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VITAMINS

Vitamins are organic compounds necessary for normal metabolic functions and are classified into fat-soluble (A, D, E, K) and water-soluble (B complex and C) groups. Each vitamin has specific sources, metabolic functions, and deficiency diseases, with varying recommended daily allowances for different population groups. Both natural and synthetic vitamins are equally effective in nutrition, and deficiencies can lead to significant health issues such as blindness, skin lesions, and weakened immune responses.

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VITAMINS Vitamins are organic compounds . Required in small amount in diet to maintain normal metabolic function. Vitamins are of widespread occurence in nature,both plant & animal worlds. All common food stuff contain more than one vitamin. Vitamins are nonantigenic. Vitamins are effective when take orally.
All the cells of the body store vitamins to some extent. Vitamins carry out functions in very low concentrations. Hence,total daily requirement is very low. Old people need about the same amounts of vitamins as young people. Vitamins are mainly classified into two types such as fat soluble vitamins and water soluble vitamins. Most vitamins have been artificially synthesized. Synthetically made vitamins are just as nutritionally good as natural vitamins.
•FAT SOLUBLE VITAMINS. •WATER SOLUBLE VITAMINS.
FAT SOLUBLE VITAMINS These are oily substances,not readily soluble in water They contain carbon,hydrogen and oxygen. Fat soluble vitamins include vitamin A,D,E,&K. Fat soluble vitamins can be regard as lipids Vitamin A ,E &K are terpenoids Vitamin D is a steroid
Also known as [A1]Retinol , [A2]Dehydroretinol PROPERTIES OF VITAMIN A Ordinarily retinol is a viscoid ,colourless oil. Soluble in fats and fat solvents. Insoluble in water. Loss of vitamin A in cooking,canning and freezing of foodstuffs is small. Destroyed when exposure to sunlight
SOURCES OF VITAMIN A CARROT FISH LIVER OIL CHERRIES APRICOTS CANTALOUPES PAPPAYA VITAMIN A TABLETS PLUMS MANGOES YELLOW CORN
METABOLIC FUNCTION Membrane integrity
STRUCTURE OF VITAMIN A Vitamin A is found in two forms A1 and A2. β carotene is most potent form of vitamin A1 β carotene is made of eight 5-carbon isoprenoid units,linked to form a long chain of 40 carbon atoms with an ionone ring at each end. It is an orange-red hydrocarbon and upon hydrolysis yields 2 moles of vitamin A1 Vitamin A1is a complex primary alchohol called Retinol
It’s emperical formula is C20H29OH The terminal hydroxyl group is ordinarily esterified. It contains β-ionone ring. Another form of vitamin A present in fresh water fishes is known as vitamin A2 It posses an additional conjugate double bond between carbon atoms 3 and 4 of the β-ionone ring.
RETINOL 3DEHYDRORETINOL Β-CAROTENE
DEFICIENCY DISEASES Vitamin A is perhaps the most important as it affects the various metabolic processes in the body it has profound effect on epithelial structures in general.vitamin A deficiency leads to various diseases such as: Xerophthalmia Keratomalacia Phynoderma
XEROPHTHALMIA Major cause of blindness in childhood. It is characterized by the drying of eyes The lacrymal glands became stratified and keratinized and cease to produce tears This make external surface dry and dull. Ulcers develops, eyelids became swell and sticky This results in frequent exudation of blood causing severe infection to the eye.
Xerophthalmia affected child
KERATOMALACIA Corneal disease occurring in pre-school children of 3-4 years. At first cornea loses its lustre,undergoes necrosis and develop ulcers. Which later form large white ulcerative area. The whole eyeball may shrink Keratomalacia is still prevalent on a wide scale in many parts of india and indonesia,africa,etc
PHRYNODERMA It’s a skin lesion and is characterized by follicular hyperkeratosis. Forearms,elbows ,thighs becames rough and spiky.In some cases trunk also affected. There is a defective formation of enamel is occur and the dentin is exposed. Epithelial structures in diverse organs such as eyes,respiratory tract often became infected.
HUMAN REQUIREMENTS RDA of vitamin A is about 5,000 international unit(I.U). Growing childrens,adults and pregnant women and lactating mother require high doses upto 8,000 I.U. Some individuals require more than the minimal requirement due to either faulty absorption or some other reason.
Also known as sunshine vitamin or antirachitic factor PROPERTIES Vitamin D is a white and colourless crystalline substance Soluble in fat and fat solvents Fairly heat resistant Not affected by acids and alkalies.
SOURCES OF VITAMIN D MILK EGG YOLKERGOT BUTTER MUSHROOM COD LIVER OIL SALMON FISH HERRING SARDINE
METABOLC FUNCTION Calcification of bones and teeth.
