This document discusses classical conditioning and operant conditioning. Classical conditioning involves learning associations between stimuli through repeated pairing, such as Pavlov's dogs learning to associate the sound of a bell with food. Operant conditioning refers to changing behavior through reinforcement or punishment of responses. The document provides examples of classical conditioning experiments conducted by Ivan Pavlov on digestion in dogs and John Watson on fear responses in a baby known as Little Albert. It also discusses applications of conditioning principles in shaping behaviors.

1. Behaviorism & Classical Conditioning

2. Types of Learning
Classical conditioning: learning to link two stimuli in a way that helps us anticipate an event to which we have a reaction
Operant conditioning: changing behavior choices in response to consequences
Cognitive learning: acquiring new behaviors and information through observation and information, rather than by direct experience

3. We come to associate repeated exposure to two stimuli occurring in sequence.
Our natural response to one stimulus now can be triggered by the new, predictive stimulus.
Associative Learning:
Classical Conditioning
Here, our response to thunder becomes associated with lightning.
Stimulus 1: See lightning
Stimulus 2: Hear thunder
After Repetition
Stimulus: See lightning
Response: Cover ears to avoid sound

4. Associate “response” (behavior) with consequences.
Associative Learning: Operant Conditioning

5. Behaviorism
John B. Watson (1878-1958)
classical conditioning
 B.F. Skinner (1904-1990)
operant conditioning.
Applications in shaping human behavior:

6. Cognitive Learning
Cognitive learning occurs:
1.by observing events and the behavior of others.
2.by using language to acquire information about events experienced by others.

7. Ivan Pavlov’s Discovery
Salivating in response to:
just seeing the food.
seeing the dish.
seeing the person who brought the food.
just hearing that person’s footsteps.

8. Before Conditioning
No response
Neutral
stimulus (NS)
Neutral stimulus: a stimulus which does not trigger a response

9. Unconditioned response (UR):
dog salivates
Unconditioned stimulus (US): yummy dog food
Before Conditioning
Unconditioned stimulus and response: a stimulus which triggers a response naturally, before/without any conditioning

10. Unconditioned response (UR): dog salivates
Neutral
stimulus (NS)
Unconditioned
stimulus (US)
During Conditioning
The bell/tone (N.S.) is repeatedly presented with the food (U.S.).

11. Conditioned response: dog salivates
After Conditioning
Conditioned (formerly neutral) stimulus
The dog begins to salivate upon hearing the tone.
The UR and the CR are the same response, triggered by different events.
The NS and the CS are the same stimulus.

12. BELL  SALIVATE?
This is higher-order conditioning: turning a NS into a CS by associating it with another CS.
Higher-Order Conditioning

13. 13
Acquisition
What gets “acquired”?
How can we tell that acquisition has occurred?
Timing For the association to be acquired, the neutral stimulus (NS) needs to repeatedly appear right before the unconditioned stimulus (US).
Acquisition refers to the initial stage of learning/conditioning.

14. Acquisition and Extinction
Extinction refers to the diminishing of a conditioned response.

15. Spontaneous Recovery [Return of the CR]
•After extinction, presenting the tone alone might lead to a spontaneous recovery

16. Behavioral Therapies
Counterconditioning
•Classical Conditioning
1.Aversive Conditioning
2.Systematic desensitization
3.Flooding

17. Aversion therapy for alcoholics
Behavioral Therapies

18. Generalization vs. Discrimination
Generalization refers to the tendency to have conditioned responses triggered by related stimuli.
Discrimination refers to the learned ability to only respond to a specific stimuli, preventing generalization.
MORE stuff makes you drool.
LESS stuff makes you drool.

19. Insights about conditioning in general
•It occurs in all creatures.
•It is related to biological drives and responses.
Insights about science
•Learning can be studied objectively.
Insights from specific applications
•Substance abuse
•triggers can be avoided or associated with new responses.
Pavlov’s Legacy

20. Before Conditioning
NS: rat
No fear
UCS: steel bar hit with hammer
Natural reflex: fear
Little Albert Experiment

21. During Conditioning
NS: rat
UCS: steel bar hit with hammer
Natural reflex: fear
Little Albert Experiment

22. After Conditioning
NS: rat
Conditioned reflex: fear
Little Albert Experiment