Dear all MBBS student ,
Myself Dr. Manish Tiwari department of microbiology (SMC Medical college unnao) this presentation only for you not for PG students, if any doubt contact me on mail address..
Intestinal nematode
Most common childhood helminth infection in the developed world
Humans are the only host
No multiplication inside the body
Natural habitat – caecum, appendix and adjacent ascending colon
No soil development phase
Intestinal nematode
Most common childhood helminth infection in the developed world
Humans are the only host
No multiplication inside the body
Natural habitat – caecum, appendix and adjacent ascending colon
No soil development phase
LUMEN DWELLING FLAGELLATES - GIARDIA
REFS:
INTERNATIONALLY ACCEPTED BOOK OF MEDICAL PARASITOLOGY BY K. D. CHATTERJEE
TEXT BOOK OF MEDICAL PARASITOLOGY BY PANIKER
IMAGE SOURCES : FROM INTERNET
This topic is highly useful for MBBS students.
Strongyloides is a Nematode. Causes Strongyloidiasis.
This topic briefly describes about the mode of transmission, life cycle, clinical features ,complications ,diagnosis, treatment and its prevention.
Clinically important cestodes pathogenic to man are:
Tenia solium (pork tapeworm), T. saginata (beef tapeworm), Diphyllobothrium lattum (fish or broad tapeworm), Hymenolepis nana (dwarf tapeworm) and Echinococcus granulosus and E. multilocularis (hydatid).
A basic description of Leishmania spp. along with Old and New world Leishmaniasis regarding Parasite morphology, Life Cycle, Pathogenesis, Clinical manifestations, Laboratory Diagnosis and Treatment.
LUMEN DWELLING FLAGELLATES - GIARDIA
REFS:
INTERNATIONALLY ACCEPTED BOOK OF MEDICAL PARASITOLOGY BY K. D. CHATTERJEE
TEXT BOOK OF MEDICAL PARASITOLOGY BY PANIKER
IMAGE SOURCES : FROM INTERNET
This topic is highly useful for MBBS students.
Strongyloides is a Nematode. Causes Strongyloidiasis.
This topic briefly describes about the mode of transmission, life cycle, clinical features ,complications ,diagnosis, treatment and its prevention.
Clinically important cestodes pathogenic to man are:
Tenia solium (pork tapeworm), T. saginata (beef tapeworm), Diphyllobothrium lattum (fish or broad tapeworm), Hymenolepis nana (dwarf tapeworm) and Echinococcus granulosus and E. multilocularis (hydatid).
A basic description of Leishmania spp. along with Old and New world Leishmaniasis regarding Parasite morphology, Life Cycle, Pathogenesis, Clinical manifestations, Laboratory Diagnosis and Treatment.
discussion about nematode,
their form, general characteristics, life cycle, discussion about their host.
diseases caused by nematodes
and discussion about different class of nematodes.
Hookworm is one of the most important small intestinal nematodes causing iron deficiency anemia. This PPT illustrates hookworms associated with human diseases, life cycle, pathogenesis, laboratory diagnosis, treatment and prevention of hookworm infection.
They have been described from very ancient times, when it was sometimes confused with earthworm.
The specific name lumbricoids is derived from its resemblance with earthworm .
It is most common human helminths and is distributed worldwide.
The incidence may be high as 80-100% in rural areas with poor sanitation.
They have been described from very ancient times, when it was sometimes confused with earthworm.
The specific name lumbricoids is derived from its resemblance with earthworm .
It is most common human helminths and is distributed worldwide.
The incidence may be high as 80-100% in rural areas with poor sanitation.They are also known as Round worm.
Adult worm lives in the small intestine (85% in jejunum and 15% in ileum).
The roundworm, is the largest nematode parasite in the human intestine.Adult worm:-
They are large cylindrical worms, with tapering ends, the anterior end being more pointed than the posterior.
They are pale pink or flesh colored when freshly passed in stools, but become white outside the body.
