Entamoeba histolytica was first discovered by Losch in 1875.
It is worldwide distribution.
It is prevalent in tropical and subtropical countries where sanitary conditions are poor.
In india, it is prevalent in Chandigarh, Tamil Nadu & Maharashtra.
It is found in the colon of man.
It is monogenetic because the whole life cycle completed within a single host, i.e. man.
LUMEN DWELLING FLAGELLATES - GIARDIA
REFS:
INTERNATIONALLY ACCEPTED BOOK OF MEDICAL PARASITOLOGY BY K. D. CHATTERJEE
TEXT BOOK OF MEDICAL PARASITOLOGY BY PANIKER
IMAGE SOURCES : FROM INTERNET
LUMEN DWELLING FLAGELLATES - GIARDIA
REFS:
INTERNATIONALLY ACCEPTED BOOK OF MEDICAL PARASITOLOGY BY K. D. CHATTERJEE
TEXT BOOK OF MEDICAL PARASITOLOGY BY PANIKER
IMAGE SOURCES : FROM INTERNET
Microbiology of E coli giving basic of Escherichia coli, its morphology, cultural and biochemical characteristics, Antigenic character, pathogenesis, laboratory diagnosis, prevention and control
Wuchereria Bancrofti, the adult worm or parasites and its embryo microfilariae . The studies of microbiology. Its about Introduction, morphology, life cycle, pathogenesis, diagnosis and treatment
pseudomonas aeruginosa is one of the leading cause of hospital-associated infection. mainly Pseudomonas is a multi drug resistant bacteria.
they are oxidase positive, non fermenters, strictly aerobic bacteria.
they are pigment producing, pigment can be appreciated on nutrient agar.
Microbiology of E coli giving basic of Escherichia coli, its morphology, cultural and biochemical characteristics, Antigenic character, pathogenesis, laboratory diagnosis, prevention and control
Wuchereria Bancrofti, the adult worm or parasites and its embryo microfilariae . The studies of microbiology. Its about Introduction, morphology, life cycle, pathogenesis, diagnosis and treatment
pseudomonas aeruginosa is one of the leading cause of hospital-associated infection. mainly Pseudomonas is a multi drug resistant bacteria.
they are oxidase positive, non fermenters, strictly aerobic bacteria.
they are pigment producing, pigment can be appreciated on nutrient agar.
Classification of medical parasitology Lec.2.pptxnedalalazzwy
Parasitology is the scientific discipline concerned with the study of the biology of parasites and parasitic diseases, including the distribution, biochemistry, physiology, molecular biology, ecology, evolution and clinical aspects of parasites, including the host response to these agents.
Entamoeba histolytica. Medical parasitology pptxosmanolow
Medical parasitology traditionally has included the study of three major groups of animals: parasitic protozoa, parasitic helminths (worms), and those arthropods that directly cause disease or act as vectors of various pathogens. A parasite is a pathogen that simultaneously injures and derives sustenance from its hos
Microbial biotechnology is the use of microorganisms to obtain an economically valuable product or activity at a commercial or large scale.
Like any other man-made technology, microbial biotechnology has both positive and negative effects on the environment.
Biotechnology may carry more risk than other scientific fields: microbes are tiny and difficult to detect, but the dangers are potentially vast.
The use of biotechnical methods—including genetically-engineered microorganisms—is indispensable for the manufacture of many products essential to mankind.
For better or for worse, it is the mankind's task to tackle the problems that are associated with the use of this technology, and which to a high degree are located in the field of unwanted environmental impacts.
The use of biotechnology should be restricted to enhancing the quality of life for plants, animals and human beings only. Anything beyond that is unnatural and highly disastrous to us.
AMR & Alternative Stratergies - MicrobiologySijo A
Antibiotic resistance poses one of the most important health challenges of the 21st century.
The rise of multidrug-resistant bacteria has already led to a significant increase in human disease and death.
The U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention estimates that approximately 2.8 million people worldwide are infected with antibiotic-resistant bacteria, accounting for 35,000 deaths each year in the U.S. and 700,000 deaths around the globe.
