Includes brief description about RESINS and pharmacognostic details of various drugs containing RESINS.

2.  Introduction
 Defnition
 Properties
 Occurance
 Distribution
 Extraction
 Classification
 Combinations
 Drugs

3.  The word resin comes from
French –
Greek –
Latin –
 Plant resins have a very long history that was
documented in ancient Greece by
and in ancient Rome by

4.  Resin is a solid or highly viscous organic substance
exuded by various trees or can be produced
synthetically .
 Synonym – .

5. Physically :– Resins are usually hard, transparent or
translucent . When heated, they soften
and finally melt.
Chemically :- They are complex mixtures of resin
acids , resin alcohols, resin phenols
(resinotannols).
Solubility :- Insoluble in water &petroleum spirit .
Soluble in alcohol,chloroform & ether.

6.  Resins occur in different secretory zones or
structures.
 Examples are as follows:
i)Resin Cells:-
Ginger-ZingiberofficinaleRoscoe
(Family:Zingiberaceae).
ii)Schizogenous Ducts:-
Pine Wood-Pinus polustris Miller
(Family:Pinaceae).
iii)Glandular Hairs:-
Cannabis-Cannabis sativa Linne
(Family:Moraceae).

8.  Distributed throughout the entire plant kingdom
Mostly – (seed plants)
Rarely – (ferns)
Absent- (sea-weeds,fungi)
 Resins are the overall net results of metabolism
in higher plants.
 Important Resin-Containing families are :-
(colophory/rosin)
(tolu balsum)
(garijari)
(myrrh)
(asafoetida)

9. By using solvents
By distillation

10. By making incisions
By heating the
plant part
containing resins

11.  Classified under 2 major categories:
Resins
Taxonomical
Classification
Chemical
Classification

12. Taxonomical
Classification
Coniferous
Resin
e.g. Colophony,
Sandarac.
Berberidaceae
Resin
e.g.Podophyllum.
Zygophyllaceae
Resin
e.g.Guaiacum.

13. Chemical
Classification
Resin acids
Resin phenols
Glucoresins
Resenes
Resin esters
Resin alcohols

14. S.No Resins Examples
1. Chemical Groups
i) Resin acids Colophony ,Myrrh ,Sandrac,
Guaiacum
ii) Resin esters Benzoin ,Dragon’s blood
iii) Resin alcohols Storax ,Benzoin
iv) Resin phenols Balsam of tolu ,balsam of
peru
v) Glucoresins Jalap
vi)
vii)
Resenes
Mixed composition
Asafoetida
Shellac

15. S.No
.
Resins Examples
2. Resins with
Gum/Essential oil
i)
Gum resins Ammonicum
,Gamboage
ii)
Oleoresin Turpentine ,Copaiba ,
Ginger ,Canada resin
iii)
Oleogum resin Myrrh ,Asafoetida ,
Olibanum
3. Balsams Tolu balsam ,Peru
balsam

16. Turmeric
Capsicum
Cannabis
Asafoetida
Male fern
Myrrh
Tar
Ginger
Jalap
Kaladana
Balsam of peru
Balsam of tolu
Ipomea
Guggul
colocynth
Storax
Podophyllum
Lac
Colophony

17.  Synonym:- Indian saffron, curcuma, haridra,
haldi (hindi).
 Telugu name:- pasupu .
 Biological source:-
Useful part- dried rhizome.
Scientific name- Linn.
Family-Zingiberacea.

18. Turmeric
(Total output in
the world-100%)
90%
India
70%
Tamilnadu,
A.P.
Kerala
10%
Rest of the
world
Thailand, china,
East India,
Malaysia, etc.,
o Geographical Source:-

19. Cultivation & Collection
perennial herb.
soil :-alluvial soil
climate :-hot& moist
irrigation :-liberally

20.  Cultivation & Collection…….
Field should be well prepared –depth 30cm
Crop the plant at 7cm depth& distance of 30-37 cm
from april-august.
Suitable fertilizers & pesticies are added.
Lower leaves turns yellow-indicates the time of
harvesting(9-10 months).
The rhizomes are carefully dug up with hard picks.
washed & dried.