STRUCTURE OF VITAMIN D The transformation of ergosterol (C27H44O) TO active form D2 takes place through a series of intermediates steps Ergosterol Lumisterol Protachysterol Tachysterol Precalciferol Calciferol Cholecalciferol(C27H44O) is produced from 7-dehydrocholestrol Toxisterol Suprasterols
Ergosterol Ergocalciferol 7-dehydrocholestrol Cholecalciferol
DEFICIENCY DISEASES The most characteristic symptom of vitamin D deficiency is the childhood disease known as ‘Rickets’. Deficiency of it in human adults leads to ‘Osteomalacia’, a condition that might also termed as “adult ricket”
RICKETS Disease of growing bones Deposition of inorganic materials on the matrix of bones fails to occur. It may occur older children with malabsorption. One of the early sign of rickets is Craniotabes, which is due to thickening of outer table of the skull. Rickets in itself is not a fatal disease but complications and intercurrent infections such as pneumonia,tuberculosis are more likely to cause death in rachitic children than normal children.
CHILD WITH RICKETS
OSTEOMALACIA Action of bones were similar as rickets Bones become softer than rachitic bones. Loss of calcium is greater than that of phosphrous Prevalent in india,china and arab,particularly in women because of the custom that keeps them indoor and alsoprevents them from exposure to sunlight
HUMAN REQUIREMENTS Vitamin D requirement is gretly influenced by the amount of ultraviolet light to which the individual is exposed. Half an hour of direct sunlight on the cheeks of a baby each day is sufficient to generate daily requirement of vitamin D For adults also,exposure to sunlight for 30 minutes a day is believed to satisfy the daily requirement.
In some areas the sunshine is not much beneficial so vitamin D is need to include with diet. 400 IU is recommended for infants,lactating mother,and pregnent women. For adult also 400 IU is adequate.
Also known as antisterility factor PROPERTIES Vitamin E is a light yellow oil. Resistant to heat and acids. Acted upon alkalies. Slowly oxidized and destroyed by UV rays.
SOURCES OF VITAMIN E WHEAT GERM OIL CORN EGG MILK SOYABEAN MEAT RICE
METABOLIC FUNCTION Act as antioxidents Control Oxygen consumption Participate innucleic acid metabolism
STRUCTURE OF VITAMIN E Vitamin E is the collective name for a group of closely related lipids called Tocopherols. The tocopherols are derivatives of 6- hydrochroman bearing an isoprenoid side chain at carbon 2
DEFICIENCY DISEASE Premature, very low birth weight infants. Neurological problems. Impairment of the immune response . Neuromuscular problems. Rare disorders of fat metabolism. Fat malabsorption .
HUMAN REQUIREMENTS Daily requiremnt for adults is 30IU. Pregnent and lactating mothers aso requires 30IU daily. The vitamin E requirement is at the rate of 1 to 1.25 IU per kilogram weight.
Also known as antihemorrhagic factor PROPERTIES It’s a yellow viscid oil. Sensitive to light so that it is kept in dark bottles. Destroyed by stong acids and alkalies and oxidizing agents.
SOURCES OF VITAMIN K SPINACH CORIANDER LEAFS CABBAGE DRUMSTICK LEAFS CABBAGE ALFALFA BROCOLI FRUITS
METABOLIC FUNCTION Biosynthesis of prothrombin Oxidative phosphorylation in electron transport chain.
STRUCTURE OF VITAMIN K
DEFICIENCY DISEASES Cause loss of blood-clotting power. In infants hemorrhage should form. In man it leads to diminished intestinal absorption of lipids.
HUMAN REQUIREMENTS There is seldom a lack of sufficient vitaminK in human beings.as such no standard requirement has been set.
WATER SOLUBLE VITAMINS It contains carbon,hydrogen,oxygen and nitrogen. Soluble in water. Water soluble vitamins are vitamins of B complex such as B1 through B12 and vitamin C
Also known as antineuritic factor PROPERTIES I’ts a white crystalline substance. Soluble in water Odour resembles yeast The solution is optically inactive. Destroyed at elevated temperature.
SOURCES OF VITAMIN B1 CEREALS KIDNEY LIVER FRUITS&VEGETABLES MEAT MILK
METABOLIC FUNCTION Thiamine pyrophosphate(TPP) as coenzyme in many decarboxylation reaction.
STRUCTURE OF VITAMIN B1
DEFICIENCY DISEASE BERIBERI Beriberi is a neurological and cardiovascular disease Dry beriberi is characterized principally by peripheral neuropathy consisting of symmetric impairment of sensory, motor, and reflex functions affecting distal more than proximal limb segments and causing calf muscle tenderness Wet beriberi is associated with mental confusion
• Infantile beriberi occurs in infants breast-fed by thiamin-deficient mothers (who may show no sign of thiamine deficiency). Infants may manifest cardiac, aphonic, or pseudomeningitic forms of the disorder. Infants with cardiac beriberi frequently exhibit a loud piercing cry, vomiting, and tachycardia.Convulsions are not uncommon, and death may ensue if thiamine is not administered promptly. • Gastrointestinal beriberi is associated with nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, and lactic acidosis
BERIBERI AFFECTED CHILD
HUMAN REQUIREMENT RDA for men is of 1.2-1.4 mg . 1 mg for women Pregnant and lactating mother requires 1.5 mg daily For infants 0.2-0.5 mg daily.
