Chemistry of Vitamin D, Biochemical functions of vitamin D, Recommended dietary Allowances of vitamin D, Dietary sources of Vitamin D, Deficiency symptoms of vitamin D, Hypervitaminosis of vitamin D, Toxicity of Vitamin D.
Vitamin D is a fat-soluble vitamin that functions like a hormone in the body. It exists in two forms, D2 and D3, which are converted to provitamins in the skin upon sunlight exposure or obtained from animal foods. The liver hydroxylates provitamins to 25-hydroxycholecalciferol, and the kidneys further hydroxylate it to the active form, calcitriol. Calcitriol regulates calcium and phosphorus levels by increasing absorption in the intestine and reabsorption in the kidneys, and mobilizing calcium from bones. A deficiency can lead to rickets or osteomalacia.
Vitamin D is a fat-soluble vitamin that is produced in the body after exposure to sunlight. It has two major forms, vitamin D3 and D2. Vitamin D acts as a hormone by binding to vitamin D receptors in tissues like bone and intestine. It helps regulate calcium and phosphate absorption and bone remodeling. Deficiencies can lead to rickets in children or osteomalacia in adults, characterized by soft, deformed bones and fractures. Sources include sunlight, fatty fish, and fortified foods. Toxicity from excess vitamin D causes hypercalcemia.
1. Vitamin D is a fat-soluble vitamin that functions like a hormone in the body.
2. Vitamin D3 is synthesized in the skin upon exposure to sunlight, while the biologically active form calcitriol is produced in the kidney.
3. Calcitriol regulates calcium and phosphate levels in the blood by increasing their absorption in the intestine and reabsorption in the kidney while also increasing calcium mobilization from bone. This helps maintain appropriate calcium homeostasis.
Chemistry, and biochemical role, rda, vitamin dJasmineJuliet
Vitamin D - Chemistry,n Metabloism, Biosynthesis in our skin, Recommended dietary Allowance, Dietary sources of vitamin D, Deficiency symptoms of vitamin D, Hypervitaminosis of vitamin D.
1) Vitamin D is produced in the skin from sunlight exposure and is also obtained in small amounts from dietary sources like fatty fish.
2) In the liver and kidneys, vitamin D is activated to its biological form which acts to regulate calcium and phosphate levels in the body by increasing their absorption in the intestines and mobilization from bones.
3) Vitamin D deficiency can lead to rickets in children and osteomalacia in adults, characterized by soft, weak bones due to poor mineralization.
Vitamin D has two main forms, D2 and D3. It is a steroid compound that plays an essential role in regulating calcium and phosphorus metabolism. The active form, calcitriol, maintains normal plasma calcium and phosphorus levels by acting on the intestine, bone, and kidneys. A vitamin D deficiency can lead to rickets in children, characterized by soft bones and skeletal deformities.
Vitamin D is a fat-soluble vitamin that functions like a hormone in the body. It exists in two forms, D2 and D3, which are converted to provitamins in the skin upon sunlight exposure or obtained from animal foods. The liver hydroxylates provitamins to 25-hydroxycholecalciferol, and the kidneys further hydroxylate it to the active form, calcitriol. Calcitriol regulates calcium and phosphorus levels by increasing absorption in the intestine and reabsorption in the kidneys, and mobilizing calcium from bones. A deficiency can lead to rickets or osteomalacia.
Vitamin D is a fat-soluble vitamin that is produced in the body after exposure to sunlight. It has two major forms, vitamin D3 and D2. Vitamin D acts as a hormone by binding to vitamin D receptors in tissues like bone and intestine. It helps regulate calcium and phosphate absorption and bone remodeling. Deficiencies can lead to rickets in children or osteomalacia in adults, characterized by soft, deformed bones and fractures. Sources include sunlight, fatty fish, and fortified foods. Toxicity from excess vitamin D causes hypercalcemia.
1. Vitamin D is a fat-soluble vitamin that functions like a hormone in the body.
2. Vitamin D3 is synthesized in the skin upon exposure to sunlight, while the biologically active form calcitriol is produced in the kidney.
3. Calcitriol regulates calcium and phosphate levels in the blood by increasing their absorption in the intestine and reabsorption in the kidney while also increasing calcium mobilization from bone. This helps maintain appropriate calcium homeostasis.
Chemistry, and biochemical role, rda, vitamin dJasmineJuliet
Vitamin D - Chemistry,n Metabloism, Biosynthesis in our skin, Recommended dietary Allowance, Dietary sources of vitamin D, Deficiency symptoms of vitamin D, Hypervitaminosis of vitamin D.
1) Vitamin D is produced in the skin from sunlight exposure and is also obtained in small amounts from dietary sources like fatty fish.
2) In the liver and kidneys, vitamin D is activated to its biological form which acts to regulate calcium and phosphate levels in the body by increasing their absorption in the intestines and mobilization from bones.
3) Vitamin D deficiency can lead to rickets in children and osteomalacia in adults, characterized by soft, weak bones due to poor mineralization.
Vitamin D has two main forms, D2 and D3. It is a steroid compound that plays an essential role in regulating calcium and phosphorus metabolism. The active form, calcitriol, maintains normal plasma calcium and phosphorus levels by acting on the intestine, bone, and kidneys. A vitamin D deficiency can lead to rickets in children, characterized by soft bones and skeletal deformities.
This document discusses vitamin D, including its types, metabolism, absorption, storage, functions, requirements, sources, deficiency, and toxicity. The two major forms are vitamins D2 and D3. Vitamin D is absorbed in the small intestine and transported to the liver and kidney where it is converted to its active form, 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D. This active form regulates calcium and phosphorus absorption in the intestine and their deposition in bone. Requirements vary by species but adequate sunlight can meet animal requirements. Deficiency causes rickets in young animals due to poor bone mineralization.