21.  Structure:-
Macroscopy :-
colour –yellowish-brown
odour –characteristic
taste –slightly bitter
size –long-4-7 cm & width -1-1.5 cm
shape -cylindical/pear shaped/ round/
lateral branch
fracture –horny, internal surface is
orange.

22.  microscopy

23.  Chemical constituents:- it contains 5% of volatile
oils, resins, abundant zingiberaceous starch
granules& yellow colouring substance
known as curcuminoids.
Chemical tests:-
Turmeric+conc. H2SO4 red colour
Turmeric+alkali solution violet colour
Turmeric+Acetic anhydride+conc.H2SO4 violet
colour
(under UV light this is seen as intense red
influoresence)

24. Uses:
Anti-inflammatory ,Blood purifier &
Stimulant
Used as a condiment/ spice & colouring
agent
Adulterantion:
The genuine drug is adulterated with the
rhizomes of
Acorus calamus

25.  Substituents:
Curcuma amada Roxb is a common
substitute for turmeric , found wild in
A.P. , Orissa , West Bengal.

26.  Marketed products:
Ingrediant in preparations known as
J.P. Nikhar oil(Jamuna pharma)
Purian(Himalaya drug company)

27.  Synonym:- chillies, cayenne pepper, red
pepper, spanish pepper, capsicum fruits,
fructus capsici, mirch(hindhi).
 Telugu name:- bangalore mirapakaaya,
bunga mirapa.

28. Biological source:
Useful part –dried ripen fruits.
Scientific name –Capsicum annum Linn.&
Capsicum minimum.
Family – Solanaceae.

29. Geographical source:- it is native of
America & culitivated in almost
all the tropical
countries(India, Africa, Japan)
 Cultivation & Collection:-grown as a kharif as
well as rabi crop.
 Cultivated mostly as rain-fed crop.
Soil:red loams ,black soils and clayey loams.
Irrigation:frequent water supply
Climate:warm and humid

30. Cultivation & Collection…….
Selected seeds are mixed with ash & sown
Germination –1 week (manure with compost once a day)
Flowering – 2-3months
Crop is ready for harvest-6 months
Ripen fruits are picked & dried in sun on floor
Graded & packed into gunny bags

31. Cultivation of capsicum

32. Structure:-
Macroscopy:
color- dull orange red to brownish red
odour- characteristic
taste- pungent
size- length 12-25cm , width- 7mm
shape- conical/oblong

33. Chemical constituents: it contains
fixed oils-4.16%
volatile oil-1.5%
ascorbicacid-0.2%
oleo resin-, carotenoids,
capsacutin, capsico(volatile alkaloid),
thiamine.

34.  Uses:
externally :- stimulant, counter irritant,
rubefacient, sore throat, scarlatina, hoarseness &
yellow fever.
internally :- carminative, stomachic, dyspepsia,
flatulence.
in the form of ointment, plaster &
medicated wool.

35.  Marketed products:-
Ingredients of the preparation known as
deepact(lupin herbal lab) &
capsigyl-D(shalaks).

36. Synonym:- Indian hemp, Indian cannabis,
Hashish, Bhang, Ganja, Charas,
Marihuana.
Telugu name:- Ganjayi Mokka.

37.  Biological source:
Useful part –Dried flowering tops
Scientific name -Cannabis sativa Linn.
Family –Cannabinaceae.
 Geographical source:It is indogenous to
India.also occurs in Bangladesh , Pakisthan , Iran
U.S , Africa.

38.  Cultivation & Collection:-annual , dioecious
herb.
- cultivated as kharif crop
Soil:loamy/sandy soil
pH:5.9 - 6.5
Irrigation: moderate supply of water
Climate:humid
 The cultivation of cannabis is undertaken only
under licence from the government ,since it is a
narcotic drug.

39. Cultivation & Collection…..
Seeds are sown on raised beds.
After 1 month the seedlings are transplanted into
open field.
Matured male plants are taken & shaken over female
plants to facilitate pollination
Flowering tops are collected , made into bundles &
treated under foot to form flat masses.
Flat masses are dried

40. Cultivation of cannabis…

41.  Structure:-
Macroscopy:
color-dull green
odour-strong &
narcotic
taste- pungent
shape-flatenned / cylindrical
 Chemical constituents:-
comprises 15-20% resins
active constituents include –cannabinol ,
cannabidiol, cannabidiolic acid,
cannabichromene & cannabigerol.