When a pathogen enters the body, it’s confronted by elements of the innate immune system, which constitute the first line of defense.
Once breached, the adaptive response takes over, but it typically takes few days to be effective.
Immunity is the processes that occur to defend the body against foreign organisms or molecules.
Immunity includes:
Inflammation.
Complement activation.
Phagocytosis.
Antibody synthesis.
Effector T lymphocytes.
Obligate intracellular, unable to self-replicate.
Once inside living cells, viruses induce the host cell to synthesize virus particles.
The genome is either DNA or RNA (single or double stranded).
Viruses do not have a system to produce ATP.
Viruses range in size from 25 to 270 nm.
Viral tropism!!
The classification of viruses is based on nucleic acid type, size and shape of virion, and presence or absence of an envelope.
Viral Structure
I . Virion is the entire viral particle.
2. Capsid is the protein coat that encloses the genetic material.
3. Capsomer is the protein subunit that makes up the capsid.
4. Nucleocapsid is composed of the capsid and genetic material.
5. The envelope is the outer coating composed of a phospholipid bilayer, which is composed of viral-encoded glycoproteins and sometimes viral encoded matrix proteins. The envelope is derived from a host cell's membrane.
Some viruses use the plasma membrane, whereas others use endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi, or nuclear membranes. Naked nucleocapsids are viruses with no envelopes.
Gram reaction & characteristics:
Gram +ve cocci arrange in clusters (grape-like), non-motile.
Habitat:
Flora in the anterior nares (10-60% of population), nasopharynx, perineal area, skin & mucosa.
Virulence factor:
Protein A (binds Fc portion of IgG), coagulase (forms fibrin coat around organism) hemolysins, leukocidins (destroy RBCs and WBCs), hyaluronidase (breaks down connective tissue), staphylokinase (lyses formed clots), lipase (breaks down fat), Toxic shock syndrome toxin.
Disease:
Causes food poisoning (via enterotoxin), pneumonia, meningitis, osteomyelitis, septic arthritis bacteremia, endocarditis, wounds, abscesses, suppurative cutaneous infections, staphylococcal scalded skin syndrome, boils (carbuncles), furuncles, sinusitis, otitis media, folliculitis, impetigo, scalded skin syndrome (SSS), Tricuspid valve endocarditis (TVIE)> affects IV drug users.
Produces six types of enterotoxin and toxic shock syndrome toxin-1 (TSST-1)> TSS (fever, diarrhea, kidney failure, fever, headache). Ritter’s disease in newborn (severe form of scalded skin syndrome in neonates).
S. aureus is a leading cause of osteomyelitis in children and adults.
Habitat:
large intestine.
Disease:
Amoebic dysentery, Amebic colitis, ulcers (flask shape), amoebic liver abscess (ALA)> Extraintestinal amebiasis. Abdominal cramping, anorexia, fatigue, and diarrhea. Additional conditions include infections of the spleen, brain, and lungs.
Host:
Human is the definitive host.
Infective stage:
Mature cyst: 8 to 22 μm, spherical, One to four nuclei. Chromatoid body.
Diagnostic stage:
1. Cyst.
2. Trophozoite: 5 to 70 μm, Pseudopods, directional motility, One nucleus. Cytoplasm may contain red blood cell (diagnostic).
Mode of transmission:
Cysts are ingested via contaminated food or water.
“mykos” meaning mushroom.
Mycology is the study of fungi.
The fungi possess rigid cell walls:
Chitin and ergosterol, mannan and other polysaccharides.
Beta-glucan is most important, because it is the target of antifungal drug caspofungin.
Fungi are eukaryotic organisms VS bacteria (prokaryotic).
The cell membrane of fungus contains ergosterol, unlike human cell membrane which contains cholesterol.
Most fungi are obligate aerobes or facultative anaerobes, but none are obligate anaerobes.
The natural habitat of most fungi is environment, require a preformed organic source of carbon, association with decaying matter.
C. albicans is an exception!!!
Since antigen and antibody reactions are specific, they can be used to identify each other.
These diagnostic tests are particularly useful in diagnosing for examples: infectious diseases, autoimmune diseases, and in typing of blood and tissues prior to transplantation.
