Drug delivery system- Nanotechnology.pptx

DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEM OF
NANOPARTICLE- CLASSICAL AND
CONTEMPORARY VIEW
Presented by Dr.Vaishnavi B R
1st
year PG Scholar
Guided by- Department of Rasa shastra
and Bhaishajya kalpana
Ayurveda Mahavidyalaya Hubballi.

CONTENTS
 Introduction
 Introduction to Nanotechnology
 Definition
 Classification of nanomaterials and nanoparticles.
 Nanotechnology based Drug delivery system.
 Advantages of Nanotechnology based Drug delivery system.
 Nanotechnology and Ayurveda
 Research articles
 Discussion
 Conclusion.

INTRODUCTION
 Ayurveda is thousands of years old medical system in India.
 Various herbs, metal and non-metal preparations are used as medicine in Ayurveda.
 The Bhasma (incinerated metals) is obtained by repeated putas for several times till
siddhi lakshanas are attained. In this process the toxic effects of the metals are not only
nullified but are transformed into biologically active nanoparticles in their potentiated
form for therapeutic use.
 Nanotechnology is the study of extremely small structures which covers the diverse
area of matters at dimensions which are approximately between 1 to 100 nanometers.
(1 nm = 10 9
−
metre).
 The nanoparticles are a miracle invention of the century that has opened novel
avenues of applications in various fields.
 Nanomedicine is the relevance of nanotechnology in the area of healthcare, diagnosis,
cure and prevention of disease which is relatively a new field of science and
technology.
 Nanotechnology is the newly emerging field in the medical sciences. Ayurvedic
medications and therapies are getting in trend because of their safety and efficacy.

INTRODUCTION TO NANOTECHNOLOGY
 Nanotechnology refers to the branch of science and engineering devoted to designing, producing, and
using structures, devices, and systems by manipulating atoms and molecules at nanoscale, i.e. having
one or more dimensions of the order of 100 nanometers .
 The American physicist and Nobel Prize laureate Richard Feynman introduced the concept of
nanotechnology in 1959.
 It involves the creation and utilization of chemical, physical, and biological systems with structural
features between single atoms or molecules.
 Nanotechnology has the potential to impact various industrial sectors, such as information and
communications, food technology, and energy technology, as well as medical products and medicines.
 The applications of nanotechnology can be very beneficial, but they may also present new health risks
due to the unique properties of nanomaterials.
 Nanoscience and nanotechnology have a wide range of applications, including nanomedicine, and
have been the subject of growing public awareness and controversy since the early 2000s.

SOME DEFINITIONS
 Nanoscale: having one or more dimensions of the order of 100 nm or
less.
 Nanomaterial: material with one or more external dimensions, or an
internal structure, which could exhibit novel characteristics compared to
the same material without nanoscale features.
 Nanoparticle: particle with one or more dimensions at the nanoscale.
 Nanocomposite: composite in which at least one of the phases has at
least one dimension on the nanoscale.
 Nanostructured: having a structure at the nanoscale.

DIFFERENCE BETWEEN NANOSCIENCE AND
NANOTECHNOLOGY
 Nanoscience is a convergence of physics,
material science and biology, which deal
with manipulation of materials at atomic and molecular scales.
WHILE
 Nanotechnology is the ability to
Observe, measure, manipulate,
assemble, control, and manufacture
matter at the nanometer scale.

CLASSIFICATION OF NANOMATERIALS
 The key elements of nanotechnology are the nanomaterials.
 Nanomaterials are defined as materials where at least one of their dimensions is in the
nanoscale, i.e. smaller than 100 nm. Based on their dimensions, nanomaterials are
placed into four different classes.
 (1)Zero-dimensional nanomaterials (0-D): the nanomaterials in this class have all
their three dimensions in the nanoscale range.
Examples are quantum dots, fullerenes, and nanoparticles.
 (2)One-dimensional nanomaterials (1-D): the nanomaterials in this class have one
dimension outside the nanoscale.
Examples are nanotubes, nanofibers, nanorods, nanowires, and nanohorns.

 (3)Two-dimensional nanomaterials (2-D): the nanomaterials in this class have
two dimensions outside the nanoscale.
Examples are nanosheets, nanofilms, and nanolayers.
 (4)Three-dimensional nanomaterials (3-D) or bulk nanomaterials: in this class
the materials are not confined to the nanoscale in any dimension.This class
contains bulk powders, dispersions of nanoparticles, arrays of nanowires and
nanotubes, etc.