42. Identification tests:-
Shake 0.1g of drug with 5ml light petroleum & filter
To 1ml filtrate add 2ml 75% solution of HCL in ethyl alcohol
At the junction of 2 liquids ,a red coloration appears
After shaking ,upper layer becomes colorless & lower layer
pink.

43.  Uses:-
It is a narcotic, sedative & analgesic.
It has psychotropic properties & used
as a drug in a very little amounts.
It causes euphoria and later mental
disturbances.
 Marketed products:-
Ingredient of preparations known as
Bilwadi Churna(Baidyanath)

44.  Synonym:- Asafoetida ,Gum
Asafoetida , Devil’s dung.
 Telugu name:- Ingua
 Biological source:-
Useful part –rhizome
Scientific name –Ferula foetida Regel
Family –Umbelliferae
 Geographical source:-Grown in Iran , Turkestan
& Afghanistan.

45.  Cultivation & Collection:-
 Perennial plant
From March-April ,just before the flowering
season of plant , upper part of the roots , close to
the crown is cut off.
Milky juice oozes out the cut surface & coagulates
After few days the coagulated matter is scraped off
& fresh cuts are given for more exudates.
This process repeates until the plant ceases to
produce latex.

46.  Structure:-
Macroscopy:
color-yellowih white –
reddish brown
odour-intense
taste- bitter
size- 0.5 -3cm(diameter)
shape-2 forms tears(round / flat) &
masses

47.  Chemical constituents:-
contain resins (40 -65%)
gum(20 -25%)
volatile oil (4- 20%)
 Chemical tests:-
Trituration with water milky emulsion
Drug + HCL + Filter +NH4 Blue fluorescence
 Identification tests:-
Trituration with water Yellowish orange emulsion
Drug + HNO3 (50%) Green color

48.  Uses:-
Carminative ,nervine stimulent , intestinal
flatulence ,laxative ,anti spasmodic
Flavouring agent
 Adulterants :
Asafoetida is adulterated with gum arabic ,
gypsum ,red clay ,chalk ,slices of potato &
barley or wheat flour.

49.  Marketed products:-
Ingredient of preparations known as
Madhudoshantak(Jamuna Pharma)

50.  Synonym:- Filiax mass,
Aspidium
 Telugu name:-
oBiological source:-
Useful part- rhizome & frond bases
Scientific name- Linn.
Family-Polypodiaceae

51.  Geographical source:
Abundant in Europe esp. Germany &
England
In India it grows in H.P. & Kashmir

52.  Cultivation & Collection:-
Male fern is identified on basis of it’s oblique
rhizomes surrounded by numerous frond bases.
These fronds bear a no. of long pinnae containing
several pairs of pinnules.
The plant is dug up in late autumn & washed with
water.
Roots , fronds & dead parts are removed & trimmed
rhiizomes are dried.

53.  Structure:-
Macroscopy:
color-dark brown- reddish brown
odour-slight & characteristic
taste- sweet ,mucilaginous & astringent.
size- 3 -25cm(diameter) & 5cm(width)
shape-cylindrical to conical

54.  Chemical constituents:-
contains ,yellow resinous substances-5%
active constituents -6 to 5%
ethereal extract -8 to 10%
(fillicin – 30%)

55.  Uses:-
Antihelmintic , esp. as taeniafuge.
 Substituents:-
Rhizomes & frond bases of lady fern Athyrium, filix
–foemina are mixed with genuine drug.
 Marketed products:-
Ingredients of preparations known as
Paratrex(Global Healing Centre)

56.  Synonym:- Gum-resin Myrrh ,Bol ,Myrrha.
 Telugu name:-
 Biological source:-
Useful part-from stem
Scientific name- .
Family-Burseraceae
 Geographical Source:
It is found in Arabian Peninsula, Africa.