Vitamin D is synthesized in the skin upon exposure to sunlight and is hydroxylated sequentially in the liver and kidneys to produce the active form of vitamin D. It regulates calcium and phosphate levels in the blood and promotes bone health by enhancing intestinal calcium absorption and stimulating bone mineralization. Vitamin D supplements in the form of cholecalciferol tablets or sachets are used to treat osteoporosis and fractures by helping to maintain calcium levels and supporting bone mineral density and structure.
This document discusses vitamin D, including its sources, biochemical effects, and related diseases. It summarizes that vitamin D aids in calcium and phosphorus absorption in the intestine and bone mineralization. Deficiencies can cause rickets in children and osteomalacia in adults, resulting from insufficient mineralization of bones. Toxicity from oversupplementation can lead to excessive calcification.
The document provides an overview of vitamin D, including its history, sources, functions, deficiency, testing, and effects on bones and teeth. Vitamin D is important for calcium absorption and bone mineralization, and deficiency can lead to conditions like rickets and osteomalacia, causing bone deformities and increased risk of fractures. The document discusses various forms of vitamin D, recommended intake levels, biomarkers used to indicate status, laboratory testing methods, and dental considerations related to vitamin D deficiency.
Chemistry of Vitamin K, Biochemical role of Vitamin K, Recommended dietary allowance of Vitamin K, Dietary sources of Vitamin K, Deficiency symptoms of vitamin K, Hypervitaminosis of vitamin K, Toxicity of Vitamin K
Vitamin D is a fat-soluble vitamin that resembles sterols and functions like a hormone. It is synthesized in the body after exposure to UV rays or obtained from food sources like fortified milk, cheese, yogurt and cereals. Vitamin D exists in two forms, ergocalciferol (D2) which is plant-based and cholecalciferol (D3) which is animal-based. Both forms are inactive provitamins that undergo hydroxylation in the liver and kidneys to produce the biologically active form, calcitriol, which regulates calcium and phosphate levels in the body by acting on the intestine, bone and kidneys. Vitamin D deficiency can lead to rickets
Vitamin E is a group of compounds called tocopherols and tocotrienols that are fat-soluble antioxidants. Alpha-tocopherol is the most biologically active form. Vitamin E protects cell membranes from oxidation by reacting with free radicals. It is absorbed with dietary fat and transported throughout the body associated with lipoproteins. The main function of vitamin E is its antioxidant role in preventing lipid peroxidation and protecting polyunsaturated fatty acids. Recommended daily intake is 10-15 mg but requirements may increase during pregnancy and lactation. Rich dietary sources include vegetable oils. Deficiency can occur in premature infants and those with fat malabsorption issues.
Vitamin D is an essential nutrient that promotes calcium absorption in the intestines and maintains adequate serum calcium and phosphate concentrations to enable normal mineralization of bone. It exists in two main forms, D2 (ergocalciferol) and D3 (cholecalciferol), and is obtained through exposure to sunlight, dietary intake of oily fish, eggs, and vitamin D fortified foods. The liver converts vitamin D to calcidiol which is then converted by the kidneys to calcitriol, the biologically active form, which regulates calcium and phosphate levels. Deficiencies can lead to rickets in children and osteomalacia in adults, characterized by soft, deformed bones and muscle weakness.
This document discusses vitamin D, including its functions, sources, daily requirements, deficiency, toxicity, and management. Some key points:
- Vitamin D promotes calcium absorption and is important for bone health. Deficiency can cause rickets in children and osteomalacia in adults.
- Good dietary sources include fatty fish, fish liver oils, eggs, and dairy. Sun exposure also enables vitamin D production.
- Recommended daily intake is 10-20 micrograms for adults. Deficiency is managed with high dose vitamin D supplementation. Toxicity risks include excessive intake.
Vitamin D, also known as the sunshine vitamin, can be produced in the skin upon exposure to UVB light or obtained in the diet. It plays an important role in calcium and phosphorus homeostasis. Dietary requirements are minimal as the body can produce vitamin D3 in the skin, but certain groups like the elderly are at higher risk of deficiency. Deficiency can lead to rickets in children and osteomalacia in adults, characterized by soft, weak bones and bone pain.
This document provides an overview of vitamin K. It discusses the functions of vitamin K, which include its role in calcium binding proteins and the coagulation cascade. It notes the dietary sources of vitamin K, including green vegetables, and recommends dietary allowances ranging from 2 mcg in infants to 120 mcg in adult men. Vitamin K deficiency can cause bleeding disorders due to inadequate gamma-carboxylation of clotting factors.
This document discusses the fat-soluble vitamins A, D, E, and K. It provides details on their sources, absorption, functions, deficiencies, and toxicity. The key points are:
1) Fat-soluble vitamins are stored in tissues and excess intake can be harmful unlike water-soluble vitamins.
2) Vitamin A supports vision, immune function, and cell growth. Too much can cause birth defects and liver damage.
3) Vitamin D aids calcium absorption and bone formation. The body produces it from sunlight but it is also found in foods. Deficiency causes rickets and osteomalacia.
4) Vitamin E is an antioxidant that protects cells. Def
Vitamin D is important for calcium absorption and bone health. It exists in several forms, including D1, D2, and D3, which is synthesized in the skin upon exposure to UV rays. Vitamin D enhances absorption of calcium and phosphate from the intestine and bone and promotes reabsorption of these minerals in the kidney. Vitamin D deficiency can cause rickets in children and osteomalacia in adults. Too much vitamin D can result in hypercalcemia and related symptoms. Treatment involves a low calcium diet, fluids, and sometimes corticosteroids. Vitamin D has various uses in preventing and treating different conditions related to bone health.