CLASSIFICATION OF NANO PARTICLES
Based on their composition,
NPs are generally placed into three classes:
1. Organic,
2. Carbon-based
3. Inorganic.
1. Organic NPs
This class comprises NPs that are made of proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, polymers, or any other
organic compounds .
The most prominent examples of this class are dendrimers, liposomes, micelles, and protein
complexes such as ferritin .
These NPs are typically non-toxic, bio-degradable,e.g., for liposomes, have a hollow core.
 Types of organic NPs.
A Dendrimers
B liposomes
C micelles and
D ferritin

 Organic NPs are sensitive to thermal and electromagnetic radiation such as heat and
light.
 In addition, they are often formed by non-covalent intermolecular interactions, which
makes them more liable in nature and offers a route for clearance from the body .
 There are different parameters that determine the potential field of application of
organic NPs, e.g., composition, surface morphology, stability, carrying capacity, etc.
 Today, organic NPs are mostly used in the biomedical field in targeted drug delivery
and cancer therapy .
Types of organic nanoparticles: a
polymeric nanoparticles, b liposomes, c
micelles, d dendrimers, and e solid lipid
nanoparticles

2. Carbon-based NPs
 This class comprises NPs that are made solely from carbon atoms
 Famous examples of this class are fullerenes, carbon black NPs, and carbon quantum
dots.
 Carbon-based NPs are used in a wide range of application such as drug delivery ,
energy storage , bioimaging devices, and environmental sensing applications to
monitor microbial ecology or to detect microbial pathogens.
 Nanodiamonds and carbon nano anions are more complex, carbon-based NPs. Due to
their characteristic low toxicity and biocompatibility, they are used in drug delivery
and tissue engineering applications. .
 Different types of carbon-based NPs.-
 A C60 fullerene.
 B carbon black NPs
 C carbon quantum dots.

3. INORGANIC NPS
 This class comprises NPs that are not made of carbon or organic materials.
 The typical examples of this class are metal, ceramic, and semiconductor NPs. Metal
NPs are purely made of metal precursors, they can be monometallic, bimetallic , or
polymetallic .
 This makes them increasingly important materials for the development of nanodevices
that can be used in numerous physical, chemical, biological, biomedical, and
pharmaceutical applications .
 In present days, the size, shape, and facet-controlled synthesis of metal NPs is
important for creating cutting-edge materials .
 They are mainly used in biomedical applications due to their high stability and high
load capacity .
 Nevertheless, they are also used in other applications such as catalysis, degradation of
dyes, photonics and optoelectronics.

EQUIPMENTS FOR NANOPARTICLES
 Homogenizer Ultra Sonicator Mills Spray
 Milling Reco Supercritical Fluid Technology
 Electro spray
 Ultra centrifugation
 Nano filtration.

 Nanomedicine is the branch of medicine that utilizes the science of nanotechnology
in the preclusion and cure of various diseases using the nanoscale materials, such as
biocompatible nanoparticles and nanorobots , for various applications including,
diagnosis , delivery, sensory, or actuation purposes in a living organism.

NANOTECHNOLOGY APPLICATION
 Medicine -Cancer treatment
 Bone treatment
 Drug delivery
 Consumer Goods
 Foods and beverages-Advanced packaging
materials, sensors, and labon-chips for food
quality testing.
 Drug development- Appliances and
textiles-Stain proof, water proof
 Medical tools Diagnostic tests wrinkle free textiles.
 Household and cosmetics.

 Nanotechnology-based drug delivery systems has emerged as a promising
approach to overcome the limitations of conventional drug delivery
methods and improve patient outcomes.These systems offer several
benefits, including:
 More specific drug targeting and delivery: Nanoparticles can be
designed to target specific body parts or cells, improving the efficacy of
drug delivery.
 Reduction in toxicity while maintaining therapeutic effects:
Nanoparticles can be engineered to reduce the toxicity of drugs and
improve their safety and biocompatibility.
 Faster development of new safe medicines: Nanotechnology-based
drug delivery systems can facilitate the development of new, safe
medicines by optimizing drug delivery platforms.
 Nanoparticles can be modified in various ways to prolong circulation,
enhance drug localization, increase drug efficacy, and potentially
decrease toxicity.

APPLICATIONS OF NANOTECHNOLOGY
BASED DRUG DELIVERY
 1.In biopharmaceuticals, in addition to the
main technologies covered liposomal, monoclonal
antibody-based, and polymer-based technologies
host of newer technologies such as nano particles
including various nano dimensional entities such as
molecular imprinted polymers, pro drug delivery, oral,
injectable and implantable, pulmonary, and transdermal and transmucosal delivery
have come up.