Also known as Riboflavin PROPERTIES It’s a yellow orange crystalline powder. Soluble in water Easily decomposed by alkali and light. The aqueous solution exhibit green flurascence.
SOURCES OF VITAMIN B2 LIVER GREEN LEAFY VEGETABLES KIDNEY FRUITS AND VEGETABLES MILK MEAT
METABOLIC FUNCTION Phototropic curvature of plant organs.
STRUCTURE OF VITAMIN B2
DEFICIENCY DISEASES Deficiency causes ariboflavinosis. Symptoms may include cheilosis (cracks in the lips), high sensitivity to sunlight, angular cheilitis,glossitis (inflammation of the tongue),seborrheic dermatitis or pseudo- syphilis (particularly affecting the or and the mouth), pharyngitis (sore throat), hyperemia, and edema of the pharyngeal and oral mucosa
HUMAN REQUIREMENTS The dietary allowance of B2 varies from 0.6 to1.7mg for children and adults. During pregnancy and lactation women require up to2.0 mg daily.
Also known as yeast factor PROPERTIES It’s a pale yellow viscous oil Soluble in water Insoluble in chloroform Destroyed by heating in acid and alkaline medium
SOURCES OF VITAMIN B3 YEAST EGG FRUITS & VEGETABLES KIDNEY
METABOLIC FUNCTION Participate in the formation of co-enzyme A.
STRUCTURE OF VITAMIN B3
DEFICIENCY DISEASES Pellagra is the disease icaused by a severe and prolonged deficiency of vitamin B3. Characterized by bilateral dermatitis, dementia, and diarrhea. A prolonged and severe niacin deficiency may cause depression and neurasthenia (weakening of muscles).
HUMAN REQUIREMENTS The dietary allowance does has not been officiallyworked out.yet,5-10mg per day of vitamin B3 have been suggested.
Also known as antiblacktongue factor PROPERTIES It’s a white crystalline substance. Soluble in water Heat stable Stable in air and water Soluble in ethyl alchohol also
SOURCES OF VITAMIN B5 TEAST MEAT LIVER
METABOLIC FUNCTION Act as a constituent in two pyrimidine nucleotide coenzymes,NAD and NADP.
STRUCTURE OF VITAMIN B5
DEFICIENCY DISEASES The first signs of vitamin B5 deficiency are burning sensations in the hands and feet and numbness coupled with poor coordination. This vitamin is extremely essential for acetylcholine synthesis which is required for muscle contractions and its deficiency can cause muscle cramps, numbness, and tingling sensations of muscles which make them very uncomfortable.
This vitamin also contributes to producing energy inside the body. As a result, common symptoms of vitamin B5 deficiency in the body are irritability, fatigue, tiredness, and apathy. Intestinal symptoms like diarrhea, vomiting, and water retention are also other deficiency related symptoms.
HUMAN REQUIREMENT The RDA for children is about 8-15 mg For men 15-20g For women 13-15 For pregnant and lactating mothers 20 mg daily.
Also known as antidermatitis factor PROPERTIES It’s a white crystalline substance Soluble in water Sensitive to light and ultraviolet rays Resistant to acids and alkalies
SOURCES OF VITAMIN B6 YEAST BANANA EGG YOLK AVOCADO SALMON FISH PEAS CEREALS WATER MELON SWEET POTATO POTATO TURNIP GREEN
METABOLIC FUNCTION Serves as growth factor to a number of bacteria Also act as a carrier in active transport of amino acids across cell membrane
STRUCTURE OF VITAMINB6
DEFICIENCY DISEASE Vitamin B6 deficiency in adults may cause health problems affecting the nerves, skin, mucous membranes, and circulatory system. In children, the central nervous system is also affected Deficiency can occur in people with kidney failure complications, alcoholism, liver scarring, overactive thyroid, problems with absorbing nutrients, and heart failure, as well as those taking certain medications
HUMAN REQUIREMENTS For infants and childrens 0.2-1.2 2.0mg for men and women daily. For pregnant and lactating mother 2.5 mg daily needed
Also known as antiegg white injury factor PROPERTIES Biotin crystallizes as long needles. Soluble in water and ethyl alcohol. Heat stable. Resistant to both acids and alkalies.
SOURCES OF VITAMIN B7 YEAST PEANUTS LIVER MOLASSES MEAT
METABOLIC FUNCTION Act as a prosthetic group for many enzymes which bring about carboxylation and synthesis of fatty acids.
STRUCTURE OF VITAMIN B7
DEFICIENCY DISEASE Signs of ovitamin B7 (biotin) deficiency include hair loss and a scaly red rash around the eyes, nose, mouth, and genital area. Neurologic symptoms in adults have included depression, lethargy, hallucination, and numbness and tingling of the extremities. Individuals with hereditary disorders of biotin metabolism show in addition impaired immune system function and increased susceptibility to bacterial and fungal infections.
HUMAN REQUIREMENTS RDA for this vitamin has not been established. But 10 mg per day of biotin is sufficient for an adult.