The document discusses vitamin D, including its synthesis from sun exposure, its role in various bodily processes, and its potential health benefits. Key points include:
- Vitamin D is synthesized in the skin upon exposure to sunlight and can also be obtained through food and supplements. It plays an important role in bone and immune health.
- Vitamin D receptors are found throughout the body and vitamin D has been shown to regulate gene expression, turning genes on and off. This may explain its wide-ranging effects.
- Studies suggest vitamin D may help reduce the risk of various cancers, heart disease, diabetes, respiratory infections, autoimmune diseases, and mental health conditions like depression. Optimal vitamin D levels are important
This document discusses vitamins, specifically vitamin D. It defines vitamins and describes the classification of fat-soluble and water-soluble vitamins. The document focuses on vitamin D, describing its sources, metabolism, functions, recommended dietary allowance, and disorders related to deficiencies or excess, including rickets. Rickets is discussed in detail, outlining its morphology, etiology, clinical features involving the head, chest, back, extremities, and hypocalcemic symptoms. Oral manifestations of rickets involving dentition, bone, and soft tissue are also summarized.
This document discusses fat soluble vitamins, including Vitamins A, D, E, and K. It provides details on the chemical structure, absorption, transport, functions, sources, and requirements of each vitamin. The key roles of Vitamin A are in vision and tissue growth/differentiation. Vitamin D helps absorb calcium and phosphate to support bone mineralization. Vitamins E and K act as antioxidants and are necessary for blood clotting, respectively. A diet containing foods like fish liver, eggs, green vegetables, and plant oils can provide adequate amounts of these essential fat soluble vitamins.
Describes about the importance of vitamins in our daily activities , classification of vitamins,various sources of vitamins and also about the problems which occurs due to the deficiency of vitamins.
Water soluble vitamins include Vitamin C and the vitamin B complex: thiamin (B1), riboflavin (B2), niacin (B3), pantothenic acid (B5), Vitamin B6, biotin (B7), folic acid (B9), Vitamin B12. Vitamin A in its Beta-Carotene form is also water-soluble.
Vitamin D is a fat-soluble vitamin that functions like a hormone and regulates calcium levels. It is obtained through sun exposure and dietary sources like fatty fish and eggs. The skin produces vitamin D from exposure to UVB rays, especially between 10am-3pm in spring/summer/fall. Sun exposure duration depends on skin pigmentation and sunscreen use. Recommended daily intake is 400-800 IU depending on age.
Chemistry of Vitamin E, Biochemical role of Vitamin E, Recommended dietary Allowances, Dietary sources of Vitamin E, Deficiency symptoms of vitamin E, Hypervitaminosis of vitamin E, Toxicity of Vitamin E,
Contents:
Vitamins: Definition
Classification of vitamins.
Fat soluble vitamins: Vitamin A, Vitamin D, Vitamin E and Vitamin K. Chemical nature, Dietary sources, Coenzyme forms, Biochemical functions, recommended dietary allowances and deficiency diseases of fat soluble vitamins.
This document discusses vitamin D, including its forms, functions, metabolism, and deficiency/toxicity. Some key points:
- Vitamin D exists in two forms, D2 and D3. D3 is produced in the skin upon sun exposure and converted to its active form in the liver and kidneys.
- Its active form, calcitriol, regulates calcium and phosphorus levels by increasing their absorption in the intestine and reabsorption in kidneys. It also mobilizes calcium from bones.
- Deficiency causes rickets in children and osteomalacia in adults due to impaired bone mineralization. Toxicity leads to hypercalcemia which can damage soft tissues like kidneys.
This document discusses vitamin D, including its types, metabolism, absorption, storage, functions, requirements, sources, deficiency, and toxicity. The two major forms are vitamins D2 and D3. Vitamin D is absorbed in the small intestine and transported to the liver and kidney where it is converted to its active form, 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D. This active form regulates calcium and phosphorus absorption in the intestine and their deposition in bone. Requirements vary by species but adequate sunlight can meet animal requirements. Deficiency causes rickets in young animals due to poor bone mineralization.
Vitamin D is synthesized in the skin upon exposure to sunlight and is hydroxylated sequentially in the liver and kidneys to produce the active form of vitamin D. It regulates calcium and phosphate levels in the blood and promotes bone health by enhancing intestinal calcium absorption and stimulating bone mineralization. Vitamin D supplements in the form of cholecalciferol tablets or sachets are used to treat osteoporosis and fractures by helping to maintain calcium levels and supporting bone mineral density and structure.
This document discusses vitamin D, including its sources, biochemical effects, and related diseases. It summarizes that vitamin D aids in calcium and phosphorus absorption in the intestine and bone mineralization. Deficiencies can cause rickets in children and osteomalacia in adults, resulting from insufficient mineralization of bones. Toxicity from oversupplementation can lead to excessive calcification.
The document provides an overview of vitamin D, including its history, sources, functions, deficiency, testing, and effects on bones and teeth. Vitamin D is important for calcium absorption and bone mineralization, and deficiency can lead to conditions like rickets and osteomalacia, causing bone deformities and increased risk of fractures. The document discusses various forms of vitamin D, recommended intake levels, biomarkers used to indicate status, laboratory testing methods, and dental considerations related to vitamin D deficiency.