57.  Cultivation & Collection:-
When incisions are made in bark of tree ,they
exudate yellowish – coloured resin
It gradually hardens & becomes dark /reddish
brown .
This is collected in goat skins & sent to market

58.  Structure:-
Macroscopy:
Color-reddish brown
Odour- aromatic
Size- 1.5- 3cm(diameter)
Shape-round/irregular

59.  Chemical constituents:-
contains volatile oils – 10%
gum – 60%
resin – 25 -40%
 Chemical test:-
Triturate with water yellowish brown
 Identification test:-
 0.1g of sample +0.1g sand, triturate with
solvent , allow to evaporate thin film
gives violet colour.

60.  Uses:-
Stimulent & antiseptic
 Adulterants & substituents:-
Substituted by Arabian myrrh
 Marketed products:-
Ingredient in preparation of Yograj guggulu
(Baidyanath)

61.  Synonym:- chir tar, pine tar.
 Telugu name:-
 Biological source:-
 Geographical source :-
found in Canada ,USA ,
India.
Useful part-from wood
Scientific name- .
Family-pinaceae

62.  Structure:-
macrscopy:
colour- dark brown
odour- characteristic, nopthelene
taste- bitter, pungent
solubility- insoluble in water, partly
soluble in alcohol, soluble in ether, volatile
oils.

63.  Chemical constituents:-
contains hydrocarbons
phenols
methyl esters
resins
 Chemical tests:-
1gm tar + 20ml H2O(shake) filterate +FeCl3
red colour
 Uses:-
expectorant ,anti bacterial.

64.  Marketed products:-

65.  Synonym:- Rhizome zingiberis,
Zingibere.
 Telugu name:- Allum
 Biological source:-
Useful part- dried rhizome
Scientific name- roscoe
Family- zingiberaceae
 Geographical source:-
Found in West Indies,
India, Japan, Africa.

66. Cultivation & Collection:-
cultivated as kharif crop
Soil:loamy soil
Irrigation: heavy water supply
Climate:humid
Ginger
plants
Cultivated
in a field

67. Cultivation & Collection:-
Sow the rhizomes (living bud) under sufficient
rainfall conditions
Supplement the plant with manures &
fertilisers(ammonium phosphate ,potash etc.,)
After 6 months leaves turn yellow & ready for
harvesting.
Dig the rhizomes & scrap , dry them & coat with
calcium sulphate

68. Cultivation of ginger…..

69.  Structure:-
Macroscopy:
colour- buff colour
odour- aromatic
taste- pungent
size-15cm(length) , 1.5-6.5cm(width)
shape- short flat & ovate

70.  Chemical constituents:-
Contains volatile oils 1-2%
(α -zingiberol ,
α –bisabolene etc,)
resin 5-8%

71.  Uses:-
used as antiemetic,carminative,condiment.
 Adulterants :-
Ginger is adultered with
exhausted ginger & can be detected by
determination of water – soluble ash , volatile
oil contents etc.,
 Marketed products:
J.p syrup (jamuna pharma)
Hajmola(dabur)

72.  Synonym:- Mexican jalap,
Jalap radix.
 Telugu name:- Tegada veru
 Biological source:-
Useful part –dried tuberous root
Scientific name –
Hayne
Family – Convolvulaceae
 Geographical source:-
Found in Jamica,
South africa, India.

73.  Cultivation & Collection:
Perennial climbing twinner
with nodes & internodes
(adventitious root)
Roots of this plant store reserve food material
in roots & converts into tubercules.
These tubercules are digged & dried.

74.  Structure:
Macroscopy:
Colour - dark brown
Odour - smokey
Taste - sweetish
Size - 14-15cm(length), 4-10cm(diameter)
Shape - fusiform, irregularly ovoid

75. Microscopy:

76.  Chemical constituents:-
contains resins ,volatile oils , starch ,
gum , sugar – (8-18%)
jalapin -10%
convolunin
(rhamnoconvolvulic acid-74%
tiglic acid – 9%
exogonic acid – 7%)
 Uses :-
Powerful catharatic

77. Marketed products:-

78.  Synonym:- pharbitis seeds,
kaladana seeds.
 Telugu name:-
 Biological source:-
Useful part –dried seeds
Scientific name – Linn.
Family – Convolvulaceae
 Geographical source:-
Found in India(Himalayas).

