The document summarizes key information about several plants from the Family Compositae (Asteraceae). It describes their botanical origins, physical characteristics, active chemical constituents and common uses. The plants discussed include Roman chamomile, German chamomile, pyrethrum, santonica, calendula, safflower and arnica. For each one, the summary provides details about their inflorescence structures, floret types and distinguishing microscopic features.
The Umbelliferae family is named after the shape of its flowers, which are called umbels.
The umbels are unique in their floral uniformity
These distinctive umbrella shaped blooms are attractive in arrangements and loved by numerous beneficial insects.
They pollinate freely which allow it to increase its natural distribution.
Seed dispersal occurs through wind.
CONIUM
CARUM
FENNEL
CORRIANDER
ASAFOETIDA
Colchicum - Anti Rheumatic agent | Cultivation | Description | Chemical Const...Chetan Prakash
This presentation provides knowledge about Colchicum, its description, collection& cultivation, Morphological characters, microscopical characters, powder characters, chemical constituents, chemical tests and its uses. This is an assignment in the subject Pharmacognosy & Phytochemistry, IIIrd B.Pharm
The Umbelliferae family is named after the shape of its flowers, which are called umbels.
The umbels are unique in their floral uniformity
These distinctive umbrella shaped blooms are attractive in arrangements and loved by numerous beneficial insects.
They pollinate freely which allow it to increase its natural distribution.
Seed dispersal occurs through wind.
CONIUM
CARUM
FENNEL
CORRIANDER
ASAFOETIDA
Colchicum - Anti Rheumatic agent | Cultivation | Description | Chemical Const...Chetan Prakash
This presentation provides knowledge about Colchicum, its description, collection& cultivation, Morphological characters, microscopical characters, powder characters, chemical constituents, chemical tests and its uses. This is an assignment in the subject Pharmacognosy & Phytochemistry, IIIrd B.Pharm
Cloves are the aromatic flower buds of a tree in the family Myrtaceae, Syzygium aromaticum. They are native to the Maluku Islands in Indonesia, and are commonly used as a spice. Cloves are commercially harvested primarily in Indonesia, India, Madagascar, Zanzibar, Pakistan, Sri Lanka and Tanzania.
Pharmacognosy of traditional drugs in IndiaJegan Nadar
This PPT covers Pharmacognosy of traditional drugs in India, This includes pharmacognosy of chirata, shatavari, kalmeg, tinospora also known as guduchi, punarnava, karela, guggul, brahmi, neem, tulsi and amla
lab 1: introduction to flowers + clove, for second year pharmacy students, Al-Azhar University by Dr Mahmoud Sallam demonstrator at pharmacognosy department.
It is about the shankhpushpi plant. In this slides u find out how it looks, common name , main chemical constituent which are responsible for therapeutic effect ,category in which it placed, their pharmacological action on human body , and finally their market formulation.
Synonyms: Radix Ginseng, Shin-seng.
Part Used:
The roots of the cultivated perennial herbs of Panax quinquefolium (American ginseng) and of Panax schin seng (Chinese ginseng) (Fam. Araliaceae).Collected from 5-6 years old plants, in autumn, carefully cleaned and dried.
Origin: Dried roots or roots and rhizomes of Cephaelis ipecacuanha, known as Rio or Brazilian Ipecacuanha, or of C. acuminata, known as Cartagena, Nicaragua or Panama Ipecacuanha (Fam. Rubiaceae).
Ipecacuanha contains not more than 2% of foreign organic matters and yields not less than 2% of total alkaloids, calculated as emetine.
Cloves are the aromatic flower buds of a tree in the family Myrtaceae, Syzygium aromaticum. They are native to the Maluku Islands in Indonesia, and are commonly used as a spice. Cloves are commercially harvested primarily in Indonesia, India, Madagascar, Zanzibar, Pakistan, Sri Lanka and Tanzania.
Pharmacognosy of traditional drugs in IndiaJegan Nadar
This PPT covers Pharmacognosy of traditional drugs in India, This includes pharmacognosy of chirata, shatavari, kalmeg, tinospora also known as guduchi, punarnava, karela, guggul, brahmi, neem, tulsi and amla
lab 1: introduction to flowers + clove, for second year pharmacy students, Al-Azhar University by Dr Mahmoud Sallam demonstrator at pharmacognosy department.
It is about the shankhpushpi plant. In this slides u find out how it looks, common name , main chemical constituent which are responsible for therapeutic effect ,category in which it placed, their pharmacological action on human body , and finally their market formulation.