Also known as liver lactobacillus casei factor PROPERTIES Follic acid is a yollow crysralline substance. Soluble in water. Insoluble in fat solvents. Stable to heat in alkaline solution. Inactivated by sunlight.
SOURCES OF VITAMIN B9 CLAMS MILK OYSTER EGG MEAT YEAST WHEAT
METABOLIC FUNCTION Enzymatic synthesis of purines ,pyrimidines and amino acids.
STRUCTURE OF VITAMIN B9
DEFICIENCY DISEASE • Deficiency of vitamin B9 is generally indicated by headache, nausea, and irritability. • Other signs of vitamin B9 deficiency are fatigue, acne, sore tongue, and cracks at the corner of the mouth. • Signs of deficiency of vitamin B9 also include loss of memory, restricted growth of the brain and nerves, paranoia, weakness, and skin cracking.
Mood disorder and depression are also signs of deficiency of vitamin B9. Loss of appetite, inflamed tongue, gastrointestinal problems, and diarrhea are the other common signs of vitamin B9 deficiency.
HUMAN REQUIREMENTS For infants 0.1mg daily. 0.4 mg for men 0.8 mg per day for pregnant and lactating mothers.
Also known as anti-pernivious anemia factor PROPERTIES It’s a deep red crystalline substance Soluble in water Stable to heat in neutral solutions. Destroyed by heat in acids and alkaline solutions.
SOURCES OF VITAMIN B12 CHLORELLA MILK OYSTER EGG SPIRULINA MEAT
METABOLIC FUNCTION Nucleic acid metabolism.
STRUCTURE OF VITAMIN B12
DEFICIENCY DISEASES Fatigue (tiredness Panting (shortness of breath) Palpitations (disagreeable sensations of irregular or heavy beating of the heart). B12 deficiency anemia may also be caused by a lack of intrinsic factor - pernicious anemia. The patient's digestive system cannot absorb B12 properly Pale or yellowish skin
HUMAN REQUIREMENTS For children 2-4mg. For men and women 5mg. For pregnant and lactating mother 8mg.
Also known as antiscorbutic factor PROPERTIES Colourless and odourless crystalline substance. Slightly sour substance optically active. Soluble in water. Drying of fruits and vegetables also results in loss of vitamin c. It’s a powerful reducing agent.
SOURCES OF VITAMIN C CITRUS FRUITS ORANGE LEMON APPLE CHERRIE GOOSEBERRY TOMATO POTATO
METABOLIC FUNCTION Act as reducing agent Biosynthesis of adrenal steroid hormones. Helps in synthesis of colagen.
STRUCTURE OF VITAMIN C
DEFICIENCY DISEASE Fatigue - Early on, someone with a vitamin C deficiency will tend to get tired easily and experience reduced energy. Because chronic fatigue is a symptom of so many illnesses, it can be hard to catch a specific condition based on this symptom. Mood Changes - Individuals with a vitamin C deficiency may become irritable or short tempered. Weight Loss - As with other "wasting conditions" someone with a vitamin C deficiency may experience sudden weight loss. Joint and Muscle Aches - Chronic pain in the limbs or joints can be a symptom of a vitamin deficiency. Bruising - Individuals with a vitamin C deficiency will tend to bruise easily. Excessive bruising is a sign that the body's chemistry needs to be improved.
Dental Conditions - Just as a healthy daily dose of vitamin C contributes to healthy teeth and gums, a deficiency can cause deterioration of the gums. Periodontal problems are a symptom of a vitamin C deficiency that has been allowed to develop to a hazardous level Dry Hair and Skin - A change in hair and skin conditions can also signal that the body is not getting enough of vitamin C and other essential vitamins and minerals. Infections - When an individual does not have enough vitamin C over time, this can have a negative impact on general healing of wounds and the fighting of infections. Generally, the body's immune system will be compromised.
HUMAN REQUIREMENT For childrens 40 mg per day. For adults 50-60 mg. Lactating and pregnant women require 100mg Daily.
Also known as vitamin p PROPERTIES They are water soluble vitamins
SOURCES OF VITAMIN P TOBACCO LEAVES BUCKWHEAT SEEDS JUICE ,PEEL AND PULP OF CITRUS FRUITS
METABOLIC FUNCTION Act as antioxident Maintains of capillary permeability and fragility.
DEFICIENCY DISEASE Bioflavinoid deficiency in animals results in a syndrome characterized by increased capillary permiability and fragility. In man however deficiency syndrome have7 not observed.
HUMAN REQUIREMENT The dietary allowances for man are not known.
Recommended daily daietary allowances
Always Remember to take your vitamins. Take your vitamin A for ACTION . Vitamin B for BELIEF, vitamin C for CONFIDENCE, vitamin D for DISCIPLINE, vitamin E for ENTHUSIASM!
VITAMINS

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VITAMINS

  • 2.