Chemistry of Vitamin K, Biochemical role of Vitamin K, Recommended dietary allowance of Vitamin K, Dietary sources of Vitamin K, Deficiency symptoms of vitamin K, Hypervitaminosis of vitamin K, Toxicity of Vitamin K
Vitamin D is a fat-soluble vitamin that resembles sterols and functions like a hormone. It is synthesized in the body after exposure to UV rays or obtained from food sources like fortified milk, cheese, yogurt and cereals. Vitamin D exists in two forms, ergocalciferol (D2) which is plant-based and cholecalciferol (D3) which is animal-based. Both forms are inactive provitamins that undergo hydroxylation in the liver and kidneys to produce the biologically active form, calcitriol, which regulates calcium and phosphate levels in the body by acting on the intestine, bone and kidneys. Vitamin D deficiency can lead to rickets
Vitamin E is a group of compounds called tocopherols and tocotrienols that are fat-soluble antioxidants. Alpha-tocopherol is the most biologically active form. Vitamin E protects cell membranes from oxidation by reacting with free radicals. It is absorbed with dietary fat and transported throughout the body associated with lipoproteins. The main function of vitamin E is its antioxidant role in preventing lipid peroxidation and protecting polyunsaturated fatty acids. Recommended daily intake is 10-15 mg but requirements may increase during pregnancy and lactation. Rich dietary sources include vegetable oils. Deficiency can occur in premature infants and those with fat malabsorption issues.
Vitamin D is an essential nutrient that promotes calcium absorption in the intestines and maintains adequate serum calcium and phosphate concentrations to enable normal mineralization of bone. It exists in two main forms, D2 (ergocalciferol) and D3 (cholecalciferol), and is obtained through exposure to sunlight, dietary intake of oily fish, eggs, and vitamin D fortified foods. The liver converts vitamin D to calcidiol which is then converted by the kidneys to calcitriol, the biologically active form, which regulates calcium and phosphate levels. Deficiencies can lead to rickets in children and osteomalacia in adults, characterized by soft, deformed bones and muscle weakness.
This document discusses vitamin D, including its functions, sources, daily requirements, deficiency, toxicity, and management. Some key points:
- Vitamin D promotes calcium absorption and is important for bone health. Deficiency can cause rickets in children and osteomalacia in adults.
- Good dietary sources include fatty fish, fish liver oils, eggs, and dairy. Sun exposure also enables vitamin D production.
- Recommended daily intake is 10-20 micrograms for adults. Deficiency is managed with high dose vitamin D supplementation. Toxicity risks include excessive intake.
Vitamin D, also known as the sunshine vitamin, can be produced in the skin upon exposure to UVB light or obtained in the diet. It plays an important role in calcium and phosphorus homeostasis. Dietary requirements are minimal as the body can produce vitamin D3 in the skin, but certain groups like the elderly are at higher risk of deficiency. Deficiency can lead to rickets in children and osteomalacia in adults, characterized by soft, weak bones and bone pain.
This document provides an overview of vitamin K. It discusses the functions of vitamin K, which include its role in calcium binding proteins and the coagulation cascade. It notes the dietary sources of vitamin K, including green vegetables, and recommends dietary allowances ranging from 2 mcg in infants to 120 mcg in adult men. Vitamin K deficiency can cause bleeding disorders due to inadequate gamma-carboxylation of clotting factors.
This document discusses the fat-soluble vitamins A, D, E, and K. It provides details on their sources, absorption, functions, deficiencies, and toxicity. The key points are:
1) Fat-soluble vitamins are stored in tissues and excess intake can be harmful unlike water-soluble vitamins.
2) Vitamin A supports vision, immune function, and cell growth. Too much can cause birth defects and liver damage.
3) Vitamin D aids calcium absorption and bone formation. The body produces it from sunlight but it is also found in foods. Deficiency causes rickets and osteomalacia.
4) Vitamin E is an antioxidant that protects cells. Def
Vitamin D is important for calcium absorption and bone health. It exists in several forms, including D1, D2, and D3, which is synthesized in the skin upon exposure to UV rays. Vitamin D enhances absorption of calcium and phosphate from the intestine and bone and promotes reabsorption of these minerals in the kidney. Vitamin D deficiency can cause rickets in children and osteomalacia in adults. Too much vitamin D can result in hypercalcemia and related symptoms. Treatment involves a low calcium diet, fluids, and sometimes corticosteroids. Vitamin D has various uses in preventing and treating different conditions related to bone health.
The document discusses vitamin D, including its synthesis from sun exposure, its role in various bodily processes, and its potential health benefits. Key points include:
- Vitamin D is synthesized in the skin upon exposure to sunlight and can also be obtained through food and supplements. It plays an important role in bone and immune health.
- Vitamin D receptors are found throughout the body and vitamin D has been shown to regulate gene expression, turning genes on and off. This may explain its wide-ranging effects.
- Studies suggest vitamin D may help reduce the risk of various cancers, heart disease, diabetes, respiratory infections, autoimmune diseases, and mental health conditions like depression. Optimal vitamin D levels are important
This document discusses vitamins, specifically vitamin D. It defines vitamins and describes the classification of fat-soluble and water-soluble vitamins. The document focuses on vitamin D, describing its sources, metabolism, functions, recommended dietary allowance, and disorders related to deficiencies or excess, including rickets. Rickets is discussed in detail, outlining its morphology, etiology, clinical features involving the head, chest, back, extremities, and hypocalcemic symptoms. Oral manifestations of rickets involving dentition, bone, and soft tissue are also summarized.