Synonyms: Radix Ginseng, Shin-seng.
Part Used:
The roots of the cultivated perennial herbs of Panax quinquefolium (American ginseng) and of Panax schin seng (Chinese ginseng) (Fam. Araliaceae).Collected from 5-6 years old plants, in autumn, carefully cleaned and dried.
Origin: Dried roots or roots and rhizomes of Cephaelis ipecacuanha, known as Rio or Brazilian Ipecacuanha, or of C. acuminata, known as Cartagena, Nicaragua or Panama Ipecacuanha (Fam. Rubiaceae).
Ipecacuanha contains not more than 2% of foreign organic matters and yields not less than 2% of total alkaloids, calculated as emetine.
complete chapter of volatile oils that comes under the pharmacognosy. the ppt gives details study of all volatile oils in a particular manners which help the students to learn more in a simple way of learning.
Herb or preparation intended to either prevent the formation of gas in the gastrointestinal tract or facilitate the expulsion of said gas, thereby combatting flatulence. The crude drugs which act as carminatives are Coriander, Fennel, Cardamom, Ajowan, Asafoetida, Ginger, Black pepper, Nutmeg, Cinnamon, Clove.
Any substance which is made from natural or synthetic material or a combination of both used for creating pleasant odour or removed the undesired smell is known as perfumes.
The flavoring agents are the agents which are used to mask the unpleasant taste.
Drugs used for this purpose are Peppermint Oil, Lemon Oil, Orange Oil, Lemongrass Oil, Sandalwood.
Unit II Introduction to secondary metabolite
Volatile oils
Mentha, Clove, Cinnamon, Fennel, Coriander.
For video lecture suscribe yutube channel snehal chakorkar
Synonyms: Rhizoma Hydrastis, GoldenSeal, Yellow root, Gelbwurzel.
Origin: Dried rhizomes and roots of Hydrastis Canadensis (Fam. Ranunculaceae).
Ph. Eur. 6.2 Hydrastis Canadensis containing not less than 2.5% of hydrastine and not less than 3.0% of berberine, calculated on the dried basis. .
Evaluation of drug means confirmation of its identity and determination of its quality and purity and detection of nature of adulteration.Evaluation of herbal drug is an important tool in the formulation of high quality herbal products. Quality of herb is
depends upon on many factors like cultivation, collection, drying, storage, processing for market etc. Now a day’s
substitution and adulteration of herb is very common due to scarcity of drug and its high price prevailing in the
market. Owing to medicinal properties attributed to an herb, it is necessary to maintain its quality and purity in the
commercial market. A present overview covering various tool like morphological, microscopical, physical, chemical
and biological employed for evaluation of herbal drugs.
Knee anatomy and clinical tests 2024.pdfvimalpl1234
This includes all relevant anatomy and clinical tests compiled from standard textbooks, Campbell,netter etc..It is comprehensive and best suited for orthopaedicians and orthopaedic residents.
263778731218 Abortion Clinic /Pills In Harare ,sisternakatoto
263778731218 Abortion Clinic /Pills In Harare ,ABORTION WOMEN’S CLINIC +27730423979 IN women clinic we believe that every woman should be able to make choices in her pregnancy. Our job is to provide compassionate care, safety,affordable and confidential services. That’s why we have won the trust from all generations of women all over the world. we use non surgical method(Abortion pills) to terminate…Dr.LISA +27730423979women Clinic is committed to providing the highest quality of obstetrical and gynecological care to women of all ages. Our dedicated staff aim to treat each patient and her health concerns with compassion and respect.Our dedicated group ABORTION WOMEN’S CLINIC +27730423979 IN women clinic we believe that every woman should be able to make choices in her pregnancy. Our job is to provide compassionate care, safety,affordable and confidential services. That’s why we have won the trust from all generations of women all over the world. we use non surgical method(Abortion pills) to terminate…Dr.LISA +27730423979women Clinic is committed to providing the highest quality of obstetrical and gynecological care to women of all ages. Our dedicated staff aim to treat each patient and her health concerns with compassion and respect.Our dedicated group of receptionists, nurses, and physicians have worked together as a teamof receptionists, nurses, and physicians have worked together as a team wwww.lisywomensclinic.co.za/
NVBDCP.pptx Nation vector borne disease control programSapna Thakur
NVBDCP was launched in 2003-2004 . Vector-Borne Disease: Disease that results from an infection transmitted to humans and other animals by blood-feeding arthropods, such as mosquitoes, ticks, and fleas. Examples of vector-borne diseases include Dengue fever, West Nile Virus, Lyme disease, and malaria.