    VITAMINS Vitamins are organiccompounds . Required in small amount in diet to maintain normal metabolic function. Vitamins are of widespread occurence in nature,both plant & animal worlds. All common food stuff contain more than one vitamin. Vitamins are nonantigenic. Vitamins are effective when take orally.
  • 3.
    All the cellsof the body store vitamins to some extent. Vitamins carry out functions in very low concentrations. Hence,total daily requirement is very low. Old people need about the same amounts of vitamins as young people. Vitamins are mainly classified into two types such as fat soluble vitamins and water soluble vitamins. Most vitamins have been artificially synthesized. Synthetically made vitamins are just as nutritionally good as natural vitamins.
  • 4.
  • 5.
    FAT SOLUBLE VITAMINS Theseare oily substances,not readily soluble in water They contain carbon,hydrogen and oxygen. Fat soluble vitamins include vitamin A,D,E,&K. Fat soluble vitamins can be regard as lipids Vitamin A ,E &K are terpenoids Vitamin D is a steroid
  • 7.
    Also known as[A1]Retinol , [A2]Dehydroretinol PROPERTIES OF VITAMIN A Ordinarily retinol is a viscoid ,colourless oil. Soluble in fats and fat solvents. Insoluble in water. Loss of vitamin A in cooking,canning and freezing of foodstuffs is small. Destroyed when exposure to sunlight
  • 8.
    SOURCES OF VITAMINA CARROT FISH LIVER OIL CHERRIES APRICOTS CANTALOUPES PAPPAYA VITAMIN A TABLETS PLUMS MANGOES YELLOW CORN
  • 9.
  • 10.
    STRUCTURE OF VITAMINA Vitamin A is found in two forms A1 and A2. β carotene is most potent form of vitamin A1 β carotene is made of eight 5-carbon isoprenoid units,linked to form a long chain of 40 carbon atoms with an ionone ring at each end. It is an orange-red hydrocarbon and upon hydrolysis yields 2 moles of vitamin A1 Vitamin A1is a complex primary alchohol called Retinol
  • 11.
    It’s emperical formulais C20H29OH The terminal hydroxyl group is ordinarily esterified. It contains β-ionone ring. Another form of vitamin A present in fresh water fishes is known as vitamin A2 It posses an additional conjugate double bond between carbon atoms 3 and 4 of the β-ionone ring.
  • 12.
  • 13.
    DEFICIENCY DISEASES Vitamin Ais perhaps the most important as it affects the various metabolic processes in the body it has profound effect on epithelial structures in general.vitamin A deficiency leads to various diseases such as: Xerophthalmia Keratomalacia Phynoderma
  • 14.
    XEROPHTHALMIA Major cause ofblindness in childhood. It is characterized by the drying of eyes The lacrymal glands became stratified and keratinized and cease to produce tears This make external surface dry and dull. Ulcers develops, eyelids became swell and sticky This results in frequent exudation of blood causing severe infection to the eye.
  • 15.
  • 16.
    KERATOMALACIA Corneal disease occurringin pre-school children of 3-4 years. At first cornea loses its lustre,undergoes necrosis and develop ulcers. Which later form large white ulcerative area. The whole eyeball may shrink Keratomalacia is still prevalent on a wide scale in many parts of india and indonesia,africa,etc
  • 17.
    PHRYNODERMA It’s a skinlesion and is characterized by follicular hyperkeratosis. Forearms,elbows ,thighs becames rough and spiky.In some cases trunk also affected. There is a defective formation of enamel is occur and the dentin is exposed. Epithelial structures in diverse organs such as eyes,respiratory tract often became infected.
  • 18.
    HUMAN REQUIREMENTS RDA ofvitamin A is about 5,000 international unit(I.U). Growing childrens,adults and pregnant women and lactating mother require high doses upto 8,000 I.U. Some individuals require more than the minimal requirement due to either faulty absorption or some other reason.
  • 20.
    Also known assunshine vitamin or antirachitic factor PROPERTIES Vitamin D is a white and colourless crystalline substance Soluble in fat and fat solvents Fairly heat resistant Not affected by acids and alkalies.
  • 21.
    SOURCES OF VITAMIND MILK EGG YOLKERGOT BUTTER MUSHROOM COD LIVER OIL SALMON FISH HERRING SARDINE
  • 22.
  • 23.
    STRUCTURE OF VITAMIND The transformation of ergosterol (C27H44O) TO active form D2 takes place through a series of intermediates steps Ergosterol Lumisterol Protachysterol Tachysterol Precalciferol Calciferol Cholecalciferol(C27H44O) is produced from 7-dehydrocholestrol Toxisterol Suprasterols
  • 24.
  • 25.
    DEFICIENCY DISEASES The mostcharacteristic symptom of vitamin D deficiency is the childhood disease known as ‘Rickets’. Deficiency of it in human adults leads to ‘Osteomalacia’, a condition that might also termed as “adult ricket”
  • 26.
    RICKETS Disease of growingbones Deposition of inorganic materials on the matrix of bones fails to occur. It may occur older children with malabsorption. One of the early sign of rickets is Craniotabes, which is due to thickening of outer table of the skull. Rickets in itself is not a fatal disease but complications and intercurrent infections such as pneumonia,tuberculosis are more likely to cause death in rachitic children than normal children.