The mouth at the anterior end has three finely toothed lips, one dorsal and two ventrolateral.
Infection prevention control strategy for covid 19MANISH TIWARI
Respected all corona warriors i am uploading a lecture for all.. and this is very very important , requesting you if you have any suggestion please comment me on comment box... Thanks.
Hii, Myself Dr Manish Tiwari , uploading a Lecture for all medical and paramedical UG & PG Students. if you have any doubt please contact me on my mail id- mprabhat111@gmail.com
dear students,, myself dr manish tiwari tutor department of microbiology at saraswati medical college unnao lucknow if any query regarding this ppt olease contact me my whatsaap no 8979352824.
Myself Dr. Manish Tiwari Tutor Department of microbiology at saraswati medical college and research center( unnao) making presentation is only for MBBS and MD students.
i dr manish tiwari a tutor department of microbiology SMC medical college unnao, very interested to make ppt of this subject and upload on slide share for benefit of medical(PG) and UG students. if anybody want any ppt of microbiology kindly message me on my mail address and you can contact me too on contact no.that is given on 1st slide.
Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex System Analysis, S...Oleg Kshivets
RESULTS: Overall life span (LS) was 2252.1±1742.5 days and cumulative 5-year survival (5YS) reached 73.2%, 10 years – 64.8%, 20 years – 42.5%. 513 LCP lived more than 5 years (LS=3124.6±1525.6 days), 148 LCP – more than 10 years (LS=5054.4±1504.1 days).199 LCP died because of LC (LS=562.7±374.5 days). 5YS of LCP after bi/lobectomies was significantly superior in comparison with LCP after pneumonectomies (78.1% vs.63.7%, P=0.00001 by log-rank test). AT significantly improved 5YS (66.3% vs. 34.8%) (P=0.00000 by log-rank test) only for LCP with N1-2. Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: phase transition (PT) early-invasive LC in terms of synergetics, PT N0—N12, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells- CC and blood cells subpopulations), G1-3, histology, glucose, AT, blood cell circuit, prothrombin index, heparin tolerance, recalcification time (P=0.000-0.038). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and PT early-invasive LC (rank=1), PT N0—N12 (rank=2), thrombocytes/CC (3), erythrocytes/CC (4), eosinophils/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), segmented neutrophils/CC (8), stick neutrophils/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10); leucocytes/CC (11). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (area under ROC curve=1.0; error=0.0).
CONCLUSIONS: 5YS of LCP after radical procedures significantly depended on: 1) PT early-invasive cancer; 2) PT N0--N12; 3) cell ratio factors; 4) blood cell circuit; 5) biochemical factors; 6) hemostasis system; 7) AT; 8) LC characteristics; 9) LC cell dynamics; 10) surgery type: lobectomy/pneumonectomy; 11) anthropometric data. Optimal diagnosis and treatment strategies for LC are: 1) screening and early detection of LC; 2) availability of experienced thoracic surgeons because of complexity of radical procedures; 3) aggressive en block surgery and adequate lymph node dissection for completeness; 4) precise prediction; 5) adjuvant chemoimmunoradiotherapy for LCP with unfavorable prognosis.
Tom Selleck Health: A Comprehensive Look at the Iconic Actor’s Wellness Journeygreendigital
Tom Selleck, an enduring figure in Hollywood. has captivated audiences for decades with his rugged charm, iconic moustache. and memorable roles in television and film. From his breakout role as Thomas Magnum in Magnum P.I. to his current portrayal of Frank Reagan in Blue Bloods. Selleck's career has spanned over 50 years. But beyond his professional achievements. fans have often been curious about Tom Selleck Health. especially as he has aged in the public eye.
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Introduction
Many have been interested in Tom Selleck health. not only because of his enduring presence on screen but also because of the challenges. and lifestyle choices he has faced and made over the years. This article delves into the various aspects of Tom Selleck health. exploring his fitness regimen, diet, mental health. and the challenges he has encountered as he ages. We'll look at how he maintains his well-being. the health issues he has faced, and his approach to ageing .