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN HEALTHCARE.pdfAnujkumaranit
Artificial intelligence (AI) refers to the simulation of human intelligence processes by machines, especially computer systems. It encompasses tasks such as learning, reasoning, problem-solving, perception, and language understanding. AI technologies are revolutionizing various fields, from healthcare to finance, by enabling machines to perform tasks that typically require human intelligence.
Tom Selleck Health: A Comprehensive Look at the Iconic Actor’s Wellness Journeygreendigital
Tom Selleck, an enduring figure in Hollywood. has captivated audiences for decades with his rugged charm, iconic moustache. and memorable roles in television and film. From his breakout role as Thomas Magnum in Magnum P.I. to his current portrayal of Frank Reagan in Blue Bloods. Selleck's career has spanned over 50 years. But beyond his professional achievements. fans have often been curious about Tom Selleck Health. especially as he has aged in the public eye.
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Introduction
Many have been interested in Tom Selleck health. not only because of his enduring presence on screen but also because of the challenges. and lifestyle choices he has faced and made over the years. This article delves into the various aspects of Tom Selleck health. exploring his fitness regimen, diet, mental health. and the challenges he has encountered as he ages. We'll look at how he maintains his well-being. the health issues he has faced, and his approach to ageing .
Early Life and Career
Childhood and Athletic Beginnings
Tom Selleck was born on January 29, 1945, in Detroit, Michigan, and grew up in Sherman Oaks, California. From an early age, he was involved in sports, particularly basketball. which played a significant role in his physical development. His athletic pursuits continued into college. where he attended the University of Southern California (USC) on a basketball scholarship. This early involvement in sports laid a strong foundation for his physical health and disciplined lifestyle.
Transition to Acting
Selleck's transition from an athlete to an actor came with its physical demands. His first significant role in "Magnum P.I." required him to perform various stunts and maintain a fit appearance. This role, which he played from 1980 to 1988. necessitated a rigorous fitness routine to meet the show's demands. setting the stage for his long-term commitment to health and wellness.
Fitness Regimen
Workout Routine
Tom Selleck health and fitness regimen has evolved. adapting to his changing roles and age. During his "Magnum, P.I." days. Selleck's workouts were intense and focused on building and maintaining muscle mass. His routine included weightlifting, cardiovascular exercises. and specific training for the stunts he performed on the show.
Selleck adjusted his fitness routine as he aged to suit his body's needs. Today, his workouts focus on maintaining flexibility, strength, and cardiovascular health. He incorporates low-impact exercises such as swimming, walking, and light weightlifting. This balanced approach helps him stay fit without putting undue strain on his joints and muscles.
Importance of Flexibility and Mobility
In recent years, Selleck has emphasized the importance of flexibility and mobility in his fitness regimen. Understanding the natural decline in muscle mass and joint flexibility with age. he includes stretching and yoga in his routine. These practices help prevent injuries, improve posture, and maintain mobilit
Ethanol (CH3CH2OH), or beverage alcohol, is a two-carbon alcohol
that is rapidly distributed in the body and brain. Ethanol alters many
neurochemical systems and has rewarding and addictive properties. It
is the oldest recreational drug and likely contributes to more morbidity,
mortality, and public health costs than all illicit drugs combined. The
5th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
(DSM-5) integrates alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence into a single
disorder called alcohol use disorder (AUD), with mild, moderate,
and severe subclassifications (American Psychiatric Association, 2013).
In the DSM-5, all types of substance abuse and dependence have been
combined into a single substance use disorder (SUD) on a continuum
from mild to severe. A diagnosis of AUD requires that at least two of
the 11 DSM-5 behaviors be present within a 12-month period (mild
AUD: 2–3 criteria; moderate AUD: 4–5 criteria; severe AUD: 6–11 criteria).
The four main behavioral effects of AUD are impaired control over
drinking, negative social consequences, risky use, and altered physiological
effects (tolerance, withdrawal). This chapter presents an overview
of the prevalence and harmful consequences of AUD in the U.S.,
the systemic nature of the disease, neurocircuitry and stages of AUD,
comorbidities, fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, genetic risk factors, and
pharmacotherapies for AUD.