79. Collection:-
It is found wild in the Himalayas upto 2000m.
This white flowered plant is found as weed in
sugar-cane.
It is also grown in Bihar

80.  Structure:-
Macroscopy:
Odour- none
Taste- sweetish
Size-5mm(length),3-5mm(width)
Shape- triangular

81.  Chemical constituents:-
Contains
cathartic resin - pharbiticin 11%
fixed oil 15%.
 Uses:-
Used as cathartic

82.  Synonym:- India black balsam,
China oil.
 Telugu name:-
 Biological source:-
Useful part – incisions( stem)
Scientific name –
Family – Papilionaceae
 Geographical source:-
Columbia , Central America ,
Venezula.

83.  Cultivation & Collection:-
 This is a pathological resin
10 yr old plant is beaten on 4 sides
Cracked bark is scorched to separate it from trunk
In 1 week bark is dropped & balsam begins to flow from
exposed wood
Injured part is covered with cloths/rags , in which resin
is absorbed
These cloths are boiled with water to obtain the
saturated resins
On cooling the water balsam settles at the bottom which
is removed , strained & packed in tin cans

84.  Structure:-
Macroscopy
Colour- dark brown-
reddish brown
Odour- aromatic vanilla like
Taste- bitter
Density-1.150 – 1.170
Solubility- Insoluble in water
Soluble in alcohol ,
glacial acetic acid .

85.  Chemical constituents:-
Contains
balsamic esters –(45- 70%)
( cinnamein -50-60%
styracin , resin -28%)
 Chemical tests:-
Sample + Alcohol + Ferric chloride Green colour
Sample + potassium permanganate benzaldehyde

86.  Uses:-
Used in topical preparations for scabies,
treatment of wounds , ulcers & bed sores.
Also used in cosmetic
preparations.
As flavouring agent.
 Marketed products:-
Ingredient in the preparation
known as
Aubrey Organics Natural Sun
SPF 12 Vitamin C Enriched.

87.  Synonym:- Thomas balsam,
Opo balsam, Resin tolu
 Telugu name:-
 Biological source:-
Useful part –from stem
Scientific name – Linn
Family – Leguminosae
 Geographical source:-
Found in Colombia, West indies, Cuba, Peru.

88.  Cultivation & Collection:
Pathological resin & formed in the trunk of tissues
as a result of injuries
Collected all over the year except the period of
heavy rains
V –shaped incisions are made in bark & sap wood
Calabash cups are placed to receive the flow of
balsam
Collected balsam is transferred into larger tin
containers & exporated.

89.  Structure:-
Macroscopic:
Colour- yellowish/
brownish
Odour- aromatic
Taste- aromatic
 Chemical constituents:-
Contains free cinnamic acid 12-16%
free benzoic acid 8%
oily liquid 7.6%

90.  Chemical tests:-
 Alc. Solution of drug+fecl3 green colour
 Uses:-
Used as expectorant, antiseptic &
flavouring agent.
 Adulterantion:-
Mainly adulterated with
colophony & exhausted
tolu balsam.
Adulterant can be identified by heating it with
water .

91.  Marketed product:-

92.  Synonym:- Orizaba jalap roots,
ipomoea root.
 Telugu name:-
 Biological source:-
Useful part –dried tuberous roots
Scientific name –
Ledenosis
Family – convolvulaceae
 Geographical source:-
Found in Mexico,
Andes mountain.

93.  Structure:-
Macroscopic:
Colour - greyish brown
Odour - slight
Taste - faintlyacrid
Size - 3-10cm(wide), 2-4cm(thick)
Shape - transverse/longitudinal
Fracture - short, irregular fibrous.

94.  Chemical constituents:-
Contains resin10-20%(90% alcohol)
jalapin (ipuranol, ipurganol)
 Chemical tests:-
Fluoresence in UV Deep bluish violet colour

95.  Uses:-
It is a strong cathartic.
 Adulterants & substituents:-
It is a adulterated with Ipomoea tuberosa
i.e. Brazilian jalap.