Early Life and Career
Childhood and Athletic Beginnings
Tom Selleck was born on January 29, 1945, in Detroit, Michigan, and grew up in Sherman Oaks, California. From an early age, he was involved in sports, particularly basketball. which played a significant role in his physical development. His athletic pursuits continued into college. where he attended the University of Southern California (USC) on a basketball scholarship. This early involvement in sports laid a strong foundation for his physical health and disciplined lifestyle.
Transition to Acting
Selleck's transition from an athlete to an actor came with its physical demands. His first significant role in "Magnum P.I." required him to perform various stunts and maintain a fit appearance. This role, which he played from 1980 to 1988. necessitated a rigorous fitness routine to meet the show's demands. setting the stage for his long-term commitment to health and wellness.
Fitness Regimen
Workout Routine
Tom Selleck health and fitness regimen has evolved. adapting to his changing roles and age. During his "Magnum, P.I." days. Selleck's workouts were intense and focused on building and maintaining muscle mass. His routine included weightlifting, cardiovascular exercises. and specific training for the stunts he performed on the show.
Selleck adjusted his fitness routine as he aged to suit his body's needs. Today, his workouts focus on maintaining flexibility, strength, and cardiovascular health. He incorporates low-impact exercises such as swimming, walking, and light weightlifting. This balanced approach helps him stay fit without putting undue strain on his joints and muscles.
Importance of Flexibility and Mobility
In recent years, Selleck has emphasized the importance of flexibility and mobility in his fitness regimen. Understanding the natural decline in muscle mass and joint flexibility with age. he includes stretching and yoga in his routine. These practices help prevent injuries, improve posture, and maintain mobilit
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar leads (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
NVBDCP.pptx Nation vector borne disease control programSapna Thakur
NVBDCP was launched in 2003-2004 . Vector-Borne Disease: Disease that results from an infection transmitted to humans and other animals by blood-feeding arthropods, such as mosquitoes, ticks, and fleas. Examples of vector-borne diseases include Dengue fever, West Nile Virus, Lyme disease, and malaria.
Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnatakaaddon Scans
As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
Dr. Vidisha Kumari, a leading epidemiologist in Bangalore, emphasizes the importance of getting vaccinated. "The flu vaccine is our best defense against the influenza virus. It not only protects individuals but also helps prevent the spread of the virus in our communities," he says.
This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
To encourage widespread vaccination, the government is also collaborating with local schools, workplaces, and community centers to facilitate vaccination drives. Special attention is being given to ensuring that the vaccine is accessible to all, including marginalized communities who may have limited access to healthcare.
Residents are reminded that the flu vaccine is safe and effective. Common side effects are mild and may include soreness at the injection site, mild fever, or muscle aches. These side effects are generally short-lived and far less severe than the flu itself.
Healthcare providers are also stressing the importance of continuing COVID-19 precautions. Wearing masks, practicing good hand hygiene, and maintaining social distancing are still crucial, especially in crowded places.
Protect yourself and your loved ones by getting vaccinated. Together, we can help keep Bangalore healthy and safe this flu season. For more information on vaccination centers and schedules, residents can visit the Karnataka Health Department’s official website or follow their social media pages.
Stay informed, stay safe, and get your flu shot today!
These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
The prostate is an exocrine gland of the male mammalian reproductive system
It is a walnut-sized gland that forms part of the male reproductive system and is located in front of the rectum and just below the urinary bladder
Function is to store and secrete a clear, slightly alkaline fluid that constitutes 10-30% of the volume of the seminal fluid that along with the spermatozoa, constitutes semen
A healthy human prostate measures (4cm-vertical, by 3cm-horizontal, 2cm ant-post ).