These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
The prostate is an exocrine gland of the male mammalian reproductive system
It is a walnut-sized gland that forms part of the male reproductive system and is located in front of the rectum and just below the urinary bladder
Function is to store and secrete a clear, slightly alkaline fluid that constitutes 10-30% of the volume of the seminal fluid that along with the spermatozoa, constitutes semen
A healthy human prostate measures (4cm-vertical, by 3cm-horizontal, 2cm ant-post ).
It surrounds the urethra just below the urinary bladder. It has anterior, median, posterior and two lateral lobes
It’s work is regulated by androgens which are responsible for male sex characteristics
Generalised disease of the prostate due to hormonal derangement which leads to non malignant enlargement of the gland (increase in the number of epithelial cells and stromal tissue)to cause compression of the urethra leading to symptoms (LUTS
1. Members belonging to Family Compositae:
1- Roman chamomile.
2- German chamomile.
3- Pyrethrum.
4- Santonica.
5- Calendula.
6- Safflower.
7- Arnica.
Compositae Flowers
2. Compositae Flowers
• General characters:
1- Plants are annual or perennial herbs.
2- Flowers:
• Inflorescence (capitulum = flower head).
• Receptacle: - swollen & flattened or conical.
- sessile flowers are inserted.
• The flowers are very small and called florets
3. • There are two types of florets on the
capitulum:
• 1- Ray florets = ligulate florets.
• 2- Disc florets = tubular florets.
receptacle
involucre
disc florets
Ray florets
6. Botanical Origin:
Dried flower-heads of
Matricaria chamomilla L.,
Family: Compositae.
Geographical Source:
Western Asia, Europe, North
Africa.
German chamomile األلمانى البابونج زهر
7. Description:
Condition: dried flower-heads
(single, consists of few ray
florets and numerous disc
florets)
Shape: hemisphere
Colour: greenish-yellow to
yellowish-brown
Odour: pleasant, aromatic, apple-
like
Taste: aromatic but slightly bitter
Size: ~ 6 mm in diameter
8. Inflorescence:
Single capitulum,
- composed of: ray and disc florets
- carried on conical hollow receptacle
which
- Surrounded by involucre, there is no
paleae
Involucre: 2-4 rows of bracts
• The flower head consists mainly of disc
florets and few ray florets.
10. - Single outer whorl
- 10-20 Pistillate florets
- Zygomorphic, incomplete.
- Calyx is absent
- Corolla with three rounded
teeth, the central one is small.
- Gynaecium has bicarpellary,
unilocular inferior ovary, long
style and bifid stigma
Ray floret
11. - numerous, central
- Hermaphrodite florets
- Calyx is absent.
- Corolla is tubular, yellow with 5
apical teeth
- Androecium with 5 epipetalous
syngenesious stamens
- Gynaecium as ray floret
Disc floret
12.
13.
14. • Physical characters:
• Colour: greenish-yellow to yellowish-brown.
• Odour: aromatic
• Taste: slightly bitter
Powdered German
chamomile
15. • Microscopical characters:
1- Fragments of spiny pollen grains.
2- Fragments of papillosed epidermis.
3- Compositae glandular hairs.
4- Non-glandular hairs: multicellular uniseriate
cells.
Powdered German
chamomile
16. 1) Volatile oil (0.3-2%) including
sesquiterpenes:
-bisabolol (up to 50%),
- chamazulene (1-15%, ),
- bisabolol oxides A and B,
- proazulene (matricarin and matricin)
- Chamazulene (blue colour) is formed from
matricarin during steam distillation of the oil
Active constituents
19. • 2- External Uses:
• For hemorrhoids.
• Leg ulcers.
• Skin & mucous membrane diseases.
• Bacterial skin diseases (oral cavity and gums).
• Inflammation & irritation of the respiratory
tract.
20. • 1- Test for volatile oils:
Powdered chamomile + Sudan III
Examine under the microscope
ORANGE RED colour is produced.
• 2- Test for Flavonoids:
• Aqueous extract of the powder + caustic
alkalies YELLOW COLOUR solution
Chemical Tests
22. Botanical Origin:
Dried expanded flower-heads of
Anthemis nobilis L., Family:
Compositae.
Geographical Source:
Europe
Roman chamomile الرومانى البابونج زهرة
23. Description:
Condition: dried flower-heads (double capitulum)
Shape: hemispherical
Colour: white become yellowish when kept
Odour: strong aromatic
Taste: aromatic, bitter
Size: 10~ 20 mm in diameter
24. Inflorescence
Double capitulum, mainly several
rows of ray florets and few central
disc florets.
