The document discusses the isolation and properties of alkaloids including atropine and quinine. It provides a history of alkaloid discovery and defines alkaloids as basic heterocyclic nitrogenous compounds found primarily in plants that are physiologically active. Methods of alkaloid isolation from plant materials and chemical tests for identification are described. Key details about the biological sources, isolation, properties, identification and uses of atropine and quinine are also summarized.
Opium: Biological source, Cultivation and collection, MorphologySonia Singh
This document provides information about the module on opium presented by Sonia Singh, Assistant Professor at GLA University, Mathura. It discusses the biological source of opium as the dried latex obtained from incisions made on unripe capsules of Papaver somniferum. The cultivation and collection process involves growing opium poppy from November to March with seeds sown in fertile soil, and incising mature capsules to extract latex which is collected and dried. The major geographical sources of opium include India, Pakistan, Afghanistan, Turkey, Russia, China and Iran. Sonia Singh provides details on the macroscopic features, varieties and historical uses of opium.
This document provides an overview of the class "Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry –II" which focuses on the topic of Belladonna. The class objectives are to introduce tropane alkaloids and discuss the biological source, cultivation, collection, morphology, and microscopy of Belladonna. Key points include that Belladonna, also known as deadly nightshade, contains tropane alkaloids such as hyoscyamine and grows wild in parts of Europe and Asia. The leaves and flowering tops are harvested in late summer and dried for use as a medicinal herb, though all parts of the plant are toxic.
Glycosides are organic natural compounds found in many plants and some animals. They contain a sugar (glycone) moiety and a non-sugar (aglycone or genin) moiety linked by a glycosidic bond. The sugar is usually beta-D-glucose but can also be galactose, mannose, rhamnose, or digitoxose. Glycosides have therapeutic effects due to the aglycone part, and the sugar moiety facilitates absorption and transport of the aglycone. Glycosides are hydrolyzed to release the active aglycone. They are used traditionally and in modern medicines for various purposes such as cardiac effects, laxatives, analgesics, and
The document discusses different types of crude drugs including organized drugs, unorganized drugs, dried latex, dried juice, extracts, gums, mucilage, resins, oleo-resins, and oleo-gum-resins. Organized drugs contain definite cellular structures, while unorganized drugs lack cells. Dried latex and juice are obtained through incisions and drying of plant materials. Extracts are prepared by solvent extraction of plant parts. Gums and mucilage are high molecular weight compounds that form viscous solutions, but mucilage does not precipitate with alcohol. Resins, oleo-resins, and oleo-gum-resins are mixtures that contain volatile oils, gums, and
This document discusses Vinca alkaloids, which are obtained from the plant Catharanthus roseus. The key Vinca alkaloids are vinblastine and vincristine, which have anticancer properties. The document outlines the extraction process of Vinca alkaloids from the plant, including using hot ethanol-water-acetic acid solution and precipitation. It also describes the isolation of vinblastine through chromatography on alumina and characterization through TLC and chemical tests.
1. Glycosides are organic compounds found in plants and animals that contain a sugar (glycone) and non-sugar (aglycone or genin) portion. Upon hydrolysis, the sugar and non-sugar portions separate.
2. There are several types of glycosides based on the atom involved in the glycosidic linkage between the glycone and aglycone, including O-, C-, S-, and N-glycosides.
3. Two common cardiac glycoside drugs that contain glycosides are Digitalis and Aloe. Digitalis contains compounds like digitoxin and gitoxin that have cardiac effects. Aloe contains compounds like aloin that have laxative effects.
Opium is a dried exudate obtained from incisions made on unripe pods of the opium poppy (Papaver somniferum). It contains several alkaloids, including morphine and codeine. Opium poppies are cultivated in parts of India, Pakistan, Afghanistan, and other countries under government control due to its narcotic properties. The poppies are incised to extract a milky latex which dries into raw opium and is collected, processed, and used to isolate alkaloids like morphine for medicinal purposes as a potent analgesic, though it is highly addictive.
