes used by ISO to develop nanotechnology standards including forming technical committees, seeking member participation, developing work items, and publishing final standards.
3) Some of the key nanotechnology standards that have been published to date by ISO technical committees focusing on terminology, measurement/characterization, and environment/health/safety.
4) Other working groups and future standards under development in areas like materials specification, electrical/electronic products, and national adoption
Estel Conference, an overview. The Estel Community - Paolo Dalla Chiaraestelconference
Press Conference, Rome 21 Dec 2012.
Paolo Dalla Chiara, SAT Expo President, gives an overview of the conference, the location, the Web Estel Community Project
An accountant is the nucleus of any organization, as accounting is the language of business. Accountants play various roles such as managerial accountants who plan and make decisions, financial accountants who handle financial reporting, cost accountants who track costs, and tax accountants who handle tax strategies. Accountants are responsible for examining financial statements, computing taxes, inspecting account books, maintaining financial records, and organizing business records. They provide important benefits such as keeping organized financial data, identifying tax deductions, saving time for business growth, and avoiding audits.
Food hygiene and safety is a discipline describing handling, preparation, and storage of food in ways that prevent foodborne illness. The uses of food safety and quality standards have become a major driver of the implementation of preventive controls in the food industry.
This document discusses reactive dyes and disperse dyes used for dyeing textiles. It provides details on:
- Reactive dyes chemically bind to cellulose fibers and provide excellent wet fastness. Disperse dyes are used for synthetic fibers like polyester and acetate.
- Dyeing conditions like temperature, time and pH levels vary depending on the type of dye and fiber. Proper dye selection and process is needed to achieve good color fastness.
- Blends require multi-step dyeing using both reactive and disperse dyes in separate baths or a single bath approach to dye both natural and synthetic fiber components.
Jacquard shedding system was developed by William Jacquard. In case of cam and dobby shedding systems, large number of yarns passing through a heald is controlled.Thus it precludes the possibility of controlling individual ends independently. Therefore, complicated woven designs cannot be made using cam or dobby shedding systems. With the jacquard shedding system individual ends can be controlled independently and thus large woven figures can be produced in fabrics.
Job analysis involves the identification & description of what is happening on the job . The use of the word job does not restrict the work opportunities of the jobholder ....
More from Bangladesh University of Professionals (6)
PPT on Direct Seeded Rice presented at the three-day 'Training and Validation Workshop on Modules of Climate Smart Agriculture (CSA) Technologies in South Asia' workshop on April 22, 2024.
(June 12, 2024) Webinar: Development of PET theranostics targeting the molecu...Scintica Instrumentation
Targeting Hsp90 and its pathogen Orthologs with Tethered Inhibitors as a Diagnostic and Therapeutic Strategy for cancer and infectious diseases with Dr. Timothy Haystead.
The binding of cosmological structures by massless topological defectsSérgio Sacani
Assuming spherical symmetry and weak field, it is shown that if one solves the Poisson equation or the Einstein field
equations sourced by a topological defect, i.e. a singularity of a very specific form, the result is a localized gravitational
field capable of driving flat rotation (i.e. Keplerian circular orbits at a constant speed for all radii) of test masses on a thin
spherical shell without any underlying mass. Moreover, a large-scale structure which exploits this solution by assembling
concentrically a number of such topological defects can establish a flat stellar or galactic rotation curve, and can also deflect
light in the same manner as an equipotential (isothermal) sphere. Thus, the need for dark matter or modified gravity theory is
mitigated, at least in part.
EWOCS-I: The catalog of X-ray sources in Westerlund 1 from the Extended Weste...Sérgio Sacani
Context. With a mass exceeding several 104 M⊙ and a rich and dense population of massive stars, supermassive young star clusters
represent the most massive star-forming environment that is dominated by the feedback from massive stars and gravitational interactions
among stars.
Aims. In this paper we present the Extended Westerlund 1 and 2 Open Clusters Survey (EWOCS) project, which aims to investigate
the influence of the starburst environment on the formation of stars and planets, and on the evolution of both low and high mass stars.
The primary targets of this project are Westerlund 1 and 2, the closest supermassive star clusters to the Sun.
Methods. The project is based primarily on recent observations conducted with the Chandra and JWST observatories. Specifically,
the Chandra survey of Westerlund 1 consists of 36 new ACIS-I observations, nearly co-pointed, for a total exposure time of 1 Msec.
Additionally, we included 8 archival Chandra/ACIS-S observations. This paper presents the resulting catalog of X-ray sources within
and around Westerlund 1. Sources were detected by combining various existing methods, and photon extraction and source validation
were carried out using the ACIS-Extract software.