Involucre: 2-3 rows of bracts.
Receptacle: solid & Conical in shape.
Paleae: present membranous
structure, lanceolate in shape.
25. Ray floret [%, O , K0, C(3), A0, G(2) ]
- Pistillate florets
- Kind: zygomorphic, incomplete
- Insertion: sessile.
- Corolla is strap-like, arranged in
several rows with three rounded
teeth, the central one is more
protruding.
- Calyx is absent
-Gynaecium has bicarpellary,
unilocular inferior ovary,
long style and bifid stigma
26. Disc florets
- Hermaphrodite florets
- Actinomorphic
- Corolla is tubular, yellow with 5 apical teeth
- Androecium with 5 epipetalous syngenesious
stamens
- Gynaecium as in ray floret
- Calyx is absent
27. 1) Volatile oil (0.6-2.4%) of blue colour due to
azulene, chamazulene.
• In addition to: esters of isobutyl and hexyl
alcohols combined with angelic acid, tiglic acid,
butyric acid.
2) Flavonoids: apigenin, luteolin, quercetin and
their 7-O-glucosides.
Active constituents
30. • 1- Test for volatile oils:
Powdered chamomile + Sudan III
Examine under the microscope
ORANGE RED colour is produced.
• 2- Test for Flavonoids:
• Aqueous extract of the powder + caustic
alkalies YELLOW COLOUR solution
Chemical Tests
31. Differences between German and
Roman chamomile
Roman
chamomile
German
chamomile
Point of
comparison
CultivatedWildNature
Double
capitulum
Single capitulumInflorescence
Large
(10-20mm)
Small
(6mm)
Size
PresentAbsentPalea
Conical &
solid
Conical &
hollow
Receptacle
35. Inflorescence: capitulum, composed of ray
and disc florets carried on flat receptacle and
surrounded by involucre, there is no paleae
Involucre: 2-4 rows of bracts
36. Ray floret
- Single outer whorl
- 15-23 pistillate florets, strap-like, cream or
straw-coloured corolla with three rounded
teeth, the central one is small
- Calyx is tubular &membranous
- Ovary is inferior with style and
bifid stigma
37. Disc florets
- Numerous, central and hermaphrodite
- Corolla is tubular, yellow with 5 apical teeth
- Androecium with 5 epipetalous syngenesious
stamens
- Gynaecium with bicarpellary, unilocular,
inferior ovary, style and bifid stigma
- Calyx is tubular and membranous
40. Active constituents:
1) Two groups of esters known as Pyrethrins:
- Pyrethrin I & Pyrethrin II
- Cenerin I & Cenerin II
2) Traces of volatile oil.
3) Resin.
4) Apigenin glycosides.
5) Triterpene alcohols.
41. Uses:
1- A safe Insecticide, it is harmless to humans and
warm blooded animals.
2- Scabicide
3- Ectoparasiticide in veterinary medicine.
42. Special Chemical Tests:
• Williamson’s Test:
(Williamson’s reagent: phosphoric acid + glacial acetic
acid)
- Extract the powder with ether,
- evaporate till dryness,
- treat the residue with few drops of Williamson’s
reagent crimson red colour.
45. • Botanical Origin:
It is the dried unexpanded
flower-heads of
Artemisia cina Berg.,
Family: Compositae.
• Geographical Source:
• Pakistan & Turkestan.
Santonica الشيح زهر
الخراسانى
(Wormseed, Worm wood)
46. • Description:
• Colour: greenish-yellow turning brown on
drying and keeping.
• Shape: Ovoid
• Surface: shining and slightly hairy.
• Involucre:
- commonly 16 rows.
- ovate to lanceolate shining bracts.
- bearing hairs on the dorsal surface
- Compositae glandular hairs on each side & few
cottony hairs
47. • Ray floret: Absent
• Disc floret:
- tubular
- hermaphrodite
• Corolla:
- Contorted at the base, divided near
the apex into five short, triangular
teeth.
50. 2- Fragments of epidermis of the bract showing
anomocytic stomata.
3- Fragments of Compositae glandular hair.
4- Fragments of fibrous layer of anther.
5- Fragments of papillosed stigma.
52. 1- Santonin is used as an anthelmintic for
roundworms. (e.g .Ascaris).