96.  Synonym:- gumguggl,
alai-gogil.
 Biological source:-
Useful part- bark
Scientific name – Engl
Family -burseraceae
 Geographical source:-
Found in India

97. Collection:-
Guggal tree is a small thorny tree 4- 6 feet with
tall branches
Planted in hedges sometimes. remains without any
foilage for most of the year
It has ash coloured bark & comes off in rough flakes
exposing inner bark
This exudes a yellowish resin called gum guggul
/guggulu which has balsamic odour
Collected & dried

98.  Structure:
Macroscopy
Colour - brown to
pale yellow/dull green
Odour - aromatic
Taste - bitter
Size - 0.5 to 1.000 to 2.5cm in diameter
Shape - round/irregular
Solubility – insoluble in water
partly soluble in alcohol

99.  Chemical constituents:-
Contains
steroids ,terpenoids ,
carbohydrates &
aliphatic esters.
 Uses:-
Used Anti – infammatory & Anti – rheumatic.
 Marketed product:-

100.  Synonym:- Bitter apple,
Bitter cucumber.
 Biological source:-
Useful part –Dried pithy pulp of ripe fruit
Scientific name – Schrador
Family - Curcurbitaceae
 Geographical source:-
Found in India, Asia, Africa.

101.  Cultivation & Collection:-
Perennial herb. Not cultivated commercially.
It bears spherical fruits which are green in
colour & turns yellow when matured.
(8 -10cm)
After fruits are ripened they are peeled &
dried in sun.

102.  Structure:-
Macroscopic:
Colour – yellow
Odour – charactristic
Taste – intensely bitter
Size – entire fruits 10cm(diameter)
Shape – sub-spherical

103.  Chemical constituents:-
Contain α-elaterin.
 Uses:-
Used as powerful purgative.
 Marketed product:-

104.  Synonym:- Prepared storax,
Purified storax.
 Telugu name:- Guggilam
 Biological source:-
Useful part : Trunk
Scientific name: Miller
Family: Hamamelidaceae
 Geographical source:-
Found in South West Asia, Turkey.

105. Storax :-

106.  Cultivation & collection:-
Collected from dried bark
(3-4 yrs old)
Bark of the plant is injured by
beating by which the balsam
comes out into the inner bark
Total bark is peeled, inner bark is stripped off &
boiled in water
Balsam floats over water & is separated to yield
crude storax.

107.  Structure:-
Macroscopy:
Color - greyish or greenish brown
Odour - agreeable & balsamic
Taste - bitter
Solubility - soluble in 90% alcohol,
chloroform, ether & insoluble in water.

108.  Chemical constituents:-
Contains Alcoholic resin(storesin )33-45%
Cinnamic acid 10-15%
Cinnamyl cinnamate 5-10%
Small amounts of vanillin, ethyl
benzyl cinnamate.

109.  Identification tests:-
 1gm of storax + 5gm sand + 5ml kMnO4 odour of
benzaldehyde.
 Uses:-
Used as stimulant, antiseptic.
 Adulterants & substituents:-
Adulterated with rosin olive oil .
Red gum / sweet gum is common
substituents.

110.  Marketed products:-

111.  Synonym:- Indian podophyllum,
Himalayan may-apple.
 Biological source:-
Useful part: dried rhizomes and roots
Scientific name: Royla
Family: Berberidaceae
 Geographical source:-
Found in forests of Himalayas from Kashmir
to Sikkim.

112.  Cultivation & collection:-
Rhizomes & roots are obtained from wild grown
plants
Rhizomes remain dormant in winter & produce
aerial shoots in april – may
Shoots flower in summer and die in november
Rhizomes and roots are dug up in spring/
autumn
Washed, cleaned & dried in sun

113.  Structure:-
Macroscopy:
Color - yellowish brown
Odour - characteristic
Taste - bitter
Size - rhizome (2.5cm length)(1-2cm thick)
roots (7cm length)(2.5mm thick)
 Chemical constituents:-
Contains 7-15% resin (podophyllin)

114. Microscopy:-

115.  Chemical tests:-
 Macerate 0.5gm drug + 10ml alcohol filter
+ strong copper acetate solution brown ppt
 Uses:-
Used as purgative and bitter tonic.
 Marketed product:-

116.  Synonym: shellac
 Telugu name: lacca
 Biological source:
lac is the resinous protective secretion of the
tiny lac insect.
Scientific name Kerr
Family: Lacciferidae
 Geographical source:
found in Sri Lanka , Thailand , China ,
Indonesia , Phillipines , Malaya & Pakisthan.