It surrounds the urethra just below the urinary bladder. It has anterior, median, posterior and two lateral lobes
It’s work is regulated by androgens which are responsible for male sex characteristics
Generalised disease of the prostate due to hormonal derangement which leads to non malignant enlargement of the gland (increase in the number of epithelial cells and stromal tissue)to cause compression of the urethra leading to symptoms (LUTS
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- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/lK81BzxMqdo
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/Ve4P0COk9OI
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
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Recomendações da OMS sobre cuidados maternos e neonatais para uma experiência pós-natal positiva.
Em consonância com os ODS – Objetivos do Desenvolvimento Sustentável e a Estratégia Global para a Saúde das Mulheres, Crianças e Adolescentes, e aplicando uma abordagem baseada nos direitos humanos, os esforços de cuidados pós-natais devem expandir-se para além da cobertura e da simples sobrevivência, de modo a incluir cuidados de qualidade.
Estas diretrizes visam melhorar a qualidade dos cuidados pós-natais essenciais e de rotina prestados às mulheres e aos recém-nascidos, com o objetivo final de melhorar a saúde e o bem-estar materno e neonatal.
Uma “experiência pós-natal positiva” é um resultado importante para todas as mulheres que dão à luz e para os seus recém-nascidos, estabelecendo as bases para a melhoria da saúde e do bem-estar a curto e longo prazo. Uma experiência pós-natal positiva é definida como aquela em que as mulheres, pessoas que gestam, os recém-nascidos, os casais, os pais, os cuidadores e as famílias recebem informação consistente, garantia e apoio de profissionais de saúde motivados; e onde um sistema de saúde flexível e com recursos reconheça as necessidades das mulheres e dos bebês e respeite o seu contexto cultural.
Estas diretrizes consolidadas apresentam algumas recomendações novas e já bem fundamentadas sobre cuidados pós-natais de rotina para mulheres e neonatos que recebem cuidados no pós-parto em unidades de saúde ou na comunidade, independentemente dos recursos disponíveis.
É fornecido um conjunto abrangente de recomendações para cuidados durante o período puerperal, com ênfase nos cuidados essenciais que todas as mulheres e recém-nascidos devem receber, e com a devida atenção à qualidade dos cuidados; isto é, a entrega e a experiência do cuidado recebido. Estas diretrizes atualizam e ampliam as recomendações da OMS de 2014 sobre cuidados pós-natais da mãe e do recém-nascido e complementam as atuais diretrizes da OMS sobre a gestão de complicações pós-natais.
O estabelecimento da amamentação e o manejo das principais intercorrências é contemplada.
Recomendamos muito.
Vamos discutir essas recomendações no nosso curso de pós-graduação em Aleitamento no Instituto Ciclos.
Esta publicação só está disponível em inglês até o momento.
Prof. Marcus Renato de Carvalho
www.agostodourado.com
Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility...Sujoy Dasgupta
Dr Sujoy Dasgupta presented the study on "Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility? – The unexplored stories of non-consummation" in the 13th Congress of the Asia Pacific Initiative on Reproduction (ASPIRE 2024) at Manila on 24 May, 2024.
Knee anatomy and clinical tests 2024.pdfvimalpl1234
This includes all relevant anatomy and clinical tests compiled from standard textbooks, Campbell,netter etc..It is comprehensive and best suited for orthopaedicians and orthopaedic residents.
2. INTESTINAL NEMATODES
CHARACTERISTICS
It belongs to phylum Nemathelminthes.
They are elongated, cylindrical, bilaterally symmetrical.
Unsegmented worm with tapering ends.
The nematode means thread like structure.
It has no suckers, no hooks.
Body cavity is present.
3. Body is covered with tough cuticle.
Sexes are separate.
Male is generally smaller than female.
Fertilization is internal.
They pass their life cycle in one host except filarial
nematode.