2- Santonin has a tonic and stimulant effect on
the digestion.
• N.B.: Santonin is strongly bitter so it is mixed
with honey to disguise their bitterness.
Uses
53. • 1- Kaselbach test:
Dried Benzene extract of the powder (residue)
+
Drops of potassium methoxide
CARMINE RED COLOUR
Special chemical Tests
54. • 2- Powdered Santonica + few drops of alc. KOH
ORANGE COLOUR
• 3- Dried benzene extract (residue)
+ few drops of conc. H2SO4 + few drops FeCl3 (T.S)
REDDISH VIOLET colour
55. Calendula األقحوان
Chinese Safflower
• Botanical Origin:
• It is the dried corollas of
ligulate florets of
Calendula officinalis L.,
Family: Compositae.
• Geographical Source:
• Mediterranean region.
56. • Description:
• Ray (ligulate) floret:
Corolla: - bright yellow.
- strap-shaped.
- three toothed.
- 4-5 veined.
- entire margin.
The tubular basal part is hairy
may enclose the remains of
the style and bifid stigma
58. Non-glandular hairs of
multi-cellular uni- and
bi-serriate types
Glandular hairs of
multicellular, bi-seriate
long stalk and multi-
cellular bi-seriate head.
Pollen grains may be found
spherical with three germ
pores and three germ furrows
and spiny exine
Microscopical characters:
59. 1- A carotenoid pigment: Calendulin
(which is water soluble that colours water yellow).
2- Calendula saponin
(which on hydrolysis yields oleanolic acid aglycone,
glucose, galactose and gucuronic acid).
3- Volatile oil (up to 0.12%)
containing γ-terpinene, γ- and δ-cadenine.
Active Constituents
60. 4- Flavonoids: Isorhamnetin and quercetin
glycosides.
5- Other constituents: resin, polysaccharides
and tritrepenoids (α- and β- amyrins).
61. 1- Substitute for saffron.
2- Internal uses:
- Anti-inflammatory for the digestive system (mouth, peptic
ulcers, gastritis, colitis,….etc.)
- Spasmolytic for gastro-intestinal spasms.
3- External uses:
- used for cuts and wounds as it astringes the capillaries
and controls bleeding thus promotes wound heeling.
- Anti-inflammatory for minor burns including sunburns,
acne, eczema and conjunctivitis.
- It has anti-bacterial and anti-fungal actions thus used for
mouth ulcers, diaper rashes, varicose veins, leg ulcers and
athlete’s foot.
Uses
62. Safflower العصفر
American Saffron, False Saffron
• Botanical Origin:
It is the dried disc florets of
Carthamus tinctorius L.,
Family: Compositae.
• Geographical source:
Western parts of the USA,
Mexico and Australia.
63. 1- Red colouring substance: Carthamin or
Carthamic acid.
2- Yellow colouring substance “Safflower-
yellow”.
3- Fixed oil and mucilage.
Active Constituents
64. 1- Safflower flowers are occasionally used in
cooking as a cheaper substitute for saffron.
2- It is used as a natural textile dye.
3- It is used externally as an anti-inflamatory for
wounds and skin rashes.
Uses
65. Arnica األرنيكا زهر
(Mountain tobacco)
• Botanical Origin:
It is the dried flower-heads of
Arnica montana L., Family:
Compositae.
• Geographical source:
central Europe
66. 1- Volatile oil (0.5 %) containing: dimethyl ether
of thymohydroquinone,
2- Sesquiterpene lactones: (0.2%) Helenalin and
its derivatives.
3- Flavonoids: quercetin-3-O-glucoside, luteolin-
7-O-glucoside and kampferol-3-O-glucoside.
Active Constituents
67. 1- Counter irritant in the form of tincture for
bruises, sprains.
2- A healing agent for ulcers (promotes healing
of damaged tissues).
3- Tonic for face.
4- In hair preparations.
Uses
69. • Botanical Origin:
• It is the dried flowers of
Lavendula officinalis Chaix et
Villare, Family: Labiatae.
• Geographical Origin:
• Native to the western
Mediterranean region.
Lavender flowers
(الالوندة زهرة)
71. Powdered Lavender
Microscopical characters)
Labiaceous hair
(multicellular 8-celled radiating
head and unicellular stalk)
S.V T.V
Non-glandular hairs
pollen grains
Numerous
spherical or
hexagonal pollen
grains with six
germ pores and
six germ furrows
and smooth exine.