Opium: Biological source, Cultivation and collection, MorphologySonia Singh
This document provides information about the module on opium presented by Sonia Singh, Assistant Professor at GLA University, Mathura. It discusses the biological source of opium as the dried latex obtained from incisions made on unripe capsules of Papaver somniferum. The cultivation and collection process involves growing opium poppy from November to March with seeds sown in fertile soil, and incising mature capsules to extract latex which is collected and dried. The major geographical sources of opium include India, Pakistan, Afghanistan, Turkey, Russia, China and Iran. Sonia Singh provides details on the macroscopic features, varieties and historical uses of opium.
This document provides an overview of the class "Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry –II" which focuses on the topic of Belladonna. The class objectives are to introduce tropane alkaloids and discuss the biological source, cultivation, collection, morphology, and microscopy of Belladonna. Key points include that Belladonna, also known as deadly nightshade, contains tropane alkaloids such as hyoscyamine and grows wild in parts of Europe and Asia. The leaves and flowering tops are harvested in late summer and dried for use as a medicinal herb, though all parts of the plant are toxic.
Glycosides are organic natural compounds found in many plants and some animals. They contain a sugar (glycone) moiety and a non-sugar (aglycone or genin) moiety linked by a glycosidic bond. The sugar is usually beta-D-glucose but can also be galactose, mannose, rhamnose, or digitoxose. Glycosides have therapeutic effects due to the aglycone part, and the sugar moiety facilitates absorption and transport of the aglycone. Glycosides are hydrolyzed to release the active aglycone. They are used traditionally and in modern medicines for various purposes such as cardiac effects, laxatives, analgesics, and
The document discusses different types of crude drugs including organized drugs, unorganized drugs, dried latex, dried juice, extracts, gums, mucilage, resins, oleo-resins, and oleo-gum-resins. Organized drugs contain definite cellular structures, while unorganized drugs lack cells. Dried latex and juice are obtained through incisions and drying of plant materials. Extracts are prepared by solvent extraction of plant parts. Gums and mucilage are high molecular weight compounds that form viscous solutions, but mucilage does not precipitate with alcohol. Resins, oleo-resins, and oleo-gum-resins are mixtures that contain volatile oils, gums, and
This document discusses Vinca alkaloids, which are obtained from the plant Catharanthus roseus. The key Vinca alkaloids are vinblastine and vincristine, which have anticancer properties. The document outlines the extraction process of Vinca alkaloids from the plant, including using hot ethanol-water-acetic acid solution and precipitation. It also describes the isolation of vinblastine through chromatography on alumina and characterization through TLC and chemical tests.
1. Glycosides are organic compounds found in plants and animals that contain a sugar (glycone) and non-sugar (aglycone or genin) portion. Upon hydrolysis, the sugar and non-sugar portions separate.
2. There are several types of glycosides based on the atom involved in the glycosidic linkage between the glycone and aglycone, including O-, C-, S-, and N-glycosides.
3. Two common cardiac glycoside drugs that contain glycosides are Digitalis and Aloe. Digitalis contains compounds like digitoxin and gitoxin that have cardiac effects. Aloe contains compounds like aloin that have laxative effects.
Opium is a dried exudate obtained from incisions made on unripe pods of the opium poppy (Papaver somniferum). It contains several alkaloids, including morphine and codeine. Opium poppies are cultivated in parts of India, Pakistan, Afghanistan, and other countries under government control due to its narcotic properties. The poppies are incised to extract a milky latex which dries into raw opium and is collected, processed, and used to isolate alkaloids like morphine for medicinal purposes as a potent analgesic, though it is highly addictive.
Isolation, industrial production of phytoconstituents by Pooja Khanpara POOJA KHANPARA
The document provides information on the phytochemical screening and analysis of various herbal drugs and compounds. It discusses the isolation, identification, and estimation methods for several anthraquinone glycosides found in senna, as well as the isolation of compounds like diosgenin from fenugreek, rutin, atropine, reserpine, morphine, ephedrine, and caffeine. Various extraction, hydrolysis, chromatography, and spectroscopic techniques are described for isolating and analyzing the chemical constituents from different plant materials.
