This document discusses different types of learning, including classical conditioning, operant conditioning, and cognitive and social learning. Classical conditioning involves forming associations between stimuli through experiences, as demonstrated through Ivan Pavlov's famous dog experiments. Operant conditioning refers to learning through rewards and punishments, where behaviors are strengthened or weakened based on their consequences. Cognitive and social learning involves learning through observation, insight, and modeling behaviors observed in others.

1. Learning

2. Learning A relatively permanent change in behavior that results from experience Types Classical conditioning Operant conditioning Cognitive and social learning

3. Classical Conditioning: Examples Sound of a dentist’s drill: sweaty palms Sight of significant other: smiling Smell of a certain beverage: nausea Noise of a can opener: cat comes running How does this happen?

4. Pavlov’s Observation Classical condition was discovered (accidentally) by Ivan Pavlov Studied digestion in dogs Presented meat powder and measured salivation Dogs started salivating before food was presented Why?

5. Classical Conditioning Components Unconditioned Stimulus (US) Unconditioned Response (UR) Conditioned Stimulus (CS) Conditioned Response (CR)

6. Pavlov’s Experiment: Phase 1 Food (US): salivation (UR) Reflexive response Tone: nothing

7. Pavlov’s Experiment: Phase 2 CS is repeatedly paired with the US A tone is sounded before the food is presented Acquisition

8. Pavlov’s Experiment: Phase 3 Eventually, the CS elicits a new CR Classical conditioning is complete when hearing the tone by itself causes salivation

9. Examples of Classical Conditioning Classical Condition at BGSU Classical Condition at the Office

10. Classical Conditioning Can you condition salivation

11. CS and US Presentation Different Presentation Types Delayed conditioning CS occurs before and during Trace conditioning CS ends before presentation of the US Backward conditioning US comes first followed by CS Simultaneous conditioning CS and US at the same time

12. Classical Conditioning: Conditioned Emotional Response Conditioned emotional response Phobias Little Albert Biological preparedness Contrapreparedness Easy to develop a snake phobia Hard to develop a car door phobia

13. Classical Conditioning Extinction Renewal Spontaneous recovery

14. Classical Conditioning Stimulus generalization Stimulus discrimination

15. Higher Order Conditioning Pair CS 1 with a new CS 2 CS 2 : CR But, CR will be weaker

16. Associative Learning This involves an organism making a connection (or ‘association’) between a particular situation and a particular response. $$$$ = Happiness $$$$ = Sex $$$$ = Love

17. Dissecting Classical Conditioning Learning to be afraid Information registers in the brain Amygdala reacts Hippocampus helps store associations with context Sets of neurons become linked

18. Classical Conditioning Applied Drug overdoses Conditioned compensatory response Smoking: environmental cues Therapy: systematic desensitization Advertising: sex appeal Anticipatory nausea Conditioning and the immune system

19. Types of Learning Classical conditioning Operant conditioning Cognitive and social learning

20. Operant Conditioning: Examples Tantrums are punished: fewer tantrums Tantrums bring attention: more tantrums Slot machine pays out: gamble more Reward dog for sitting: dog is likely to sit How does this happen?

21. Operant Conditioning: Skinner Box

22. Example of Operant Conditioning B. F. Skinner

23. Operant Conditioning: Principles Positive Reinforcement: Behavior is increased because it is followed by rewarding stimulus. Give a compliment, get a kiss give; you begin to give more compliments. Negative Reinforcement : Behavior is increased because a negative stimulus is removed. Nag your roommate to clean, stop nagging when your roommate cleans; your roommate cleans more to avoid nagging. Positive Punishment: Behavior is decreased because it is followed by negative stimulus. You boss yells at you for arriving late; you arrive on time next time. Negative Punishment: Behavior is decreased because rewarding stimulus is removed. You BF/GF won’t kiss you because you smoke; you begin to smoke less.

24. Beyond Basic Reinforcement Generalization Discrimination Discriminative stimulus Extinction Spontaneous recovery Shaping Successive approximations Rat Basketball

25. Reinforcement Schedules Continuous Partial Fixed interval Variable interval Fixed ratio Variable ratio

26. Classical vs. Operant Conditioning Classical conditioning Learned association between US and CS Organism is passive Responses elicited Operant conditioning Associate response and reinforcement Organism is active Responses emitted Shared features Extinction and spontaneous recovery Generalization and discrimination

27. Types of Learning Classical conditioning Operant conditioning Cognitive and social learning

28. Cognitive Learning Insight learning “ Aha” experience Sultan the chimpanzee

29. Observational Learning Bandura’s social learning theory Bobo doll study Modeling Learning from models

30. Observational Learning Violence on TV 57% of programs contain violence 73% of perpetrators receive no punishment No harm to victim in almost half of the violent interactions 58% of victims show no pain 4% of violent programs show nonviolent solutions Video games