Results. The EWOCS X-ray catalog comprises 5963 validated sources out of the 9420 initially provided to ACIS-Extract, reaching a
photon flux threshold of approximately 2 × 10−8 photons cm−2
s
−1
. The X-ray sources exhibit a highly concentrated spatial distribution,
with 1075 sources located within the central 1 arcmin. We have successfully detected X-ray emissions from 126 out of the 166 known
massive stars of the cluster, and we have collected over 71 000 photons from the magnetar CXO J164710.20-455217.
Describing and Interpreting an Immersive Learning Case with the Immersion Cub...Leonel Morgado
Current descriptions of immersive learning cases are often difficult or impossible to compare. This is due to a myriad of different options on what details to include, which aspects are relevant, and on the descriptive approaches employed. Also, these aspects often combine very specific details with more general guidelines or indicate intents and rationales without clarifying their implementation. In this paper we provide a method to describe immersive learning cases that is structured to enable comparisons, yet flexible enough to allow researchers and practitioners to decide which aspects to include. This method leverages a taxonomy that classifies educational aspects at three levels (uses, practices, and strategies) and then utilizes two frameworks, the Immersive Learning Brain and the Immersion Cube, to enable a structured description and interpretation of immersive learning cases. The method is then demonstrated on a published immersive learning case on training for wind turbine maintenance using virtual reality. Applying the method results in a structured artifact, the Immersive Learning Case Sheet, that tags the case with its proximal uses, practices, and strategies, and refines the free text case description to ensure that matching details are included. This contribution is thus a case description method in support of future comparative research of immersive learning cases. We then discuss how the resulting description and interpretation can be leveraged to change immersion learning cases, by enriching them (considering low-effort changes or additions) or innovating (exploring more challenging avenues of transformation). The method holds significant promise to support better-grounded research in immersive learning.
Authoring a personal GPT for your research and practice: How we created the Q...Leonel Morgado
Thematic analysis in qualitative research is a time-consuming and systematic task, typically done using teams. Team members must ground their activities on common understandings of the major concepts underlying the thematic analysis, and define criteria for its development. However, conceptual misunderstandings, equivocations, and lack of adherence to criteria are challenges to the quality and speed of this process. Given the distributed and uncertain nature of this process, we wondered if the tasks in thematic analysis could be supported by readily available artificial intelligence chatbots. Our early efforts point to potential benefits: not just saving time in the coding process but better adherence to criteria and grounding, by increasing triangulation between humans and artificial intelligence. This tutorial will provide a description and demonstration of the process we followed, as two academic researchers, to develop a custom ChatGPT to assist with qualitative coding in the thematic data analysis process of immersive learning accounts in a survey of the academic literature: QUAL-E Immersive Learning Thematic Analysis Helper. In the hands-on time, participants will try out QUAL-E and develop their ideas for their own qualitative coding ChatGPT. Participants that have the paid ChatGPT Plus subscription can create a draft of their assistants. The organizers will provide course materials and slide deck that participants will be able to utilize to continue development of their custom GPT. The paid subscription to ChatGPT Plus is not required to participate in this workshop, just for trying out personal GPTs during it.
Immersive Learning That Works: Research Grounding and Paths ForwardLeonel Morgado
We will metaverse into the essence of immersive learning, into its three dimensions and conceptual models. This approach encompasses elements from teaching methodologies to social involvement, through organizational concerns and technologies. Challenging the perception of learning as knowledge transfer, we introduce a 'Uses, Practices & Strategies' model operationalized by the 'Immersive Learning Brain' and ‘Immersion Cube’ frameworks. This approach offers a comprehensive guide through the intricacies of immersive educational experiences and spotlighting research frontiers, along the immersion dimensions of system, narrative, and agency. Our discourse extends to stakeholders beyond the academic sphere, addressing the interests of technologists, instructional designers, and policymakers. We span various contexts, from formal education to organizational transformation to the new horizon of an AI-pervasive society. This keynote aims to unite the iLRN community in a collaborative journey towards a future where immersive learning research and practice coalesce, paving the way for innovative educational research and practice landscapes.
Mending Clothing to Support Sustainable Fashion_CIMaR 2024.pdfSelcen Ozturkcan
Ozturkcan, S., Berndt, A., & Angelakis, A. (2024). Mending clothing to support sustainable fashion. Presented at the 31st Annual Conference by the Consortium for International Marketing Research (CIMaR), 10-13 Jun 2024, University of Gävle, Sweden.
ESA/ACT Science Coffee: Diego Blas - Gravitational wave detection with orbita...Advanced-Concepts-Team
Presentation in the Science Coffee of the Advanced Concepts Team of the European Space Agency on the 07.06.2024.
Speaker: Diego Blas (IFAE/ICREA)
Title: Gravitational wave detection with orbital motion of Moon and artificial
Abstract:
In this talk I will describe some recent ideas to find gravitational waves from supermassive black holes or of primordial origin by studying their secular effect on the orbital motion of the Moon or satellites that are laser ranged.