The document discusses the chemistry and biosynthesis of various glycosides. It begins by defining glycosides as molecules composed of a sugar molecule (glycone) linked to a non-sugar molecule (aglycone). It then discusses the chemistry and sources of several classes of glycosides - cardiac glycosides, sennosides, steroidal saponin glycosides like diosgenin, hecogenin and sarsapogenin. The biosynthesis of these glycosides involves the transfer of a sugar molecule from a UDP-sugar to the aglycone, catalyzed by glycosyltransferases. Key cardiac glycosides discussed are digoxin and digitoxin. Sennosides are anthraquinone glycos
Gentian is a plant whose dried rhizome and roots are used as a bitter tonic. It contains several bitter glycosides such as gentiopicrin, which has an intensely bitter taste and is used to stimulate digestion. Gentian grows in central and southern Europe and Asia, and its rhizomes are harvested in autumn after 2-5 years of growth. Microscopically, transverse sections of gentian rhizome show a porous wood surrounded by parenchyma cells containing oil globules and calcium oxalate needles. Gentian is used as a stomachic to treat indigestion and other gastrointestinal issues.
Pharmacognosy of Rauwolfia serpentina, biological source, geographical source, marphology of roots and rhizome, microscopy of roots, chemical constituents- reserpine, uses -antihypertensive, isolation of reserpine, serpagandha, India snake root
Colophony, also known as rosin, is obtained from the distillation residue of pine resin from species of pine trees. It is produced in North America, Northern Europe, Pakistan, and India. Colophony is a pale yellow to brown solid that is insoluble in water but soluble in alcohol, chloroform, ether, and acetic acid. Its major constituent is abietic acid, it has a melting point between 75-85°C, and can be identified through chemical tests involving acetic anhydride and sulfuric acid or copper acetate. Colophony has pharmaceutical uses as a diuretic and in ointments and plasters, and industrial uses in varnishes, soaps,
1. The document discusses different types of plant fibers including their biological sources and uses. Cotton fibers come from the trichomes of cotton plants and are used to make fabrics and surgical dressings.
2. Jute fibers are obtained from the stems of jute plants and consist of both cellulose and lignin. Jute is used to make hessian, sacking, and other products due to its low cost and durability.
3. Hemp fibers come from the stems of hemp plants and contain psychoactive compounds. Hemp fibers are used to make rope, canvas, and other products.
This document defines and classifies glycosides. Glycosides are compounds that break down upon hydrolysis into a sugar component (glycone) and a non-sugar component (aglycone) linked together. Common sugars in glycosides include beta-D-glucose, rhamnose, and cymarose. Glycosides are classified based on the atom (oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur, or carbon) linking the glycone and aglycone, or based on the chemical nature of the aglycone such as steroids, flavonoids, anthracenes, etc. Glycosides have various pharmaceutical uses as laxatives, cardiac stimulants, analgesics, and expectorants. Chemical tests
Unit II Introduction to secondary metabolite
Volatile oils
Mentha, Clove, Cinnamon, Fennel, Coriander.
For video lecture suscribe yutube channel snehal chakorkar
This document provides information about various plant-based fibers including cotton, jute, and hemp. It discusses the biological source, chemical composition, uses, and preparation processes for each fiber. Cotton fibers come from the seeds of cotton plants and are mainly used for absorbent cotton, surgical dressings, and filtering. The document outlines the ginning and scouring processes used to prepare cotton fibers. Jute fibers come from the stems of jute plants and are composed primarily of cellulose. They are used for wrapping bales. The retting process is described for extracting jute fibers from the stems. Identification tests are also listed to distinguish between different types of fibers.
Organized crude drug and unorganized crude drugVarshaBarethiya
This document summarizes organized and unorganized crude drugs. It defines crude drugs as substances obtained from natural sources like plants, animals, and minerals that are used as is without processing except drying and size reduction. Organized crude drugs are obtained from definite anatomic parts of plants like flowers and leaves, have a cellular structure, and are solid. Unorganized crude drugs do not have a cellular structure, can be solid, semisolid or liquid, and are identified through chemical and physical tests rather than microscopic examination. Examples of each type are provided.