This document discusses fat soluble vitamins, including Vitamins A, D, E, and K. It provides details on the chemical structure, absorption, transport, functions, sources, and requirements of each vitamin. The key roles of Vitamin A are in vision and tissue growth/differentiation. Vitamin D helps absorb calcium and phosphate to support bone mineralization. Vitamins E and K act as antioxidants and are necessary for blood clotting, respectively. A diet containing foods like fish liver, eggs, green vegetables, and plant oils can provide adequate amounts of these essential fat soluble vitamins.
Describes about the importance of vitamins in our daily activities , classification of vitamins,various sources of vitamins and also about the problems which occurs due to the deficiency of vitamins.
Water soluble vitamins include Vitamin C and the vitamin B complex: thiamin (B1), riboflavin (B2), niacin (B3), pantothenic acid (B5), Vitamin B6, biotin (B7), folic acid (B9), Vitamin B12. Vitamin A in its Beta-Carotene form is also water-soluble.
Vitamin D is a fat-soluble vitamin that functions like a hormone and regulates calcium levels. It is obtained through sun exposure and dietary sources like fatty fish and eggs. The skin produces vitamin D from exposure to UVB rays, especially between 10am-3pm in spring/summer/fall. Sun exposure duration depends on skin pigmentation and sunscreen use. Recommended daily intake is 400-800 IU depending on age.
Chemistry of Vitamin E, Biochemical role of Vitamin E, Recommended dietary Allowances, Dietary sources of Vitamin E, Deficiency symptoms of vitamin E, Hypervitaminosis of vitamin E, Toxicity of Vitamin E,
Contents:
Vitamins: Definition
Classification of vitamins.
Fat soluble vitamins: Vitamin A, Vitamin D, Vitamin E and Vitamin K. Chemical nature, Dietary sources, Coenzyme forms, Biochemical functions, recommended dietary allowances and deficiency diseases of fat soluble vitamins.
This document discusses vitamin D, including its forms, functions, metabolism, and deficiency/toxicity. Some key points:
- Vitamin D exists in two forms, D2 and D3. D3 is produced in the skin upon sun exposure and converted to its active form in the liver and kidneys.
- Its active form, calcitriol, regulates calcium and phosphorus levels by increasing their absorption in the intestine and reabsorption in kidneys. It also mobilizes calcium from bones.
- Deficiency causes rickets in children and osteomalacia in adults due to impaired bone mineralization. Toxicity leads to hypercalcemia which can damage soft tissues like kidneys.
Vitamins UNIT-7 biochemistry and clinical pathology, D.Pharm 2nd year.pptxAanchal Gupta
Vitamins, unit-7 for D.Pharm second year, According to PCI syllabus.
Definition and classification with examples
Sources, chemical nature, functions, coenzyme form, recommended dietary requirements, deficiency diseases of fat-and water-soluble vitamins
1. Vitamin D is a fat-soluble vitamin that exists in two forms, D2 and D3, which are converted to calcitriol, the active form of vitamin D.
2. Calcitriol regulates calcium and phosphate levels by increasing their absorption in the intestine, reabsorption in the kidneys, and mobilization from bones.
3. Vitamin D deficiency can cause rickets in children and osteomalacia in adults, characterized by soft and deformed bones from mineralization problems.
The word "vitamin" comes from the Latin word “vita”, means "life". Vitamins are organic components in food that are required in very small amounts for growth and for maintaining good health. Vitamins are chemicals found in very small amounts in many different foods Vitamins and minerals are measured in a variety of ways. The most common are:
mg – milligram (a milligram is one thousandth of a gram)
mcg – microgram (a microgram is one millionth of a gram. 1,000 micrograms is equal to one milligram)
IU – international unit (the conversion of milligrams and micrograms into IU depends on the type of vitamin or drug)
This document discusses fat soluble vitamin D, including its forms, synthesis in skin upon sunlight exposure, absorption, transport, metabolism to its active form calcitriol in the liver and kidneys, functions in regulating calcium absorption and bone mineralization, deficiency diseases like rickets and osteomalacia, and toxicity from overconsumption. Vitamin D is converted to calcitriol, which acts as a hormone by binding to receptors to stimulate calcium transport proteins and bone mineralization. Deficiency causes impaired bone development and mineralization while excess leads to hypercalcemia.
Vitamin D is a fat-soluble vitamin that is important for calcium absorption and bone health. It can be synthesized in the skin upon exposure to sunlight or obtained from dietary sources. The biologically active form, calcitriol, increases intestinal calcium absorption and maintains calcium and phosphate levels in the blood through actions in the intestine, kidney, and bone. A daily intake of 400 IU is recommended, and deficiency can lead to rickets in children or osteomalacia in adults.
1. Vitamin D is synthesized in the skin upon exposure to sunlight and is converted to its active form, calcitriol, in the kidneys.
2. Calcitriol increases intestinal absorption of calcium and phosphate and promotes their reabsorption in the kidneys to maintain mineral homeostasis.
3. It also supports bone mineralization by stimulating calcium and phosphate deposition from the blood into the bone.
Vitamin D is an essential fat-soluble vitamin for dogs that is important for calcium absorption, bone growth, and immune function. Dogs cannot synthesize vitamin D from sunlight like humans, so it must be obtained through their diet or supplements. Vitamin D becomes activated through a process in the liver and kidneys to form calcitriol, the active form. A vitamin D deficiency can lead to thin and brittle bones or rickets in dogs, while too much can cause hypercalcemia and related issues. The AAFCO recommends 500 IU of vitamin D per kilogram of dog food.
1. Vitamin D3 is synthesized in the skin by exposure to sunlight and is converted to calcitriol, the biologically active form, in the kidney.
2. Calcitriol acts on the intestine, bone, and kidney to regulate calcium and phosphate levels in the blood by increasing their absorption in the intestine and reabsorption in the kidney.