4. DIVISION OF FEMALE NEMATODE
1. Oviparous – Nematode which lay eggs.
un-segmented egg (Ascaris lumbricoides)
segmented egg (Hook worms)
1. Viviparous - Nematode which give the birth to
larvae.(W. bancrofti, B. malayi)
2. Ovo-viviparous – lay eggs containing
larvae.(strongyloides stercoralis)
5. CON……
Small intestine Large intestine
Ascaris lumbricoides
A. duodenale
N. americanus
T. spiralis
Capillaria Spp.
Enterobius vermicularis
Trichuris trichiura
7. 1.INTRODUCTION
Most common helminthic human infection.
Largest nematode to infect the human intestine.
High prevalence in underdeveloped countries.
It is estimated that ˃250 million people worldwide are
infected by this parasite
It has simple life cycle.
8. . GENERAL
CHARACTERISTICS
Family is ascaridae.
Common name roundworm.
Infective stage is embryonated egg containing
rhabditiform larva.
Habitat small intestine particularly the jejunum of
man.
9. Morphology of worm
The body of ascaris is cylindrical , tapering end.
Posterior end of male worm is curved ventrally.
The mouth opens at the anterior end.
It contain three finely toothed lips, one dorsal & two
ventral.
Female is larger in size and measure 25-40cm.
10. MALE & FEMALE
MALE WORM
It measure 15-30cm in length & 3-4 mm diameter.
The posterior end is curved ventrally to form a
hook.
FEMALE WORM
It is longer and stouter than the male worm.
It measure 25 -40 cm in length & 5 mm in diameter.
the anus is subterminal.
Tail is straight & conical.
Valva open at the junction of anterior and middle 3
rd of the body
12. 5. LIFE CYCLE
The life cycle of A. lumbricoides is passed in only one host
(man).
No intermediate host is required.
Worm reside in the small intestine
Fertilized eggs contain unsegmented ova which are passed
faeces in the soil.
Rhabditiform larva developed from unsegmented ovum.
13. Adult worm in intestine
Eggs released in faeces
Developed to infective stage in soil
Eggs ingested and hatched
Larva penetrate intestinal wall
Migrate to blood stream
17. 7. LABORATORY DIAGNOSIS
Macroscopic examination
Adult worm passed though anus, mouth, nose, ear.
Demonstration of larvae
Detection in sputum during larvaal migration.
Stool microscopy
Identification of fertilized and un-fertilized eggs.
18. Serodiagnosis
Ascaris antibody can be detected By indirect
immunofluorescence test(IFA), indirect
haemagglutination assay (IHA).
Eosinophilia
During the larval migration.
20. 9. PROPHYLAXIS
Proper disposal of human faeces
Avoidance of eating raw vegetables and salads.
Periodic treatment with an effective anthelminthic, in
communities that lack sanitization facilities.
21. ANCYLOSTOMA
DUODENALE
Old world hook worm
Habitat – small intestine in man particularly in the
jejunum and rarely in duodenum & ileum.
Remain attached to the intestinal wall.
Ancylostomiasis
22. DIFFERENCE BETWEEN A.DUODENALE& N. AMERICANUS.
A. DUODENALE N. AMERICANUS
Old world hook worm
Anterior end bends in same direction.
Six teeth, four on ventral surface &
two on dorsal.
Larger & thicker.
More pathogenic.
New world hook worm.
Anterior end bends in opposite
direction.
Four cutting plates, two each on
ventral & dorsal.
Smaller & thinner.
Less pathogenic.
23. Morphology of adult worm
They are small , pinkish & fusiform in
shape
The anterior end is curved dorsally ,
hence the name hookworm.
The oral cavity provide four hook
like teeth on the ventral surface and two
knob like teeth on dorsal surface.
Adult worm are rarely seen , because
they attached to the intestinal mucosa.
24. MORPHOLOGY OF EGG
Oval and measure 60 x 40µm.
Non bile stained.
Surrounded by thin shell.
Posses a segmented ova with usually four
blastomeres.
There is clear space between ovam & egg
shell.
The egg float in saturated in salt solution
Eggs are normally released in faeces after 3
– 4 weeks of infection.