This document discusses the industrial production of the secondary metabolite forskolin from the plant Coleus forskohlii. It describes how hairy root cultures can be established from the plant using Agrobacterium rhizogenes to produce forskolin through biotechnological methods. This allows for a controlled production of forskolin independent of wild plant sources and helps conserve C. forskohlii populations by reducing demand for wild-harvested plants. Hairy root cultures were shown to produce detectable levels of forskolin through HPLC analysis.
Metabolic pathway in higher plants and their determinationHarshita Jain
This document discusses metabolic pathways in higher plants and methods for determining these pathways. It begins by defining primary and secondary metabolites and some key metabolic pathways such as the shikimic acid pathway and acetate pathway. It then describes how radioisotopes and tracer techniques can be used to study metabolic pathways by tracking the incorporation of labeled atoms or molecules into metabolites. Radioisotopes allow researchers to determine the biosynthetic precursors and sequential steps in metabolic pathways.
The document summarizes information about the plant Catharanthus roseus, commonly known as Vinca or Periwinkle. It is native to Madagascar but cultivated in other tropical and subtropical regions. The plant contains important anticancer alkaloids vinblastine and vincristine in its leaves and roots. Vinblastine is used to treat Hodgkin's disease while vincristine is used for childhood leukemia. The flowers may also be used as a gentle laxative or gargle.
Myrrh is an oleo-gum-resin obtained from the stem and branches of Commiphora molmol trees found in northeast Africa and southern Arabia. The trees are small, around 3 meters high, and contain schizogenous ducts and lysigenous cavities filled with a yellowish granular liquid. After making incisions in the bark, the oleo-gum resin exudes and hardens into reddish-brown tears ranging from 1.5-3 cm in diameter with an aromatic, bitter, and acrid taste and odor. Myrrh contains volatile oil, resin, gum, and bitter principles and is used in perfumes, incense, and as an antiseptic and stimulant
This practical manual is prepared for academic purpose only and contains introduction and detail methodology regarding determination of numbers of starch grains by Lycopodium spore method, along with dummy readings to facilitate understanding of calculations thereof.
Pharmacognostic study of Belladonna or Belladonna herb DharmavirVerma1
Belladonna herb comes from the plant Atropa belladonna Linn. It is indigenous to Europe and parts of Asia, including western Himalayas in India. The leaves and flowering tops are harvested and dried. Belladonna contains alkaloids that have sedative, antispasmodic, and anticholinergic effects. It is used to treat conditions like asthma, whooping cough, Parkinson's disease, and pain.
Belladonna herb consists of dried leaves and other aerial parts of Atropa belladonna Linn. from the Solanaceae family. It is found in England, Europe, and the western Himalayas of India. Belladonna is cultivated at altitudes of 1400 m from crushed berries. The leaves are harvested and dried while retaining their green color. Belladonna contains alkaloids like hyoscyamine and atropine and is used as a sedative, to treat asthma, colic, motion sickness, and pain.
The document discusses alkaloids, which are basic nitrogenous plant compounds that are physiologically active. Some key points:
- True alkaloids contain heterocyclic nitrogen derived from amino acids and are usually toxic. Protoalkaloids are simple amines without heterocyclic rings. Pseudoalkaloids include steroidal and terpenoid compounds.
- Over 6000 alkaloids have been discovered from plants like poppy, tobacco, and coca. They are concentrated in certain plant parts like roots, leaves, or latex.
- Alkaloids have properties like being colorless solids, bitter taste, and soluble in organic solvents. They can be classified pharmacologically or by their
Alkaloids are nitrogen-containing organic compounds produced by plants. They have diverse chemical structures but generally contain heterocyclic compounds and have physiological effects in humans and animals. Many plants produce alkaloids as protective compounds against herbivores. Some common alkaloids include morphine, codeine, caffeine, and nicotine. Alkaloids are classified based on their chemical structure, pharmacological effects, biosynthetic pathways, and plant sources. They can be detected using chemical tests like Mayer's, Wagner's, and Dragendorff's tests which produce characteristic precipitate colors.