2. Minimizing the drug use would significantly reduce the effective cost of drug
which would give financial relief to the patients.
3. Brain Drug Targeting: Polysorbate-coated NPs to enhance penetration to the
blood-brain barrier (BBB)
 Mechanism: Binding of the NPs to the inner endothelial lining of the brain capillaries
nanoparticle Brain endothelial uptake by phagocytosis.
 The NPs could lead to an opening of the tight junctions between the endothelial cells.
The drug could then permeate through the tight junctions in free form or together with
the NPs in bound form.

 The NPs may be endocytosed by the endothelial cells followed by the release of the
drugs within these cells and delivery to the brain.
 The NPs with bound drugs could be transcytosed through the endothelial cell layer.
 The polysorbate 80 used as the coating agent could inhibit the efflux system,
especially P-glycoprotein (P-gp).
 4) Semiconductor Nato Crystals or "QUANTUM Dots " or Biodegradable bio
polymers for ex-vivo optical diagnostics and some form of hybrid biodegradable nano
capsule with MRI contrast agent core for in-vivo simultaneous diagnostics and
therapeutics "theragnostics“.

 5) Nano medicine - Continuous Therapy for Preventing Cancer.
 Engineered multilayered nano particles targeted to radiation-damaged cells can initiate
repair of damaged DNA using DNA repair genes manufactured inside individual living
cells under the control of molecular biosensor switches.
 6) Nanoparticles in cancer therapy:
 Increase in antitumor efficacy.
 Reduction of systemic side-effects.
 Selective delivery of oligonucleotides
to tumor cells.
 Reversion of multidrug resistance in
tumor cells

7)Targeted delivery of antibiotics using nanoparticles:
Challenge is to design the means of carrying an antibiotic in a form that is able to be
endocytosed by phagocytic cells and then released into these cells. Nanoparticles are
one of the main carriers developed for these logistic strategies.
8.In DNA Sequencing:
 DNA molecules, under the influence of an electric field, are forced through nano-scale
channels (~100 nm) on a "gel biochip".
 The molecules deform and stretch to pass through the small channels.
 This process separates DNA fragments by length.
 This is part of the method used to sequence the DNA in the human genome and in
identifying a unique DNA "fingerprint".

9)Liver Dysfunction: Encapsulation of Hepatic Cell.
10.Pancreas Dysfunction: Encapsulation of Islets of Langerhans.
Disorders of the CNS: Parkinson's, Alzheimer's Pre-requisites for cell encapsulation
continued and optimal tissue/cell supply maintenance of cell viability & function .
Successful prevention of immune rejection.
Nonporous Silicone-based biocapsules serves as Artificial Pancreas.

NANOTECHNOLOGY AND AYURVEDA.
 Nanotechnology has been applied in the field of Ayurveda, a traditional Indian system
of medicine, to enhance the effectiveness and safety of Ayurvedic medicines.
 The combination of nanotechnology with Ayurvedic medicine provides a useful tool for
treating various diseases
 Some key aspects of nanotechnology in Ayurveda include:
 Bhasma:The examination of these Bhasmas is comprehensive by various ways and
means to avoid their assimilation.
 .

 Nanotechnology enhances the effectiveness of Ayurvedic treatments in several ways-
 Improved bioavailability: Nanotechnology can be used to create nanoparticles that
can encapsulate active ingredients from Ayurvedic medicines, allowing them to be
absorbed more efficiently by the body.
 This can lead to better therapeutic outcomes and reduced dosage requirements.
 Targeted drug delivery: Nanoparticles can be designed to target specific cells or
tissues in the body, reducing the deposition of the active agent in non-targeted areas
and minimizing side effects.
 . This can lead to more effective treatments with fewer adverse reactions.
 Enhanced stability: Nanoparticles can protect the active ingredients of Ayurvedic
medicines from degradation and deactivation, ensuring that they remain effective for
longer periods.
 Reduced toxicity: Nanotechnology can be used to create nanoparticles that are less
toxic than their conventional counterparts, reducing the risk of adverse reactions and
improving the safety of Ayurvedic treatments.

