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Chlamydia Edited.pptx , Chlamydia trachomatis
- 2. CONTENTS ■ Introduction ■ Theory ■ Diagnosis ■ Management ■ Complication
- 3. Introduction Chlamydiae are Gram-negative, obligate intracellular pathogens and symbionts of diverse organisms, ranging from humans to amoebae . The best- studied group in the Chlamydiae phylum is the Chlamydiaceae family, which comprises 11 species that are pathogenic to humans or animals . Some species that are pathogenic to animals, such as the avian pathogen Chlamydia psittaci, can be transmitted to humans . The mouse pathogen Chlamydia muridarum is a useful model of genital tract infections . Chlamydia trachomatis and Chlamydia pneumoniae, the major species that infect humans, are responsible for a wide range of diseases Epidemiology
- 4. Gram stain of urethral discharge
- 5. Pap smear showing chlamydia infection
- 6. Chlamydia trachomatis in McCoy cell culture
- 7. Theory Aetiology Infections are caused by the bacterium Chlamydia trachomatis. Chlamydia is almost always transmitted by sexual contact. The bacterium may cause symptoms, but in most people the infection is asymptomatic.
- 8. Theory Pathophysiology Chlamydia trachomatis is a small Gram-negative bacterium that lives as an obligate intracellular parasite. It has two life-cycle phases. During the first phase, the organism enters the cell and forms large inclusion bodies called elementary bodies. The elementary bodies re- organise into smaller, reticulate bodies. The reticulate bodies replicate and mature back into elementary bodies. Once the maturation is complete, the cell ruptures within 2 to 3 days. The free bacteria then penetrate other cells to continue the replication process . Due to this unique life-cycle, the organism cannot be cultured on artificial media. After exposure to C trachomatis, the incubation period is usually 7 to 21 days. Infection in the urogenital tract leads to urethral inflammation or cervical inflammation in women. In some cases, the infection can migrate up into the reproductive tract in women and cause an infection in the pelvis, pelvic inflammatory disease (PID), or peri-hepatitis (Fitzhugh- Curtis' syndrome). In men, ascension of the infection can lead to epididymitis or prostatitis.
- 10. Theory Classification Serotypes L1, L2, L3 Lymphogranuloma venereum (LGV): more invasive serotype causing genital ulcer and/or inguinal lymphadenopathy, or proctitis with rectal infection. Serotypes A, B, Ba, C Ocular trachoma Serotypes B, Ba, D through to K Oculogenital disease in adults and children, infant pneumonia.
- 11. Diagnosis History and exam • Presence of risk factors • Asymptomatic • Cervical discharge • Friabe cervix • Abnormal vaginal bleeding • Penile discharge • Vaginal discharge
- 14. Opthalmia neonatorum due to chlamydia infection
- 16. Diagnosis Investigation • Nucleic acid amplication test (NAAT) • Direct immunoassay • Enzyme immunoassay • Nucleic acid hybridisation tests • Cell culture
- 17. Diagnosis Diffentials • Lymphogranuloma venereum • Gonorrhea infection • Bacterial vaginosis • Vaginal candidiasis • Trichomonas vaginitis • Mycoplasma infection • Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) • Persistent or refractory urethritis in men
- 19. Management
- 20. Complication • Epidydimitis • Reactive arthritis • Opthalmia neonatorum • Chlamydia pneumonia • Ectopic pregnancy • Infertility • Cervical cancer • Pelic inflammatory disease (PID)
- 22. THANKS!