Specimens for bacteriology investigation should be forwarded as soon as possible to the laboratory in leak-proof, sterile containers.
Neutral glycerol saline should be added to stool sample if there is any delay before laboratory examination.
Complete early morning urine specimen (250 ml), for diagnosis of renal tuberculosis.
Plain tube (blood) for serology.
Blood clot may be cultured by adding a selective culture medium, e.g., for enteric organisms.
Blood for blood culture (blood culture bottle, liquid, 5 to 19ml, 50 ml). The blood is injected by insertion of syringe needle through a hole in the cap and through the central rubber or plastic liner. Don’t remove the cap. Blood culture at RT, not more than 12 hrs.
For serous fluids collection (pleural fluid), universal container is used.
Sputum collected in wide-mouthed disposable container.
Anaerobic Gram-Positive Spore-Forming BacilliSijo A
Gram reaction & characteristics:
Gram positive or gram variable bacilli, sore forming, obligate anaerobe, non-motile. brick-shaped rods/box car. Spores rarely seen. Spores are subterminal but difficult to induce.
Habitat:
Common inhabitant of the colon.
Virulence factor:
Produces several exotoxins; alphatoxin, the most important, mediates destruction of host cell membranes; enterotoxin inserts and disrupts membranes of mucosal cells; beta-toxin is a cytotoxin. Hemolysin, necrotizing toxin.
Disease:
Cellulitis, gas gangrene.
Alpha toxin (lecithinase) → muscle cell necrosis, degradative enzymes → subcutaneous gas bubbles → crepitus myonecrosis with crepitus (crackles), gangrenous muscles → black fluid exudate leaking from skin.
Post-abortion sepsis, abdominal infections, and enterocolitis, septicemia.
Most medically important family of non–spore-forming gram-negative rods.
Most species are normal flora of the GI tract. Salmonella, Shigella, and Yersinia are not normal GI flora.
Major cause of nosocomial infections
Diseases include UTIs, gastroenteritis, septicemia, food poisoning, wound infections, peritonitis, pneumonia, and meningitis
The family exhibits four serological characteristics:
O (somatic) antigen-A cell wall antigen-LPS (heat stable), Used for serological grouping of Salmonella & Shigella.
K (envelope) antigen-Capsular antigen (heat labile)
H (flagellar) antigen-Flagellar antigen-protein (heat labile), Used to serotype Salmonella.
Vi antigen-Capsular antigen of Salmonella Typhi-polysaccharide (heat labile), Role in preventing phagocytosis, may mask O Ag, removed by heating.
Enterobacteriaceae are facultative anaerobes, ferment glucose. Positive nitrate and catalase, non-hemolytic. Except for Plesiomonas, they are oxidase negative.
Adenoviruses:
Transmission:
Respiratory, fecal-oral, and direct contact (eye).
Site of latency:
Replication in oropharynx.
Disease:
Acute respiratory disease, Pharyngitis, pharyngoconjunctival fever, keratoconjunctivitis, pneumonia, hemorrhagic cystitis, disseminated disease, and gastroenteritis in children.
Diagnosis:
Cell culture (HEp-2 and other continuous human epithelial lines), enzyme immunoassay (EIA) for gastroenteritis serotypes 40-41.
Prevention:
Vaccine (adenovirus serotypes 4 and 7) for military recruits.
Note:
Adenoviruses has a role as vectors in gene therapy, deliver DNA for gene replacement therapy in few genetic disorders, such as cystic fibrosis.
Non-enveloped. All DNA viruses replicate in the nucleus, except Poxvirus which replicate in the cytoplasm.
The only viruses having a fiber protruding from each of the 12 vertices of the capsid.
Aerobic Non-Spore-Forming Gram-Positive BacilliSijo A
Disease: listeriosis.
L. monocytogenes causes a variety of infections in neonates, pregnant women, and immunosuppressed patients.
CNS infections: meningitis, encephalitis, brain abscess, spinal cord infections.
Neonatal:
Early onset: Granulomatosis infantisepticum—in utero infection disseminated systemically that causes stillbirth.
Late onset: Bacterial meningitis.