3. Vitamin D deficiency in children causes rickets, characterized by soft and deformed bones, while deficiency in adults causes osteomalacia, resulting in demineralized bones.
1. Vitamin D3 is synthesized in the skin by exposure to sunlight and is converted to calcitriol, the biologically active form, in the kidney.
2. Calcitriol acts on the intestine, bone, and kidney to regulate calcium levels by increasing calcium absorption from the intestine, mobilizing calcium from bone, and enhancing calcium reabsorption in the kidney.
3. Vitamin D deficiency causes rickets in children, characterized by bone deformities and softening, and osteomalacia in adults, characterized by demineralization of bones.
The document discusses vitamins, classifying them as either water soluble or fat soluble. It further divides the B-complex vitamins into energy-releasing vitamins and hematopoietic vitamins. The document then provides details on specific vitamins including sources, functions, deficiency symptoms, and recommended daily amounts. Vitamins discussed in depth include A, D, E, K, as well as several B vitamins.
Vitamin D is a group of sterols that includes vitamins D2 and D3. Vitamin D2 is derived from plants while D3 is produced in the skin from sunlight or obtained through diet. Vitamin D becomes biologically active when hydroxylated in the liver and kidneys to form calcitrol. Calcitrol increases absorption of calcium and phosphorus from the gut and their mobilization from bones in order to maintain appropriate mineral levels. Vitamin D deficiency can lead to rickets in children, causing soft bones and skeletal deformities, or osteomalacia in adults. Therapeutic uses of vitamin D include treatment of hypoparathyroidism, rickets, osteomalacia, and investigational uses
Its presentation is on
description of Vitamin D۔۔ History
Sources
Normal levels
Types
Causes of vitamin D deficiency
Mechanism of Vitamin D
Connection of calcium with Vitamin D
Disease and risk factors
Prevention of vitamin D deficiency
Vitamin D is important for many bodily functions beyond bone health. It acts as a hormone and is involved in processes like calcium absorption and immune function. Sources of vitamin D include fatty fish, fish liver oils, egg yolks, and exposure to sunlight. Deficiencies can cause bone diseases like rickets and osteomalacia and increase risk for various cancers and autoimmune diseases.
Vitamins are organic compounds that occur naturally in small amounts in foods. They are required for normal growth, maintenance, and reproduction. There are two types of vitamins - fat-soluble (A, D, E, K) and water-soluble (C, B vitamins). Vitamin deficiencies can occur due to reduced intake, impaired absorption, metabolism or increased losses. The major vitamins, their functions, dietary sources, and deficiency diseases are described.
A vitamin is an organic compound and a vital nutrient that an organism requires in limited amounts. An organic chemical compound (or related set of compounds) is called a vitamin when the organism cannot synthesize the compound in sufficient quantities, and it must be obtained through the diet; thus, the term "vitamin" is conditional upon the circumstances and the particular organism.
This document provides information on Vitamins D and K. It discusses the sources, structures, functions, recommended daily intake and deficiency symptoms of each vitamin. Vitamin D helps regulate calcium levels and bone mineralization, while Vitamin K is required for blood clotting through the gamma-carboxylation of clotting factors in the liver. Both vitamins are fat-soluble and absorbed through the intestine with dietary fats and bile salts.
This document provides information about Akash Mahadev Iyer, who is an S2 M.Sc Biochemistry student at the University of Kerala in Kariyavattom. It then discusses vitamins in general and provides details on the 13 essential vitamins for humans, including fat-soluble vitamins A, D, E, and K, and water-soluble B complex vitamins and vitamin C. For each vitamin, the document outlines their chemical structure, food sources, functions in the body, deficiency and toxicity symptoms, and recommended dietary allowances.
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Enzymes definitions, types & classificationJasmineJuliet
Enzyme - Introduction, Biocatalysts, Definition of enzymes, Types of enzymes, classification of enzyme, Nomenclature of enzymes, EC number, Types of enzymes with examples, and reaction.
Enzymes properties, nomenclature and classificationJasmineJuliet
Enzymes - Definition, Introduction about biocatalysts, Properties of enzymes, Specificity, capacity for regulation, Example for enzyme at specific pH, Nomenclature of enzymes, Systematic name, common name, enzyme commission number, Classification of enzymes: Oxidoreductase, Transferase, lyases, ligases, isomerases, hydrolases.
Occurrence and classification and function of alkaloidsJasmineJuliet
Alkaloids introduction, Alkaloids classification, Alkaloids function, pharmaceutical applications of alkaloids, Examples of alkaloids, Some review questions related to alkaloids.
Glycoproteins and lectin ( Conjugated Carbohydrate)JasmineJuliet
Glycoprotein - Introduction, Structure, Significance. Lectin - Introduction, Structure, Significance. Lipid definition, Some review questions related to Glycoprotein and lectins
Physical and chemical properties of carbohydratesJasmineJuliet
The document discusses the physical and chemical properties of carbohydrates. It describes how monosaccharides exhibit optical isomerism due to asymmetric carbon atoms, and can be dextrorotatory or levorotatory. It also discusses mutarotation, where the optical rotation of monosaccharides changes over time when in solution. Additionally, it covers chemical properties such as reducing ability, reaction with acids and bases, and different types of oxidation reactions carbohydrates undergo.