72. • The fresh flowering spikes:
- 1- Volatile oil (0.8-2.8 %): 7-14 % esters of
linalyl acetate, linalool, borneol, geraniol,
cineole, camphor, limonene and α-terpineol.
2- Tannins (5-10%).
3- Coumarins.
4- Flavonoids (Luteolin).
Active Constituents
73. • Internal Uses:
- Digestive tonic and carminative to relieve
flatulence.
- It also calms the nerves, tension headache
and migraine.
Uses
74. • External Uses:
- Burn.
- Sunburns.
- Rheumatism.
- Muscular pain.
- Cold sores.
- Insect and snake bites.
- Head lice.
- General relaxant, especially in baths, relieves
irritability, exhaustion and depression.
- In perfumery, deodorant, in shampoo, to scent linen
and to perfume baths.
- Fumigating clothes to keep them free from moths.
75. • Powdered lavender
+ Sudan III
examine under the microscope
orange red oil globules
(indicating the presence of volatile oil)
Microchemical Test
77. • Botanical Origin:
• It consists of the dried calyx
and epi-calyx of the flowers
of Hibiscus sabdariffa L.,
Family: Malvaceae.
• Geographical origin:
• Indigenous to subtropical
regions, South of Egypt, Nuba
& Sudan.
Red sorrel الكركديه كئوس
Karkade, Hibiscus, Jamaica sorrel
80. • 1- Fragments of epicalyx showing epidermis
with straight anti-clinal walls, thick, striated
cuticle, anomocytic stomata and non-
glandular, uni-cellular hairs arising from a
cicatrex.
• 2- Fragments of calyx: showing outer
epidermis with straight, irregularly thickened
anti-clinal walls, striated cuticle and
anomocytic stomata.
Powdered Red sorrel
(Microscopical characters)
81. • 3- Fragments calyx showing inner epidermis with
straight, beaded anti-clinal walls, smooth cuticle, no
hairs or stomata.
• 4- Fragments of mesophyll containing cluster crystals
of calcium oxalate.
• 5- Numerous non-glandular hairs from the calyx,
unicellular long hairs, allembic hairs, cottony hairs
either single or grouped in stella, stellate hair of large,
straight, unicellular arms and asperities of multicellular,
uniseriate structure.
• 6- Fragments of delicate spiral and annular vessels,
lignified fibres with straight or tortuous margin.
83. 1- Organic Acids (15%):
- citric acid.
- Tartaric acid.
- Malic acid.
- Hibiscic acid.
2- Large amounts of Mucilage.
3- Colouring matter of Anthocyanins:
- gossipetin (hydroxy-flavone).
- hibiscin (Daphnidin-3-glucoside).
- flavonoids as hibiscetin.
4- Tannins & Vitamin C.
Active Constituents
84. 1- Substitute for coffee, tea for caffeine sensitive
persons.
2- It decreases blood pressure of hypertensive
persons while exerts no effect on normal
persons.
3- Emollient and sedative.
4- Source of Vitamin C.
5- Mild laxative.
6- It gives an euphoric impression.
Uses
85. 7- Intestinal anti-septic and diuretic.
8- Weight reducing agent.
9- The red colouring matter is used in:
- cosmetics,
- jams,
- as a poultice for treatment of abscesses.
86. • 100 gm powder + 300 ml 1% HCl
boil, filter Filterate
1- 5ml Filterate + 5ml KOH (T.S) BLUE colour
2- 5ml Filterate + dil.NH4OH + FeCl3 (drops) BLACK
colour
3- 5ml Filterate + 5ml sod.acetate (T.S) VIOLET
colour
4- 5ml Filterate + 2ml conc. NH4OH GREEN colour
5- 5ml Filterate + 6ml 10% lead acetate BLUE ppt.
Special Chemical Tests
87. • Botanical Origin:
It is the dried stigmas and tops
of styles of Crocus sativus L.,
Family: Iridaceae.
• Geographical source:
Spain.
Saffron الزعفران مياسم
Spanish saffron, Hay Saffron
88. 1- Saffron contains more than 150 volatile and
aroma-yielding compounds.
• It also has many non-volatile active
components, many of which are carotenoids,
and various α- and β-carotenes.
Active Constituents
89. 2- The bitter glucoside Picrocrocin is
responsible for saffron's flavour.
- Protocrocin which undergo pyrolysis during
drying and gives crocin and picrocrocin.