  • 27.
  • 28.
    OSTEOMALACIA Action of boneswere similar as rickets Bones become softer than rachitic bones. Loss of calcium is greater than that of phosphrous Prevalent in india,china and arab,particularly in women because of the custom that keeps them indoor and alsoprevents them from exposure to sunlight
  • 29.
    HUMAN REQUIREMENTS Vitamin Drequirement is gretly influenced by the amount of ultraviolet light to which the individual is exposed. Half an hour of direct sunlight on the cheeks of a baby each day is sufficient to generate daily requirement of vitamin D For adults also,exposure to sunlight for 30 minutes a day is believed to satisfy the daily requirement.
  • 30.
    In some areasthe sunshine is not much beneficial so vitamin D is need to include with diet. 400 IU is recommended for infants,lactating mother,and pregnent women. For adult also 400 IU is adequate.
  • 32.
    Also known asantisterility factor PROPERTIES Vitamin E is a light yellow oil. Resistant to heat and acids. Acted upon alkalies. Slowly oxidized and destroyed by UV rays.
  • 33.
    SOURCES OF VITAMINE WHEAT GERM OIL CORN EGG MILK SOYABEAN MEAT RICE
  • 34.
    METABOLIC FUNCTION Act asantioxidents Control Oxygen consumption Participate innucleic acid metabolism
  • 35.
    STRUCTURE OF VITAMINE Vitamin E is the collective name for a group of closely related lipids called Tocopherols. The tocopherols are derivatives of 6- hydrochroman bearing an isoprenoid side chain at carbon 2
  • 37.
    DEFICIENCY DISEASE Premature, verylow birth weight infants. Neurological problems. Impairment of the immune response . Neuromuscular problems. Rare disorders of fat metabolism. Fat malabsorption .
  • 38.
    HUMAN REQUIREMENTS Daily requiremntfor adults is 30IU. Pregnent and lactating mothers aso requires 30IU daily. The vitamin E requirement is at the rate of 1 to 1.25 IU per kilogram weight.
  • 40.
    Also known asantihemorrhagic factor PROPERTIES It’s a yellow viscid oil. Sensitive to light so that it is kept in dark bottles. Destroyed by stong acids and alkalies and oxidizing agents.
  • 41.
    SOURCES OF VITAMINK SPINACH CORIANDER LEAFS CABBAGE DRUMSTICK LEAFS CABBAGE ALFALFA BROCOLI FRUITS
  • 42.
    METABOLIC FUNCTION Biosynthesis ofprothrombin Oxidative phosphorylation in electron transport chain.
  • 43.
  • 44.
    DEFICIENCY DISEASES Cause lossof blood-clotting power. In infants hemorrhage should form. In man it leads to diminished intestinal absorption of lipids.
  • 45.
    HUMAN REQUIREMENTS There isseldom a lack of sufficient vitaminK in human beings.as such no standard requirement has been set.
  • 46.
    WATER SOLUBLE VITAMINS Itcontains carbon,hydrogen,oxygen and nitrogen. Soluble in water. Water soluble vitamins are vitamins of B complex such as B1 through B12 and vitamin C
  • 48.
    Also known asantineuritic factor PROPERTIES I’ts a white crystalline substance. Soluble in water Odour resembles yeast The solution is optically inactive. Destroyed at elevated temperature.
  • 49.
    SOURCES OF VITAMINB1 CEREALS KIDNEY LIVER FRUITS&VEGETABLES MEAT MILK
  • 50.
    METABOLIC FUNCTION Thiamine pyrophosphate(TPP)as coenzyme in many decarboxylation reaction.
  • 51.
  • 52.
    DEFICIENCY DISEASE BERIBERI Beriberi isa neurological and cardiovascular disease Dry beriberi is characterized principally by peripheral neuropathy consisting of symmetric impairment of sensory, motor, and reflex functions affecting distal more than proximal limb segments and causing calf muscle tenderness Wet beriberi is associated with mental confusion
  • 53.
    • Infantile beriberioccurs in infants breast-fed by thiamin-deficient mothers (who may show no sign of thiamine deficiency). Infants may manifest cardiac, aphonic, or pseudomeningitic forms of the disorder. Infants with cardiac beriberi frequently exhibit a loud piercing cry, vomiting, and tachycardia.Convulsions are not uncommon, and death may ensue if thiamine is not administered promptly. • Gastrointestinal beriberi is associated with nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, and lactic acidosis
  • 54.
  • 55.
    HUMAN REQUIREMENT RDA formen is of 1.2-1.4 mg . 1 mg for women Pregnant and lactating mother requires 1.5 mg daily For infants 0.2-0.5 mg daily.
  • 57.
    Also known asRiboflavin PROPERTIES It’s a yellow orange crystalline powder. Soluble in water Easily decomposed by alkali and light. The aqueous solution exhibit green flurascence.
  • 58.