Polysaccharide introduction, example, structure, starch, cellulose, chitin those structure and important functions and their presence in plants and animals, polysaccharide types based on functions and their composition , functions of polysaccharides , important images for relevant polysaccharides types, polysaccharide role in plants and animal cells. Starch - structure and functions, cellulose structure and functions, chitin - structure and functions
The debris of the ‘last major merger’ is dynamically youngSérgio Sacani
The Milky Way’s (MW) inner stellar halo contains an [Fe/H]-rich component with highly eccentric orbits, often referred to as the
‘last major merger.’ Hypotheses for the origin of this component include Gaia-Sausage/Enceladus (GSE), where the progenitor
collided with the MW proto-disc 8–11 Gyr ago, and the Virgo Radial Merger (VRM), where the progenitor collided with the
MW disc within the last 3 Gyr. These two scenarios make different predictions about observable structure in local phase space,
because the morphology of debris depends on how long it has had to phase mix. The recently identified phase-space folds in Gaia
DR3 have positive caustic velocities, making them fundamentally different than the phase-mixed chevrons found in simulations
at late times. Roughly 20 per cent of the stars in the prograde local stellar halo are associated with the observed caustics. Based
on a simple phase-mixing model, the observed number of caustics are consistent with a merger that occurred 1–2 Gyr ago.
We also compare the observed phase-space distribution to FIRE-2 Latte simulations of GSE-like mergers, using a quantitative
measurement of phase mixing (2D causticality). The observed local phase-space distribution best matches the simulated data
1–2 Gyr after collision, and certainly not later than 3 Gyr. This is further evidence that the progenitor of the ‘last major merger’
did not collide with the MW proto-disc at early times, as is thought for the GSE, but instead collided with the MW disc within
the last few Gyr, consistent with the body of work surrounding the VRM.
EWOCS-I: The catalog of X-ray sources in Westerlund 1 from the Extended Weste...Sérgio Sacani
Context. With a mass exceeding several 104 M⊙ and a rich and dense population of massive stars, supermassive young star clusters
represent the most massive star-forming environment that is dominated by the feedback from massive stars and gravitational interactions
among stars.
Aims. In this paper we present the Extended Westerlund 1 and 2 Open Clusters Survey (EWOCS) project, which aims to investigate
the influence of the starburst environment on the formation of stars and planets, and on the evolution of both low and high mass stars.
The primary targets of this project are Westerlund 1 and 2, the closest supermassive star clusters to the Sun.
Methods. The project is based primarily on recent observations conducted with the Chandra and JWST observatories. Specifically,
the Chandra survey of Westerlund 1 consists of 36 new ACIS-I observations, nearly co-pointed, for a total exposure time of 1 Msec.
Additionally, we included 8 archival Chandra/ACIS-S observations. This paper presents the resulting catalog of X-ray sources within
and around Westerlund 1. Sources were detected by combining various existing methods, and photon extraction and source validation
were carried out using the ACIS-Extract software.
Results. The EWOCS X-ray catalog comprises 5963 validated sources out of the 9420 initially provided to ACIS-Extract, reaching a
photon flux threshold of approximately 2 × 10−8 photons cm−2
s
−1
. The X-ray sources exhibit a highly concentrated spatial distribution,
with 1075 sources located within the central 1 arcmin. We have successfully detected X-ray emissions from 126 out of the 166 known
massive stars of the cluster, and we have collected over 71 000 photons from the magnetar CXO J164710.20-455217.
PPT on Direct Seeded Rice presented at the three-day 'Training and Validation Workshop on Modules of Climate Smart Agriculture (CSA) Technologies in South Asia' workshop on April 22, 2024.
hematic appreciation test is a psychological assessment tool used to measure an individual's appreciation and understanding of specific themes or topics. This test helps to evaluate an individual's ability to connect different ideas and concepts within a given theme, as well as their overall comprehension and interpretation skills. The results of the test can provide valuable insights into an individual's cognitive abilities, creativity, and critical thinking skills
Current Ms word generated power point presentation covers major details about the micronuclei test. It's significance and assays to conduct it. It is used to detect the micronuclei formation inside the cells of nearly every multicellular organism. It's formation takes place during chromosomal sepration at metaphase.
Or: Beyond linear.
Abstract: Equivariant neural networks are neural networks that incorporate symmetries. The nonlinear activation functions in these networks result in interesting nonlinear equivariant maps between simple representations, and motivate the key player of this talk: piecewise linear representation theory.
Disclaimer: No one is perfect, so please mind that there might be mistakes and typos.
dtubbenhauer@gmail.com
Corrected slides: dtubbenhauer.com/talks.html
Describing and Interpreting an Immersive Learning Case with the Immersion Cub...Leonel Morgado
Current descriptions of immersive learning cases are often difficult or impossible to compare. This is due to a myriad of different options on what details to include, which aspects are relevant, and on the descriptive approaches employed. Also, these aspects often combine very specific details with more general guidelines or indicate intents and rationales without clarifying their implementation. In this paper we provide a method to describe immersive learning cases that is structured to enable comparisons, yet flexible enough to allow researchers and practitioners to decide which aspects to include. This method leverages a taxonomy that classifies educational aspects at three levels (uses, practices, and strategies) and then utilizes two frameworks, the Immersive Learning Brain and the Immersion Cube, to enable a structured description and interpretation of immersive learning cases. The method is then demonstrated on a published immersive learning case on training for wind turbine maintenance using virtual reality. Applying the method results in a structured artifact, the Immersive Learning Case Sheet, that tags the case with its proximal uses, practices, and strategies, and refines the free text case description to ensure that matching details are included. This contribution is thus a case description method in support of future comparative research of immersive learning cases. We then discuss how the resulting description and interpretation can be leveraged to change immersion learning cases, by enriching them (considering low-effort changes or additions) or innovating (exploring more challenging avenues of transformation). The method holds significant promise to support better-grounded research in immersive learning.