26. LIFE CYCLE
Human are the only natural host.
Adult worm lives in small intestine.
Eggs passed in feaces.
Rhabditiform larvae hatch out from the egg in the soil.
Grows in size by feeding on bacteria and organic matter.
Third larval stage is filariform larva.
27. When a person walk barefooted, they penetrate the
skin.
Larvae enter the venules and reaches right heart and
lungs.
Crawl over epiglottis to pharynx and are swallowed.
Get matured and life cycle completed.
28. Adult worm reside in intestine
Eggs discharge in faeces
hatch in soil
Rhabditiform larva developed (non infective)
Filariform larva developed ( infective stage)
Then penetrate skin
29. Migrate via blood stream
Heart & Lungs of alveoli
Trachea & larynx, pharynx
Swallowed
Adult worms in intestine
30.
31. DERMATITIS OR GROUND ITCH
Larvae enter the skin, may lead
to dermatitis.
Intense itching, burning and
develop erythema and oedema.
39. EGG OF E.VERMICULARIS
Eggs are colourless.
Non bile stained.
Flattened on one side.
Measure 60µm.
Surrounded by thin shell
40. LIFE CYCLE
Infection known as enterobiosis.
It completed in a single host(human).
Infection occur by ingesting egg.
Larvae hatch from the egg in the small intestine.
Male fertilize female and dies.
Individual may develop autoinfection.
42. CLINICAL PRESENTATION
The clinical feature of pinworm infection, also called
enterobiasis, includes:-
itching or prickling pain in the anal area (usually at
night time or in the early morning), intense anal
itching,
difficulty sleeping,
rarely abdominal discomfort
loss of appetite.
43. PATHOGENICITY
Pin worm infection most frequent in school age
children.
Children suffering sleepless night due to itching at the
perianal region.
May show irritability, enuresis and weight loss.
Scratching predispose to secondry bacterial infection.
44. LABORATORY DIAGNOSIS
1. Detection of adult worm: may be
detected in the perianal region or at the
surface of stool.
2. Demonstration of egg:
Egg not discharge into faeces.
Non bile stained & flattened on one
side
It is contain fully developed larva.
NIH swab
3. No serological test are available.
47. TREATMENT
Mebendazole 100mg in single dose, And repeat after
2 weeks
Albendazole 400mg in single dose, repeat after 2
weeks.
48. CUTANEOUS LARVA MIGRANS(CLM)
1. INTRODUCTION
2. CAUSATIVE AGENT
3. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION
4. RISK FACTOR
5. LIFE CYCLE
6. CLINICAL FEATURES
49. INTRODUCTION
Cutaneous larva migrans (CLM) is a parasitic skin infection.
It is caused by hook worm larva that usually infect the cats,
dogs and other animals.
Human can be infected with the larva by walking barefoot
on soft soil has been contaminated with animal faeces.
It is also called creeping eruption.
50. 2. CAUSATIVE AGENT
There are many types of hook worm can causes cutaneous larva migran.
It is caused by:
1. Ankylostoma braziliense: it is hookworm of wild and domestic dogs and
cats
2. Ankylostoma caninum: it dog hookworm that found in australia.
3. Uncinaria stenocephala: it is alo dog hookworm that found in europe.
4. Bunostomum phlebotomum: it is cattle hookworm.
51. NOTE:- it is also caused by ankylostoma duodenale,
nector americanus and strongyloides sterocalis.
3. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION:- it is most
commonly found in the tropical and subtropical country .
RISK FACTOR:- People of all ages and sex can be
affected by cutaneous larva migrans if they have been
exposed to hookworm larvae.
Groups at risk include those with occupations or hobbies
that contact with warm, moist, sandy soil. These may
include:
52. Barefoot beachcombers and sunbathers
Children in sandpits
Farmers
Gardeners
Plumbers
Hunters
Electricians
Carpenters
Pest exterminators.