    SOURCES OF VITAMINB2 LIVER GREEN LEAFY VEGETABLES KIDNEY FRUITS AND VEGETABLES MILK MEAT
  • 59.
  • 60.
  • 61.
    DEFICIENCY DISEASES Deficiency causesariboflavinosis. Symptoms may include cheilosis (cracks in the lips), high sensitivity to sunlight, angular cheilitis,glossitis (inflammation of the tongue),seborrheic dermatitis or pseudo- syphilis (particularly affecting the or and the mouth), pharyngitis (sore throat), hyperemia, and edema of the pharyngeal and oral mucosa
  • 62.
    HUMAN REQUIREMENTS The dietaryallowance of B2 varies from 0.6 to1.7mg for children and adults. During pregnancy and lactation women require up to2.0 mg daily.
  • 64.
    Also known asyeast factor PROPERTIES It’s a pale yellow viscous oil Soluble in water Insoluble in chloroform Destroyed by heating in acid and alkaline medium
  • 65.
    SOURCES OF VITAMINB3 YEAST EGG FRUITS & VEGETABLES KIDNEY
  • 66.
    METABOLIC FUNCTION Participate inthe formation of co-enzyme A.
  • 67.
  • 68.
    DEFICIENCY DISEASES Pellagra isthe disease icaused by a severe and prolonged deficiency of vitamin B3. Characterized by bilateral dermatitis, dementia, and diarrhea. A prolonged and severe niacin deficiency may cause depression and neurasthenia (weakening of muscles).
  • 69.
    HUMAN REQUIREMENTS The dietaryallowance does has not been officiallyworked out.yet,5-10mg per day of vitamin B3 have been suggested.
  • 71.
    Also known asantiblacktongue factor PROPERTIES It’s a white crystalline substance. Soluble in water Heat stable Stable in air and water Soluble in ethyl alchohol also
  • 72.
    SOURCES OF VITAMINB5 TEAST MEAT LIVER
  • 73.
    METABOLIC FUNCTION Act asa constituent in two pyrimidine nucleotide coenzymes,NAD and NADP.
  • 74.
  • 75.
    DEFICIENCY DISEASES The firstsigns of vitamin B5 deficiency are burning sensations in the hands and feet and numbness coupled with poor coordination. This vitamin is extremely essential for acetylcholine synthesis which is required for muscle contractions and its deficiency can cause muscle cramps, numbness, and tingling sensations of muscles which make them very uncomfortable.
  • 76.
    This vitamin alsocontributes to producing energy inside the body. As a result, common symptoms of vitamin B5 deficiency in the body are irritability, fatigue, tiredness, and apathy. Intestinal symptoms like diarrhea, vomiting, and water retention are also other deficiency related symptoms.
  • 77.
    HUMAN REQUIREMENT The RDAfor children is about 8-15 mg For men 15-20g For women 13-15 For pregnant and lactating mothers 20 mg daily.
  • 79.
    Also known asantidermatitis factor PROPERTIES It’s a white crystalline substance Soluble in water Sensitive to light and ultraviolet rays Resistant to acids and alkalies
  • 80.
    SOURCES OF VITAMINB6 YEAST BANANA EGG YOLK AVOCADO SALMON FISH PEAS CEREALS WATER MELON SWEET POTATO POTATO TURNIP GREEN
  • 81.
    METABOLIC FUNCTION Serves asgrowth factor to a number of bacteria Also act as a carrier in active transport of amino acids across cell membrane
  • 82.
  • 83.
    DEFICIENCY DISEASE Vitamin B6deficiency in adults may cause health problems affecting the nerves, skin, mucous membranes, and circulatory system. In children, the central nervous system is also affected Deficiency can occur in people with kidney failure complications, alcoholism, liver scarring, overactive thyroid, problems with absorbing nutrients, and heart failure, as well as those taking certain medications
  • 84.
    HUMAN REQUIREMENTS For infantsand childrens 0.2-1.2 2.0mg for men and women daily. For pregnant and lactating mother 2.5 mg daily needed
  • 86.
    Also known asantiegg white injury factor PROPERTIES Biotin crystallizes as long needles. Soluble in water and ethyl alcohol. Heat stable. Resistant to both acids and alkalies.
  • 87.
    SOURCES OF VITAMINB7 YEAST PEANUTS LIVER MOLASSES MEAT
  • 88.
    METABOLIC FUNCTION Act asa prosthetic group for many enzymes which bring about carboxylation and synthesis of fatty acids.
  • 89.
  • 90.
    DEFICIENCY DISEASE Signs ofovitamin B7 (biotin) deficiency include hair loss and a scaly red rash around the eyes, nose, mouth, and genital area. Neurologic symptoms in adults have included depression, lethargy, hallucination, and numbness and tingling of the extremities. Individuals with hereditary disorders of biotin metabolism show in addition impaired immune system function and increased susceptibility to bacterial and fungal infections.
  • 91.
    HUMAN REQUIREMENTS RDA forthis vitamin has not been established. But 10 mg per day of biotin is sufficient for an adult.