THE PARTICLE SIZE RANGES OF DIFFERENT TYPES OF BHASMA
 Swarna Bhasma: Contains gold nanoparticles with an average size of 56-57 nm.
 Vaikr nta Bhasma
ā : Particle size ranges from below 5.12 m to below 114.16 m.
μ μ
The volumetric mean diameter was reported to be 33.8 m. Most of the particles were very tiny, with a
μ
size between 5 m and 20 m.
μ μ
 Tamra Bhasma: The particle size varied between 1 and 10 m.
μ
 Loha bhasma -50-100nm.
 Swarna makshika bhasma - It has the particles of 931.4nm size which give 100% intensity.
 Dynamic Light Scattering studies reveal that Vanga Bhasma prepared by traditional method of heating
has 50% nanoparticles (150–300 nm range) that prepared by using electric muffle furnace has 100%
nanoparticles (50–100 nm range) while commercial sample has 50% nanoparticles (100–300 nm range).
 Particle size analysis of jasada bhasma sample without sonication gives the particle size 1439.2nm and
with sonication it is 931.5nm
 Average particle size in the bhasma is in the order of 1000nm.
 These findings demonstrate the diverse particle size ranges of different types of Bhasma, with some
containing nano-sized particles and others having micrometer-sized particles.

APPLICABILITY OF LIPOSOMAL DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEM
 The particle size of Sneha Kalpana, a lipid-based drug delivery system in Ayurveda,
can vary depending on the specific formulation. Research indicates that the particle
size of lipid-based Ayurvedic formulations can range from 0.025 to 10 in diameter.
μ
 Additionally, studies have focused on nano drug delivery systems and have found
particle sizes in the range of 19.0 - 25.0 for
μ mucoadhesive microspheres.
 Furthermore, uniform particle size distribution is emphasized for consistent dosage
formation in Ayurvedic lipid-based formulations.
 These findings suggest that the particle size of Sneha Kalpana and similar
formulations can span a range, including nano-sized particles.
 Liposomes have been widely used as drug carrier in topical treatment of diseases,
especially in dermatology.
 They are capable to incorporate a variety of hydrophilic and hydrophobic drugs, to
enhance the accumulation of drug at the administration site, and to reduce side effects.

AS TOPICAL DRUGS
Liposome
 Liposomal encapsulation showed more drug retention compared with plain drug
gel and plain drug cream.
 The higher drug skin retention in case of liposomal gel may be due to creation of
reservoir effect for drug in skin due to deposition of other components of
liposomes with drug into the skin, thereby increasing the drug retention capacity
into the skin.
 Ex- kunkumadi taila and cream.

BHASMA ACTION ON DNA
 According to the provided search results, there is evidence that Bhasma can affect
DNA in certain contexts.
 For example, a study on Manikya Bhasma, showed that it can cause degradation of
genomic DNA in cancer cells.
 However, the specific mechanism of action of Bhasma on DNA and its potential
interactions with other medications are not well-understood and may require further
scientific research.
 Additionally, there are reports of Abhraka Bhasma, on its effects on genotoxicity
and DNA repair, but clear evidence is lacking.
 It has been established in the study by the tight junction visualization studies that
the Swarna bhasma particles are capable of opening tight junctions, thus facilitating
the bhasma particles to be absorbed into the systemic circulation and comes in
direct contact with blood.Thus the Swarma bhasma particles should be highly
compatible with blood.

BHASMA AND TRACE ELEMENTS OF BODY
 The trace elements found in the human body and those present in Bhasma, an
Ayurvedic preparation, exhibit similarities and differences.
 Bhasma preparations have been observed to contain significant trace elements such as
iron, manganese, copper, calcium, magnesium, potassium, silicon, aluminum, and
others.
 These trace elements are also found in the human body and play essential roles in
various physiological and metabolic functions.
 For example, iron, a trace element found in both the human body and Bhasma, is
crucial for oxygen transport and is a component of hemoglobin.
 Bhasma preparations, such as Lauha Bhasma, which is based on nano iron particles, are
utilized in Ayurveda for their potential therapeutic effects.

 Similarly, other trace elements like copper, zinc, and calcium are usually
found in Bhasma, are also essential for human health.
 However, it's important to note that the form and concentration of these
trace elements in Bhasma may differ from their natural occurrence in the
human body.
 The presence of these trace elements in Bhasma, along with their
chemical and physical properties, may influence their potential effects
and interactions in the body.
 Further research is needed to fully understand the implications of the
trace element composition in Bhasma and its comparison to the
trace elements in the human body.

CONCLUSION There is a very strong connection
between Ayurveda and nanotechnology.Though
nanotechnology is a recent science, the roots and
the concepts of nanotechnology are found in
thousands of years old Ayurveda. Ayurveda
describes the physicochemical properties of metal,
minerals and gems changes when they are
converted into nanosized particles. Ancient Indian
scientists not only showed how these nanoparticles
(Rasaushadhies) are useful but also explained how
one can prepare them.Those pharmaceutical
techniques mentioned in Ayurveda can be known
as ancient methods. Properties of nanoparticles
such as nano-size, specific target action,
bioavailability, less toxicity are beneficial in the
field of medicine.There are many uses of
nanoparticles or nanomaterial synthesized by
nanotechnology in the field of nanomedicine.
Nanoparticles are used as an effective tool in the
drug delivery system and drug targeting. Nano-
phytomedicines, herbal nano sized anticancer
medicines, nanocurcumine, Ayurvedic Bhasma are
some applications of nanotechnology combined
with Ayurveda. Combination of Ayurveda and
nanotechnology will lead to many applications to