Isolation, industrial production of phytoconstituents by Pooja Khanpara POOJA KHANPARA
The document provides information on the phytochemical screening and analysis of various herbal drugs and compounds. It discusses the isolation, identification, and estimation methods for several anthraquinone glycosides found in senna, as well as the isolation of compounds like diosgenin from fenugreek, rutin, atropine, reserpine, morphine, ephedrine, and caffeine. Various extraction, hydrolysis, chromatography, and spectroscopic techniques are described for isolating and analyzing the chemical constituents from different plant materials.
The document discusses the chemistry and biosynthesis of various glycosides. It begins by defining glycosides as molecules composed of a sugar molecule (glycone) linked to a non-sugar molecule (aglycone). It then discusses the chemistry and sources of several classes of glycosides - cardiac glycosides, sennosides, steroidal saponin glycosides like diosgenin, hecogenin and sarsapogenin. The biosynthesis of these glycosides involves the transfer of a sugar molecule from a UDP-sugar to the aglycone, catalyzed by glycosyltransferases. Key cardiac glycosides discussed are digoxin and digitoxin. Sennosides are anthraquinone glycos
Gentian is a plant whose dried rhizome and roots are used as a bitter tonic. It contains several bitter glycosides such as gentiopicrin, which has an intensely bitter taste and is used to stimulate digestion. Gentian grows in central and southern Europe and Asia, and its rhizomes are harvested in autumn after 2-5 years of growth. Microscopically, transverse sections of gentian rhizome show a porous wood surrounded by parenchyma cells containing oil globules and calcium oxalate needles. Gentian is used as a stomachic to treat indigestion and other gastrointestinal issues.
Pharmacognosy of Rauwolfia serpentina, biological source, geographical source, marphology of roots and rhizome, microscopy of roots, chemical constituents- reserpine, uses -antihypertensive, isolation of reserpine, serpagandha, India snake root
Colophony, also known as rosin, is obtained from the distillation residue of pine resin from species of pine trees. It is produced in North America, Northern Europe, Pakistan, and India. Colophony is a pale yellow to brown solid that is insoluble in water but soluble in alcohol, chloroform, ether, and acetic acid. Its major constituent is abietic acid, it has a melting point between 75-85°C, and can be identified through chemical tests involving acetic anhydride and sulfuric acid or copper acetate. Colophony has pharmaceutical uses as a diuretic and in ointments and plasters, and industrial uses in varnishes, soaps,
1. The document discusses different types of plant fibers including their biological sources and uses. Cotton fibers come from the trichomes of cotton plants and are used to make fabrics and surgical dressings.
2. Jute fibers are obtained from the stems of jute plants and consist of both cellulose and lignin. Jute is used to make hessian, sacking, and other products due to its low cost and durability.
3. Hemp fibers come from the stems of hemp plants and contain psychoactive compounds. Hemp fibers are used to make rope, canvas, and other products.
This document defines and classifies glycosides. Glycosides are compounds that break down upon hydrolysis into a sugar component (glycone) and a non-sugar component (aglycone) linked together. Common sugars in glycosides include beta-D-glucose, rhamnose, and cymarose. Glycosides are classified based on the atom (oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur, or carbon) linking the glycone and aglycone, or based on the chemical nature of the aglycone such as steroids, flavonoids, anthracenes, etc. Glycosides have various pharmaceutical uses as laxatives, cardiac stimulants, analgesics, and expectorants. Chemical tests
Unit II Introduction to secondary metabolite
Volatile oils
Mentha, Clove, Cinnamon, Fennel, Coriander.
For video lecture suscribe yutube channel snehal chakorkar
This document provides information about various plant-based fibers including cotton, jute, and hemp. It discusses the biological source, chemical composition, uses, and preparation processes for each fiber. Cotton fibers come from the seeds of cotton plants and are mainly used for absorbent cotton, surgical dressings, and filtering. The document outlines the ginning and scouring processes used to prepare cotton fibers. Jute fibers come from the stems of jute plants and are composed primarily of cellulose. They are used for wrapping bales. The retting process is described for extracting jute fibers from the stems. Identification tests are also listed to distinguish between different types of fibers.