117.  Collection:
Minute red coloured larva of insect settle on the
young fleshy shoots of the host plant
The insect secrete a thick resinous fluid which
envelopes their body and form a hard continuous
envelope over the twigs.
Twigs are harvested dried & further processed to
produce lac

118.  Structure:-
Macroscopy:
Color - yellowish transparent
Odour - characteristic
Solubility - soluble in alcohol (80 – 85%),
ether(13 – 15%) & insoluble in water.
 Chemical constituents:-
Contains resin ,sugar ,protiens( 70 - 80%)
colouring matter(1 – 2%)
wax(4 – 6%)
volatile oil in traces

119.  Uses:
Used for manufacture of sustained
release medicaments.
Used in preparation of varnishes , lacquers
ink ,sealing wax.

120.  Marketed products:-

121.  Synonym:- Rosin, Yellow resin,
Amber resin.
 Biological source:-
Useful part:trunk
Scientific name
Family - Pinaceae
 Geographical source:-
Found in U.S, France, Italy,
Spain, India, Pakistan.

122.  Cultivation & collection:-
The plant is injuried by making a long groove
/ blaze in the bark.
A metal / earthen ware cup is attached
below the groove to collect the exudate.
The resin is collected at different intervals &
sent for processing.

123.  Structure:-
 Macroscopy:
color - pale yellow - yellowish brown
odour - faint
taste - turpentine
shape - angular
solubility – insoluble in water,
soluble in alcohol, CS2.
 Chemical constituents:-
Contains resin acid 90%(isomeric α, β,
γ-abietic acid; 10% mixture of dihydoabietic
acid,dehydroabietic acid)
volatile oils 0.5%
resenes 5-6%

124.  Chemical tests:-
 Powdered resin + acetic acid +conc.H2SO4
purple violet colour
 Alc. Solution of colophony + water
milky white
 Identification tests:-
 1gcolophony + 10ml acetic anhydride &
+H2SO4 bright red to violet
 Alc. Solution of colophony is acidic to
litmus

125.  Uses :-
used as stimulant, diuretic. Used in
manufacture of varnishes, soap, plastics, fire
wood.
 Adulterants & substituents :-
colophony is adulterated with black
resin/apic resin.

126.  Synonym:- Sumatra benzoin , Loban
 Telugu name:-Sambrani
 Biological source:-
Useful part –Trunk
Scientific name
Dryand - Sumatra benzoin
Siambenzoin
Family – Styraceae

127.  Geographical source:-
Sumatra benzoin- Found in South Eastern
Asia.
Siam benzoin- Found in Thailand,
Vietnam.

128.  Cultivation & collection:-
It is a pathological resin, collected from
wild/cultivated trees(6 yrs old)
Incisions are made near the base of tree
Initially amorphous & yellow resinous substances is
oozed out – not used in medicine
The Next flow which oozes out is collected & used
in medicine
Solidified & dried.

129.  Structure:-
macroscopic:
Sumatra benzoin
Colour – greyish- brown
Odour – aromatic
Taste – sweetish
Siam benzoin
Colour – yellowish-brown
Odour – vanilla
Taste - sweetish

130.  Chemical constituents:-
Sumatra Benzoin –
contains
free balsamic acids
(benzoic& cinnamic acid)
summaresinolic & siaresinolic acids
Siam Benzoin –
contains ester coniferyl benzoate(76%)
 Siam benzoin differ from Sumatra contains
sufficient cinnamic acid to give an odour of
benzaldehyde.

131.  Chemical tests:-
 Alc. Solution benzoin + water milky white
solution
 4ml KMnO4 + Benzoin + warm odour of
benzaladehyde (sumatra benzoin)
 2.5g benzoin + 10 ml ether+ shake
+ 2-3 drops H2SO4 deep brown (sumatra) &
deep purplosh red (siam)

132.  Uses:-
Used as carminative , diuretic.
 Marketed product:-

133.  Pharmacognosy by-- Kokate,
Purohit, Ghokule—
45th edition
(pg no:392 – 429)
 Pharmacognosy by—Shah &
Seth
 2nd edition
 (pg no:341 – 363)
 Pharmacognosy by—Vinod
.D. Rangari. Volume – I
( pg no :395 – 399)
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