The cost of acquiring information by natural selectionCarl Bergstrom
This is a short talk that I gave at the Banff International Research Station workshop on Modeling and Theory in Population Biology. The idea is to try to understand how the burden of natural selection relates to the amount of information that selection puts into the genome.
It's based on the first part of this research paper:
The cost of information acquisition by natural selection
Ryan Seamus McGee, Olivia Kosterlitz, Artem Kaznatcheev, Benjamin Kerr, Carl T. Bergstrom
bioRxiv 2022.07.02.498577; doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2022.07.02.498577
The cost of acquiring information by natural selection
CIE
1. PRESENTATION ON CIE
Prepared By
MD. MEHEDI HASAN
RIMAN
ID : 12132107012
SEC : 01
INTAKE : 08th
BUBT-Bangladesh
University of Business &
Technology.
2.
3. INTRODUCTION
• CIE -
• International Commission on Illumination
• The role of CIE and the U.S. National Committee in
establishing standards for measurement and
characterization of Solid State Lighting equipment and
products
4. INTRODUCTION
• The International Commission on
Illumination - also known as the CIE from
its French title, the Commission
Internationale de l´Eclairage - is devoted
to worldwide cooperation and the
exchange of information on all matters
relating to the science and art of light
and lighting, colour and vision,
photobiology and image technology.
5. • With strong technical, scientific and cultural
foundations, the CIE is an independent, non-
profit organization that serves member
countries on a voluntary basis. Since its
inception in 1913, the CIE has become a
professional organization and has been
accepted as representing the best authority on
the subject and as such is recognized by ISO as
an international standardization body.
6. Organization
• The CIE has eight divisions, each of which establishes
technical committees to carry out its program under the
supervision of the division's director:
1.Vision and Colour
2.Measurement of Light and Radiation
3.Interior Environment and Lighting Design
4.Lighting and Signalling for Transport
7. 5. Exterior Lighting and Other Applications
6. Photobiology and Photochemistry
7. General Aspects of Lighting (Inactive)
8. Image Technology
8. Objectives of the CIE
• Provide an international forum for the discussion of all
matters relating to the science, technology and art in the
field of light and lighting.
• Develop basic standards for measurement and
application design.
• Publish standards and reports and maintain liaison and
technical interaction with other international standards
organizations
9. International Standards Body
•Recognized by International Bureau of Weights and
Measures (BIPM) as the organization responsible for
establishment of the candela.
•Accepted by ISO and IEC as an International Standards
Body
•Agreement on technical co-operation with CEN
•CIE Standards and Recommendations are bases for many
IES and ASTM specifications
11. CIE Divisions
•Div.1: Vision and colour
•Div.2: Physical measurement of light and radiation
•Div.3: Interior environment and lighting design
•Div.4: Lighting and signalling for transport
•Div.5: Exterior and other lighting applications
•Div.6: Photobiology and photochemistry
•Div.8: Image Technology
12. CIE Standards
•CIE S 004: Colours of light signals (2001)
•CIE S 009: Photobiological safety of lamps and lamp
systems (2002)
•CIE S 013: International standard global solar UV
index(2003)
•CIE S 014-1: Colorimetry –Part 1: CIE standard
colorimetric observers (2006)
•CIE S 014-2: Colorimetry –Part 2: CIE standard illuminants
(2006)
CIE Standards
13. CIE Standards
• •CIE S 015: Lighting of outdoor work places (2005)
• •CIE S 016: Lighting of outdoor work places –lighting
requirements for safety and security (2005)
• •CIE 17.4-1986: International Lighting Vocabulary
• •CIE S 019: Photocarcinogenesis action spectrum (non-
melanoma skin cancers) (2006)
• •CIE S 020: Emergency lighting (2007)
14. Milestones
In 1924 it established the standard photopic observer
defined by the spectral luminous efficiency function V(λ),
followed in 1951 by the standard scotopic observer defined
by the function V’(λ).
Building on the Optical Society of America's report on
colorimetry in 1922,[1] the CIE convened its eighth session
in 1931, with the intention of establishing an international
agreement on colorimetric specifications and updating the
OSA's 1922 recommendations based on the developments
during the past decade.[2] The meeting, held in Cambridge,
United Kingdom, concluded with the formalization of the
CIE 1931 XYZ colour space and definitions of the 1931 CIE
2° standard observer with the corresponding colour
matching functions, and standard illuminants A, B, and C.
15. Milestones
• In 1964 the 10° CIE standard observer and its
corresponding colour matching functions as well as the
new standard daylight illuminant D6500 were added, as
well as a method for calculating daylight illuminants at
correlated colour temperatures other than 6500 kelvin.
• In 1976, the commission developed the CIELAB and
CIELUV colour spaces, which are widely used today.
• Based on CIELAB, colour difference formulas CIEDE94
and CIEDE2000 were recommended in the corresponding
years.