Food poisoning, bacteremia.
Mode of transmission:
Direct contact: Human gastrointestinal tract, ingestion of contaminated food, such as meat and dairy products.
Endogenous strain: Colonized mothers may pass organism to fetus. Portal of entry is probably from gastrointestinal tract to blood and in some instances from blood to meninges.
Biofilms are common in the natural world.
Biofilms are a collective of one or more types of microorganisms that can grow on many different surfaces.
The vast majority of the earth’s microorganisms (99 %) live in biofilms.
Microorganisms that form biofilms include bacteria, fungi, algae and some enteric viruses.
The biofilm matrix is an important part of the biofilm containing the microbial cells, exopolysaccharides, and water.
Usually, the microbial cells in a biofilm are embedded in the extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) Produced by themselves which is also called Slime.
EPS contains extracellular DNA, proteins, and polysaccharides which form slime.
Microbial cells in the biofilm are different from the planktonic cells that are single cells and can float on a liquid medium.
Introduction to the science of plant pathology, its objectives, scope and historical background. Classification of plant diseases, symptoms, signs, and related terminology. Parasitic causes of plant diseases (fungi, bacteria, viruses, phytoplasma, protozoa, algae and flowering parasitic plants), their characteristics and classification. Non-parasitic causes of plant diseases. Infection process. Survival and dispersal of plant pathogens. Plant disease epidemiology, forecasting and disease assessment. Principles and methods of plant disease management. Integrated plant disease management.
Pathogen related proteins of inequality are proteins are structurally diverse group of plant proteins that are toxic to invading fungal pathogen
They are widely distributed in plants in trace amounts, but are produced in much greater concentration in pathogen attack on stress full.
PR proteins are either extremely acidic or extremely basic and therefore a highly soluble and reactive.
these are low molecular weight proteins which accumulate 2 significant level in infected plant tissues.
Fungi (singular: fungus) are a kingdom of usually multicellular eukaryotic organisms that are heterotrophs (cannot make their own food) and have important roles in nutrient cycling in an ecosystem. Fungi reproduce both sexually and asexually, and they also have symbiotic associations with plants and bacteria.
Botany is the science and art of studying plants, that carry
out photosynthesis. Botany includes a wide range of scientific sub disciplines
t h a t s t u d y t h e s t r u c t u r e , g r o w t h , r e p r o d u c t i o n ,
metabolism, development, diseases, ecology and
evolution of plants. The study of plants is important because they are a
fundamental part of life on Earth, generating food, oxygen, fuel,
medicine and fibers that allow other life forms to exist. Through
photosynthesis they absorb carbon dioxide, a waste
product generated by most animals and a greenhouse gas that
contributes to global warming.
Infectious diseases are mainly caused by
microbes.
These are small microorganisms which are
invisible with the naked eye.
They mainly include bacteria, virus, fungi
and parasites.
The symptoms caused by infection depends
on
the location.
Nature of the infection
Type of the microbe
Analysis Analysis Analysis Analysisof the entire entire entire protein protein proteinproteincomplementcomplement complement complement of acell, cell, tissue, tissue, tissue, or organism organism organism under under aspecific, specific, specific, defined defined set of conditions conditions conditions .
• Relies Relies Relies on 3basic technological technological technological technological technological cornerstones cornerstones cornerstones cornerstones
• MethodMethod MethodMethod to fractionatefractionate fractionatefractionate fractionatefractionate complexcomplex complex protein/protein/ protein/ protein/ peptide peptide peptidemixturesmixtures mixtures
• MS to acquire acquire the data data necessary necessary to identify identify identifyidentifyindividual individual individual individualproteins proteins
• Bioinformatics Bioinformatics Bioinformatics Bioinformatics Bioinformatics Bioinformatics Bioinformaticsto analyze analyze and assemble assemble the MS data
Report Back from SGO 2024: What’s the Latest in Cervical Cancer?bkling
Are you curious about what’s new in cervical cancer research or unsure what the findings mean? Join Dr. Emily Ko, a gynecologic oncologist at Penn Medicine, to learn about the latest updates from the Society of Gynecologic Oncology (SGO) 2024 Annual Meeting on Women’s Cancer. Dr. Ko will discuss what the research presented at the conference means for you and answer your questions about the new developments.
