Martin Seligman developed the theories of learned helplessness and learned optimism. His daughter inspired him to focus on positive psychology when she told him about stopping her whining. Seligman found that when dogs received random and uncontrollable shocks, they later failed to escape subsequent shocks even when escape was possible. In humans, this relates to reactive depression and learned helplessness. However, optimism and control can be learned through encouraging effort and showing people they influence events. Seligman developed techniques like attributional style to help people explain events in a more optimistic and flexible way.

1. Positive Thinking Martin Seligman’s Theory of Learned Helplessness & Learned Optimisim

2. Team Members Gaurav Jain (8051) Wasim (8157) Anish Jojan (8053) Jaya Pandey (8146) Kashmira Jain (8052) Rahul Ramteke (8155) Rahul Kashyap (8154) Positive Thinking

3. WHAT IS POSITIVE THINKING? Positive Thinking

4. Positive thinking is “ the practice or result of concentrating one ’ s mind affirmatively on what is constructive and good, thereby eliminating from it negative or destructive thoughts and emotions ” Positive Thinking

5. Positive thinking is internally driven by one ’ s purpose. Positive thinking is based in a faith that everything in life happens for a reason. Positive thinking is aided by religious faith. Positive thinking is aided by one ’ s relationship with oneself, one ’ s God, and one ’ s ohana Positive Thinking

6. Positive Thinking

7. A Starting Pace Born: August 12, 1942, in Albany, New York Career: Assistant Professor, Director of Clinical Training Program, President of APA, Master of Applied Positive Psychology Program (MAPP) Positive Thinking

8. Nikki and the weeds Seligman ’ s inspiration. Weeding garden. 5-year old daughter throwing weeds. Seligman irritated, yelled at Nikki. “ Daddy. From when I was 3 until I was 5, I was a whiner. I whined every day. On my 5 th birthday, I decided I wasn ’ t going to whine anymore. That was the hardest thing I ’ ve ever done. If I can stop whining, you can stop being such a grouch. ” Positive Thinking

9. Founder of Positive Psychology Seligman has written about positive psychology topic such as Learned helplessness Pessimistic to optimistic Learned optimism Positive Thinking

10. Seligman Experiment: part 1 Positive Thinking

11. Seligman Experiment: part 2 All groups received the shock. Put in shuttle box. Light dimmed. 10 second later got shock unless they jumped to safe side. Positive Thinking

12. Shuttle box behavior Positive Thinking

13. Parallels with Reactive Depression Triggered by traumatic life event (ex. death of loved one). Passivity Physical symptoms. Stress related disorders . Positive Thinking

14. Parallels to Treating People Encourage depressed people to get back into life. Ex: not willing to leave home. Small steps. (Go out to movie, then mall.) Increase difficulty. Show them they do have control over their lives. Positive Thinking

15. Prevention of Helplessness Positive Thinking

16. Positive subjective states Positive emotions. Happiness. Satisfaction with life. Optimism. Sources of energy and confidence. Positive Thinking

17. Explanatory Style Personal Permanent Pervasive Positive Thinking

18. Attribution Theory Positive Thinking

19. HOW DO PEOPLE MAKE ATTRIBUTIONS? Kelley said people consider 3 factors INTERNAL : personal EXTERNAL : situational STABLE : same outcome UNSTABLE : different outcome CONTROLLABLE : can be altered easily eg : efforts UNCONTROLLABLE : cannot be altered easily eg : intelligence Positive Thinking

20. ATTRIBUTION IN ACTION Positive Thinking EG - LITTERING

21. ATTRIBUTION IN HEALTH EG : MAMMOGRAPHY WOMEN IN TWO GROUPS WERE SHOWN TWO VIDEOS ONE EMPHASISING ON “ YOU” OTHER EMPHASISING ON “ YOUR DOCTOR” Positive Thinking

22. Attribution In Education Motivation LUCK - external unstable ABILITY - internal stable TASK DIFFICULTY - external stable EFFORT - internal unstable Positive Thinking

23. ATTRIBUTIONAL STYLE PESSIMISTIC EXPLANATORY STYLE OPTIMISTIC EXPLANATORY STYLE Positive Thinking

24. Pessimistic Explanatory Style When a bad event happens to a person he believes that nothing ever goes right for him Eg : I can’t draw animal I can’t draw anything (pessimistic) This results in feeling helpless and that you are unable to influence the event Positive Thinking

25. Optimistic Explanatory Style When a bad event happens to a person he believes that the bad event was temporary and that it has no influence on future event Eg : I am not good in drawing horse but I am good in drawing people (optimistic) This results in feeling hope and you are able to influence the event Positive Thinking

26. Positive Thinking

28. Explaining Misfortune Ultimate Pessimism How You Think How You Feel !

29. The Realms of Life SUCCESS AT WORK APTITUDE MOTIVATION OPTIMISM The Value of Pessimism Positive Thinking

30. Children and Parents: the Origins of Optimism Mother's Explanatory Style Adult Criticism : Teachers and Parents Children ’ s Life Crisis Positive Thinking

31. School Sports Health Positive Thinking

32. Positive Thinking

33. Changing: from Pessimism to Optimism “ ABCDE ” Theory A = Adverse event or situation B = Beliefs about that event C = Consequences of those beliefs D = Disputation and Distraction E = Energization Positive Thinking

34. Flexible optimism is tendency to face reality with a positive outlook without dwelling unduly on the negatives. It involves anticipating the best possible outcome in any situation. Flexible Optimism Positive Thinking

35. BENEFITS OF FLEXIBLE OPTIMISM Sense of control Realistic goals Level of stress Satisfaction Positive relationships Positive anticipation Patience Self esteem Positive Thinking

36. Sir Winston Churchill “ A pessimist sees the difficulty in every opportunity an optimist sees the opportunity; an optimist sees the opportunity in every difficulty ” Positive Thinking

37. ANY QUERIES

38. People deal too much with the negative, with what is wrong...Why not try and see positive things, to just touch those things and make them bloom? ” ----Thich Nhat Hanh (Vietnamese Monk) Positive Thinking