3- Saffron's golden yellow-orange colour is
primarily the result of α-crocin.
• Crocin is a yellow glycoside, soluble in water
giving yellow colour.
4- Essential oil containing terpene, terpene
alcohol and esters.
90. 1- Saffron is used as a spice that has
possible anticarcinogenic (cancer-suppressing),
anti-mutagenic (mutation-preventing),
immunomodulating, and antioxidant-like
properties.
2- It has also been used as a fabric dye (a natural
dye).
3- Natural colouring matter for food industry,
cosmetics and medicines.
4- Saffron stigmas, and even petals, may be helpful
for depression.
Uses
91. 1- Saffron colours water yellow.
2- Saffron + conc. H2SO4 a deep colour which
changes to violet and finally to wine red
(purplish red).
Special chemical tests
92. • 1- Recoloration:
- The exhausted saffron is recoloured using log
wood, Brazil wood, aniline dyes and other
synthetic pigments.
- Detection: by water which is coloured red instead
of yellow colour produced by genuine saffron.
• 2- Factitious saffron:
- Dough of flour is made into the shape of saffron,
dyed or thread coated with waxy layer and dyed.
Adulterants
93. • 3- Weighting:
- Weighing of saffron is made by treatment with
mineral, vegetable oil, glycerin, ammonium
nitrate this gives the drug a glossy
appearance.
- Detection: - the glossy appearance of the drug.
- oil leaves a fixed oil stain on paper.
- by the appropriate chemical test.
94. Corn silk الذرة شواشى
• Botanical Origin:
It is the dried styles and
stigmas of Zea mays L.,
Family: Graminae.
• Geographical source:
- native to South America.
- now cultivated throughout
the world.
95. • The fresh drug contains:
• 1- Water (83 %).
• 2- Volatile alkaloid: hordenine.
• 3- Crystalline principle: maizinic acid.
• 4- Volatile oil containing carvacrol.
• 5- Other constituents: sugars, tannins, bitter
glycosides, saponins and pigments.
Active Constituents
96. • 1- Dieuretic used to treat fluid retention and
jaundice.
• 2- Urinary tract antiseptic.
• 3- Antioxidant and antitumour against
carcinoma.
• 4- Hypoglycaemic.
Uses
97. Red rose الورد زهر(احمر ورد)
Rose rouge, Red rose petals, French rose
• Botanical Origin:
It is the dried petals of Rosa
gallica L., Family: Rosaceae.
• Geographical source:
- native to southern and central
Europe.
- cultivated as a garden plant in
numerous places everywhere.
98. • The rose petals contain:
1- Volatile oil (0.03 %) contains:
- 15-20 % colourless solid:
stearoptene.
- liquid part consists of
alcohols: geraniol, citronellol
and phenyl ethanol esters.
2- Flavonoid: Quercetin.
3- Gallic acid and tannins.
Active Constituents
99. 1- The petals used medicinally as an agreeable
astringent vehicle or as a colouring agent.
2- The oil is used as flavouring agent in many
industries.
3- A good astringent jam for children in cases of
diarrhea.
4- In perfumes industry.
Uses
100. Crataegi المدقة أحادى زعرور
Hawthorn, One seed Hawthorn
• Botanical Origin:
It is the dried flower bearing
branches of Crataegus
monogyna Jacq., Family:
Rosaceae.
• Geographical source:
- native to Europe, north west
Africa and western Asia.
101. 1- Bioflavonoids include oligomeric procyanidins.
2- Flavonoids: hyperoside, vitexin, vitexin-
rhamnoside, kaempferol and quercetin.
3- Triterpenes, ursolic, oleanolic and crataegus acid.
4- Simple phenolic acids: Chlorogenic and caffeic
acids.
Active Constituents
103. Tilia الزيزفون زهر(التليو)
(Lime tree flowers, Linden flowers)
• Botanical Origin:
- It is the dried inflorescence
with their attached bracts of
Tilia europa L., Tilia cordata
Mill., Tilia platyphyllos
Scop., Family: Tiliaceae.
• Geographical source:
- central Europe and western
Asia.
104. 1- Flavonoids: mainly hesperidin and quercetin
glycosides.
2- Mucilage: arabino-galactans.
3- Volatile oil containing farnesol, farnesyl acetate,
geraniol and eugenol.
4- Phenolic acids: chlorogenic and caffeic acids.
5- Tannin glycosides: Tiliacin.
Active Constituents