  • 93.
    Also known asliver lactobacillus casei factor PROPERTIES Follic acid is a yollow crysralline substance. Soluble in water. Insoluble in fat solvents. Stable to heat in alkaline solution. Inactivated by sunlight.
  • 94.
    SOURCES OF VITAMINB9 CLAMS MILK OYSTER EGG MEAT YEAST WHEAT
  • 95.
    METABOLIC FUNCTION Enzymatic synthesisof purines ,pyrimidines and amino acids.
  • 96.
  • 97.
    DEFICIENCY DISEASE • Deficiencyof vitamin B9 is generally indicated by headache, nausea, and irritability. • Other signs of vitamin B9 deficiency are fatigue, acne, sore tongue, and cracks at the corner of the mouth. • Signs of deficiency of vitamin B9 also include loss of memory, restricted growth of the brain and nerves, paranoia, weakness, and skin cracking.
  • 98.
    Mood disorder anddepression are also signs of deficiency of vitamin B9. Loss of appetite, inflamed tongue, gastrointestinal problems, and diarrhea are the other common signs of vitamin B9 deficiency.
  • 99.
    HUMAN REQUIREMENTS For infants0.1mg daily. 0.4 mg for men 0.8 mg per day for pregnant and lactating mothers.
  • 101.
    Also known asanti-pernivious anemia factor PROPERTIES It’s a deep red crystalline substance Soluble in water Stable to heat in neutral solutions. Destroyed by heat in acids and alkaline solutions.
  • 102.
    SOURCES OF VITAMINB12 CHLORELLA MILK OYSTER EGG SPIRULINA MEAT
  • 103.
  • 104.
  • 105.
    DEFICIENCY DISEASES Fatigue (tiredness Panting(shortness of breath) Palpitations (disagreeable sensations of irregular or heavy beating of the heart). B12 deficiency anemia may also be caused by a lack of intrinsic factor - pernicious anemia. The patient's digestive system cannot absorb B12 properly Pale or yellowish skin
  • 106.
    HUMAN REQUIREMENTS For children2-4mg. For men and women 5mg. For pregnant and lactating mother 8mg.
  • 108.
    Also known asantiscorbutic factor PROPERTIES Colourless and odourless crystalline substance. Slightly sour substance optically active. Soluble in water. Drying of fruits and vegetables also results in loss of vitamin c. It’s a powerful reducing agent.
  • 109.
    SOURCES OF VITAMINC CITRUS FRUITS ORANGE LEMON APPLE CHERRIE GOOSEBERRY TOMATO POTATO
  • 110.
    METABOLIC FUNCTION Act asreducing agent Biosynthesis of adrenal steroid hormones. Helps in synthesis of colagen.
  • 111.
  • 112.
    DEFICIENCY DISEASE Fatigue -Early on, someone with a vitamin C deficiency will tend to get tired easily and experience reduced energy. Because chronic fatigue is a symptom of so many illnesses, it can be hard to catch a specific condition based on this symptom. Mood Changes - Individuals with a vitamin C deficiency may become irritable or short tempered. Weight Loss - As with other "wasting conditions" someone with a vitamin C deficiency may experience sudden weight loss. Joint and Muscle Aches - Chronic pain in the limbs or joints can be a symptom of a vitamin deficiency. Bruising - Individuals with a vitamin C deficiency will tend to bruise easily. Excessive bruising is a sign that the body's chemistry needs to be improved.
  • 113.
    Dental Conditions -Just as a healthy daily dose of vitamin C contributes to healthy teeth and gums, a deficiency can cause deterioration of the gums. Periodontal problems are a symptom of a vitamin C deficiency that has been allowed to develop to a hazardous level Dry Hair and Skin - A change in hair and skin conditions can also signal that the body is not getting enough of vitamin C and other essential vitamins and minerals. Infections - When an individual does not have enough vitamin C over time, this can have a negative impact on general healing of wounds and the fighting of infections. Generally, the body's immune system will be compromised.
  • 114.
    HUMAN REQUIREMENT For childrens40 mg per day. For adults 50-60 mg. Lactating and pregnant women require 100mg Daily.
  • 116.
    Also known asvitamin p PROPERTIES They are water soluble vitamins
  • 117.
    SOURCES OF VITAMINP TOBACCO LEAVES BUCKWHEAT SEEDS JUICE ,PEEL AND PULP OF CITRUS FRUITS
  • 118.
    METABOLIC FUNCTION Act asantioxident Maintains of capillary permeability and fragility.
  • 119.
    DEFICIENCY DISEASE Bioflavinoid deficiencyin animals results in a syndrome characterized by increased capillary permiability and fragility. In man however deficiency syndrome have7 not observed.
  • 120.
    HUMAN REQUIREMENT The dietaryallowances for man are not known.
  • 121.
  • 122.
    Always Remember totake your vitamins. Take your vitamin A for ACTION . Vitamin B for BELIEF, vitamin C for CONFIDENCE, vitamin D for DISCIPLINE, vitamin E for ENTHUSIASM!