CONCLUSIONS
Average particle size in the bhasma is in the order
of 1000nm. Sonication is helpful in breaking the
loose aggregates present in the bhasma.Two
minutes sonication time is sufficient to break these
loose aggregates.There is no effect of sonication
time beyond 2 minutes. Bhasma samples have
varying composition from supplier to supplier.
Almost
90% matters in the bhasma is soluble and can be
analyzed using ICP-AES analysis. ICP-AES analysis
shows that bhasmas are multielemental drugs
which can be used to cure many diseases.
Remaining undissolved matter is to be analyzed
using
EDAX.

CONCLUSION
Bhasma which contains metals, minerals, and animal
products, the manufacturing process plays a specific
role in the raw material mixture in the final product.
These could be important chemical markers for
Bhasma
prepared using a particular method. As a result of
different stages of processing techniques like
shodhana which involves roasting, with addition of
herbal juices and
continuous stirring) and marana [which involves
bhavana (wet trituration) and puta system of heating],
the
particle size reduces significantly, which may facilitate
absorption and assimilation of the drug into the body
system. The particle size in the Bhasma is 1-2 µ, which
could be specified as the criterion for the final product
confirming to all the traditional parameters under
Bhasma
pariksha (examination of properly prepared Bhasma).
Although Bhasmas are complex materials,
physicochemical
analysis using modern techniques will be most
attractive

Conclusion
The present review discusses the recent advances in
nanomedicines, including technological progresses in the
delivery of old and new drugs as well as novel diagnostic
methodologies. A range of nano-dimensional materials,
including nanorobots and nanosensors that are applicable to
diagnose, precisely deliver to targets, sense or activate
materials in live system have been outlined. Initially, the use
of nanotechnology was largely based on enhancing the
solubility, absorption, bioavailability, and controlled-release
of drugs. Even though the discovery of nanodrugs deal with
high levels of uncertainties, and the discovery of
pharmacologically active compounds from natural sources is
not a favored option today, as compared to some 50 years
ago; hence enhancing the efficacy of known natural bioactive
compounds through nanotechnology has become a common
feature. Good examples are the therapeutic application of
nanotechnology for berberine, curcumin, ellagic acid,
resveratrol, curcumin and quercetin. The efficacy of these
natural products has greatly improved through the use of
nanocarriers formulated with gold, silver, cadmium sulphide,
and titanium dioxide polymeric nanoparticles together with
solid lipid nanoparticles, crystal nanoparticles, liposomes,
micelles, superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles and
dendrimers.

DISCUSSION
Nanotechnology is a rapidly growing field that involves the
manipulation of matter at the nanoscale level.
It has the potential to revolutionize various fields, including
medicine, electronics, energy, and materials science.
The study provide a range of discussions on
nanotechnology, including its societal implications,
educational approaches, and potential for sustainable
development.
 Safety-related studies:While the benefits of nanomedicines are
indubitable, safety-related studies should also be carried out
rigorously and planned in a systematic manner.

 Additionally, the emerging field of nano-ayurvedic medicine involves
functionalizing nanoparticles with active principles of potent Ayurvedic
herbs to enhance their bioavailability, stability, and reduce toxicity and
adverse reactions.
 The potential of Bhasma in the development of novel drug delivery
systems with specific therapeutic and safety advantages.
 However, it's important to note that the use of Bhasma in drug delivery
is an area of ongoing research, and further studies are needed to
fully understand its potential applications and limitations.
 The combination of nanotechnology with Ayurvedic medicine provides a
useful tool for treating various diseases, and safety-related studies
should be conducted to ensure the safety and efficacy of these
treatments.

CONCLUSION
 This nanotechnology application has shown potential in the treatment of
conditions such as cancer.
 Nanotechnology holds promise in enhancing the effectiveness and
safety of Ayurvedic medicines.
 Overall, the combination of nanotechnology with Ayurvedic medicine
has the potential to provide more effective cures with fewer side effects
and adverse reactions.
 However, it is essential to carry out rigorous safety-related studies to
ensure the ecological and environmental safety of these nanomedicines.
 Further research is needed to fully understand the implications of the
trace element composition in Bhasma and its comparison to the trace
elements in the human body.

Drug delivery system- Nanotechnology.pptx

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