Mending Clothing to Support Sustainable Fashion_CIMaR 2024.pdfSelcen Ozturkcan
Ozturkcan, S., Berndt, A., & Angelakis, A. (2024). Mending clothing to support sustainable fashion. Presented at the 31st Annual Conference by the Consortium for International Marketing Research (CIMaR), 10-13 Jun 2024, University of Gävle, Sweden.
3. Vitamin D - Chemistry
Vitamin D is a fat soluble vitamin.
It resembles sterols in structure and functions
like a hormone.
Cholecalciferol (vitamin D3) is found in animals.
Ergocalciferol (vitamin D2) is formed from
ergosterol and is present in plants.
4.
5. Vitamin D - Chemistry
Ergocalciferol and cholecalciferol are sources of vitamin D
activity and are referred to as provitamins.
During the courses of cholesterol biosynthesis, 7-
dehydrocholesterol is formed as an intermediate.
On exposure to sunlight, 7-dehydrocholesterol is
converted to cholecalciferol in the skin (dermis and
epidermis).
Vitamin D is regarded as a sun-shine vitamin.
6.
7. Metabolism and Biochemical Functions
Synthesis of 1,25-DHCC: Cholecalciferol is first hydroxylated at 25th
position to 25-hydroxycholecalciferol (25-OHD3) by a specific
hydroxylase present in liver.
25-OH D3 is the major storage and circulatory form of vitamin D.
Kidney possesses a specific enzyme, 25-Hydroxycholecalciferol 1-
hydroxylase which hydroxylates 25- hydroxycholecalciferol at position
1 to produce 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol (1,25-DHCC).
1,25 -DHCC contains 3 hydroxyl groups (1,3 and 25 carbons) hence
referred to as Calcitriol.
8.
9.
10.
11. Vitamin D - Biochemical functions
Calcitriol( 1,25-DHCC) is the biologically active
form of vitamin D.
It regulates the plasma levels of calcium and
phosphate.
Calcitriol acts at 3 different levels (intestine,
kidney and bone) to maintain plasma calcium
(normal 9-11ms/dl).
12. Vitamin D - Biochemical functions
Action of calcitriol on the intestine: Calcitriol increase the
intestinal absorption of calcium and phosphate.
In the intestinal cells, calcitriol binds with a cytosolic receptor to
form a calcitriol-receptor complex.
This complex then approaches the nucleus and interacts with a
specific DNA leading to synthesis of a specific calcium binding
protein.
This protein increases the calcium uptake by the intestine.
13. Vitamin D - Biochemical functions
Action of calcitriol on the bone: In the osteoblasts of
bone, calcitriol stimulates calcium uptake for
deposition as calcium phosphate. Thus calcitriol is
essential for bone formation.
Action of calcitriol on the kidney: Calcitriol is also
invloved in minimizing the excretion of calcium and
phosphate through the kidney, by decreasing their
excretion and enhancing reabsorption.
14. Vitamin D - Biochemical functions
Vitamin D plays a role in the process of cell proliferation
and maturation.
It regulates the level of the enzyme alkaline phosphatase in
the serum. Phosphatase helps in the deposition of
Ca3(PO4)2 in bones and teeth.
Vitamin D is necessary for the secretion of Insulin from
Beta cells of the pancreas. Insulin secretion was found to be
decreased in Vitamin D deficient rats.
15. Vitamin D is a hormone and not a
vitamin - justification
Calcitriol (1,25-DHCC) is now considered as an important calciotropic hormone
while cholecalciferol is the prohormone.
The following characteristic features of vitamin D (comparable with hormone)
justify the status as a hormone.
Vitamin D3 (cholecalciferol) is synthesised in the skin by ultra-violet rays of
sunlight.
The biologically active form of vitamin D, calcitriol is produced in the kidney.
Calcitriol has target organs-intestine, bone and kidney, where it specially acts.
Calcitriol action is similar to steroid hormones.
It binds to a receptor in the cytosol and the complex acts on DNA to stimulate the
synthesis of calcium binding protein.
16. Recommended dietary allowance(RDA)
The daily requirement of vitamin D is 400 International units or
10μg of cholecalciferol.
In countries with good sunlight (like India), the RDA for vitamin
D is 200 IU (or 5μg cholecalciferol).
Dietary sources: Good sources of vitamin D include fatty fish,
fish liver oils,egg yolk etc.
Milk is not a good source of vitamin D.
In natural, exposure of skin to sunlight synthesises vitamin D.
17.
18.
19. Deficiency symptoms of Vitamin D
Deficiency of vitamin D leads to demineralization of
bone.
The result is rickets in children and osteomalacia in
adults.
Rickets is derived from an old English word Wrickken,
meaning to twist. Osteomalacia is derived from Greek
(osteon-bone; malakia-softness).
Vitamin D is often called as antirachitic vitamin.
20. Deficiency symptoms of Vitamin D
Rickets in children is characterized by bone deformities due to
incomplete mineralization, resulting in soft and pliable bones
and delay in teeth formation.
In rickets, the plasma level of calcitriol is decreased and
alkaline phosphatase activity is elevated.
In case of osteomalacia (adult rickets) demineralization of the
bones occurs (bones become softer), increasing the
susceptically to fractures.
21.
22. Hypervitaminosis D
Vitamin D is stored mostly in liver and
slowly metabolized.
Among the vitamins, vitamin D is the most
toxic in overdoses (10-100 times RDA).
Hypervitaminosis D may lead to formation of
stones in kidneys (renal calculi).
23. Hypervitaminosis D
High consumption of vitamin D is
associated with:
Loss of appetite,
Nausea,
Increased thirst,
Loss of weight, etc.