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar leads (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/lK81BzxMqdo
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/Ve4P0COk9OI
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
Explore natural remedies for syphilis treatment in Singapore. Discover alternative therapies, herbal remedies, and lifestyle changes that may complement conventional treatments. Learn about holistic approaches to managing syphilis symptoms and supporting overall health.
Tom Selleck Health: A Comprehensive Look at the Iconic Actor’s Wellness Journeygreendigital
Tom Selleck, an enduring figure in Hollywood. has captivated audiences for decades with his rugged charm, iconic moustache. and memorable roles in television and film. From his breakout role as Thomas Magnum in Magnum P.I. to his current portrayal of Frank Reagan in Blue Bloods. Selleck's career has spanned over 50 years. But beyond his professional achievements. fans have often been curious about Tom Selleck Health. especially as he has aged in the public eye.
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Introduction
Many have been interested in Tom Selleck health. not only because of his enduring presence on screen but also because of the challenges. and lifestyle choices he has faced and made over the years. This article delves into the various aspects of Tom Selleck health. exploring his fitness regimen, diet, mental health. and the challenges he has encountered as he ages. We'll look at how he maintains his well-being. the health issues he has faced, and his approach to ageing .
Early Life and Career
Childhood and Athletic Beginnings
Tom Selleck was born on January 29, 1945, in Detroit, Michigan, and grew up in Sherman Oaks, California. From an early age, he was involved in sports, particularly basketball. which played a significant role in his physical development. His athletic pursuits continued into college. where he attended the University of Southern California (USC) on a basketball scholarship. This early involvement in sports laid a strong foundation for his physical health and disciplined lifestyle.
Transition to Acting
Selleck's transition from an athlete to an actor came with its physical demands. His first significant role in "Magnum P.I." required him to perform various stunts and maintain a fit appearance. This role, which he played from 1980 to 1988. necessitated a rigorous fitness routine to meet the show's demands. setting the stage for his long-term commitment to health and wellness.
Fitness Regimen
Workout Routine
Tom Selleck health and fitness regimen has evolved. adapting to his changing roles and age. During his "Magnum, P.I." days. Selleck's workouts were intense and focused on building and maintaining muscle mass. His routine included weightlifting, cardiovascular exercises. and specific training for the stunts he performed on the show.
Selleck adjusted his fitness routine as he aged to suit his body's needs. Today, his workouts focus on maintaining flexibility, strength, and cardiovascular health. He incorporates low-impact exercises such as swimming, walking, and light weightlifting. This balanced approach helps him stay fit without putting undue strain on his joints and muscles.
Importance of Flexibility and Mobility
In recent years, Selleck has emphasized the importance of flexibility and mobility in his fitness regimen. Understanding the natural decline in muscle mass and joint flexibility with age. he includes stretching and yoga in his routine. These practices help prevent injuries, improve posture, and maintain mobilit
NVBDCP.pptx Nation vector borne disease control programSapna Thakur
NVBDCP was launched in 2003-2004 . Vector-Borne Disease: Disease that results from an infection transmitted to humans and other animals by blood-feeding arthropods, such as mosquitoes, ticks, and fleas. Examples of vector-borne diseases include Dengue fever, West Nile Virus, Lyme disease, and malaria.
Prix Galien International 2024 Forum ProgramLevi Shapiro
June 20, 2024, Prix Galien International and Jerusalem Ethics Forum in ROME. Detailed agenda including panels:
- ADVANCES IN CARDIOLOGY: A NEW PARADIGM IS COMING
- WOMEN’S HEALTH: FERTILITY PRESERVATION
- WHAT’S NEW IN THE TREATMENT OF INFECTIOUS,
ONCOLOGICAL AND INFLAMMATORY SKIN DISEASES?
- ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND ETHICS
- GENE THERAPY
- BEYOND BORDERS: GLOBAL INITIATIVES FOR DEMOCRATIZING LIFE SCIENCE TECHNOLOGIES AND PROMOTING ACCESS TO HEALTHCARE
- ETHICAL CHALLENGES IN LIFE SCIENCES
- Prix Galien International Awards Ceremony
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN HEALTHCARE.pdfAnujkumaranit
Artificial intelligence (AI) refers to the simulation of human intelligence processes by machines, especially computer systems. It encompasses tasks such as learning, reasoning, problem-solving, perception, and language understanding. AI technologies are revolutionizing various fields, from healthcare to finance, by enabling machines to perform tasks that typically require human intelligence.
Ozempic: Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists Saeid Safari
Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists like Ozempic and Semiglutide
ASA GUIDELINE
NYSORA Guideline
2 Case Reports of Gastric Ultrasound
2. REFERENCE
Bailey & Scotts; Diagnostic Microbiology
Paniker’s Textbook of Medical Parasitology
Apoorba S Sastry & Sandya Bhatt; Essentials of medical
microbiology
3. Entamoeba histolytica was first discovered by Losch in 1875.
It is worldwide distribution.
It is prevalent in tropical and subtropical countries where
sanitary conditions are poor.
In india, it is prevalent in Chandigarh, Tamil Nadu &
Maharashtra.
It is found in the colon of man.
It is monogenetic because the whole life cycle completed
within a single host, i.e. man.
ENTAMOEBA HISTOLYTICA
4. MORPHOLOGY
1. Trophozoite
It is small & irregular in shape.
The cytoplasm of amoeba is bounded by membrane and it is
differentiated into outer ectoplasm and inner endoplasm.
The endoplasm contain nucleus, food vacoules, erythrocytes,
leukocytes and tissue debris.
• It exists in three forms.
1. Trophozoite
2. Precyst
3. Cyst
5. The locomotory organ is pseudopodia.
The typical amoeboid motility is crawling or gliding
movement.
The nucleus contain central karyosome surrounded by clear
halo and it gives cartwheel appearance.
They divide by binary fission.
They are killed by drying, heat and chemical sterilisation.
2. Pre-cyst
The pre-cyst formation occurs in intestinal lumen.
It is oval in shape.
It contain glycogen vacoule and two
chromatid bar.
6. 3. Cyst
o It is the mature cyst.
o It is spherical in shape.
o It contain 4 nuclei, hence it is called quadrinucleate.
o Glycogen vacoule and chromatid bars are absent.
o It is resistant to gastric juice.
Pathogenesis & Clinical Features
1. Intestinal Amoebiasis
o Here the infection is limited to large intestine.
o The metacystic trophozoites enters the intestinal epithelium
through Crypts of Liberkuhn.
o The trophozoites releases histolysin enzyme which brings
about the destruction, necrosis and abscess of the tissue.
o It results amoebic ulcer.
7. Clinical features
The stool is large, foul-smelling, brownish black with mucus
and blood and it is called Amoebic dysentery.
The incubation period is 1-4 months.
2. Extra Intestinal Amoebiasis
a) Hepatic Amoebiasis
o It is the inflammation of the liver.
o It occurs due to the repeated invasion of amoeba from
ulcerated gut through blood stream.
o Liver contain thick chocolate brown pus.
8. b) Pulmonary Amoebiasis
o It is the inflammation of the right lung.
o It occurs due to the repeated invasion of amoeba from liver
through blood stream.
o It results chocolate brown sputum.
c) Metastatic Amoebiasis
o It involves kidney, brain, spleen & adrenals.
d) Cutaneous Amoebiasis
o It involves destruction of skin around anus.
e) Genitourinary Amoebiasis
o It involves amoebic vaginitis or amoebic ulcer on penis.
9.
10. DIAGNOSIS
1. Microscopic examination of stool, pus & sputum.
2. Liver biopsy
3. Serodiagnosis include IHA Test, Latex Agglutination test and ELISA.
4. Demonstration of ghost cells, pyknotic bodies and CL crystals.
Their presence indicates that the immune response arised due to
parasitic infection.
TREATMENT
1. Administration of Metronidazole, Tinidazole, Paromomycin,
Iodoquinal.
2. Oral rehydration & electrolyte replacement should be done
wherever necessary.