Organized crude drug and unorganized crude drugVarshaBarethiya
This document summarizes organized and unorganized crude drugs. It defines crude drugs as substances obtained from natural sources like plants, animals, and minerals that are used as is without processing except drying and size reduction. Organized crude drugs are obtained from definite anatomic parts of plants like flowers and leaves, have a cellular structure, and are solid. Unorganized crude drugs do not have a cellular structure, can be solid, semisolid or liquid, and are identified through chemical and physical tests rather than microscopic examination. Examples of each type are provided.
This document discusses the industrial production of the secondary metabolite forskolin from the plant Coleus forskohlii. It describes how hairy root cultures can be established from the plant using Agrobacterium rhizogenes to produce forskolin through biotechnological methods. This allows for a controlled production of forskolin independent of wild plant sources and helps conserve C. forskohlii populations by reducing demand for wild-harvested plants. Hairy root cultures were shown to produce detectable levels of forskolin through HPLC analysis.
Metabolic pathway in higher plants and their determinationHarshita Jain
This document discusses metabolic pathways in higher plants and methods for determining these pathways. It begins by defining primary and secondary metabolites and some key metabolic pathways such as the shikimic acid pathway and acetate pathway. It then describes how radioisotopes and tracer techniques can be used to study metabolic pathways by tracking the incorporation of labeled atoms or molecules into metabolites. Radioisotopes allow researchers to determine the biosynthetic precursors and sequential steps in metabolic pathways.
The document summarizes information about the plant Catharanthus roseus, commonly known as Vinca or Periwinkle. It is native to Madagascar but cultivated in other tropical and subtropical regions. The plant contains important anticancer alkaloids vinblastine and vincristine in its leaves and roots. Vinblastine is used to treat Hodgkin's disease while vincristine is used for childhood leukemia. The flowers may also be used as a gentle laxative or gargle.
Myrrh is an oleo-gum-resin obtained from the stem and branches of Commiphora molmol trees found in northeast Africa and southern Arabia. The trees are small, around 3 meters high, and contain schizogenous ducts and lysigenous cavities filled with a yellowish granular liquid. After making incisions in the bark, the oleo-gum resin exudes and hardens into reddish-brown tears ranging from 1.5-3 cm in diameter with an aromatic, bitter, and acrid taste and odor. Myrrh contains volatile oil, resin, gum, and bitter principles and is used in perfumes, incense, and as an antiseptic and stimulant
This practical manual is prepared for academic purpose only and contains introduction and detail methodology regarding determination of numbers of starch grains by Lycopodium spore method, along with dummy readings to facilitate understanding of calculations thereof.
Pharmacognostic study of Belladonna or Belladonna herb DharmavirVerma1
Belladonna herb comes from the plant Atropa belladonna Linn. It is indigenous to Europe and parts of Asia, including western Himalayas in India. The leaves and flowering tops are harvested and dried. Belladonna contains alkaloids that have sedative, antispasmodic, and anticholinergic effects. It is used to treat conditions like asthma, whooping cough, Parkinson's disease, and pain.
Belladonna herb consists of dried leaves and other aerial parts of Atropa belladonna Linn. from the Solanaceae family. It is found in England, Europe, and the western Himalayas of India. Belladonna is cultivated at altitudes of 1400 m from crushed berries. The leaves are harvested and dried while retaining their green color. Belladonna contains alkaloids like hyoscyamine and atropine and is used as a sedative, to treat asthma, colic, motion sickness, and pain.
The document discusses alkaloids, which are basic nitrogenous plant compounds that are physiologically active. Some key points:
- True alkaloids contain heterocyclic nitrogen derived from amino acids and are usually toxic. Protoalkaloids are simple amines without heterocyclic rings. Pseudoalkaloids include steroidal and terpenoid compounds.
- Over 6000 alkaloids have been discovered from plants like poppy, tobacco, and coca. They are concentrated in certain plant parts like roots, leaves, or latex.
- Alkaloids have properties like being colorless solids, bitter taste, and soluble in organic solvents. They can be classified pharmacologically or by their
Alkaloids are nitrogen-containing organic compounds produced by plants. They have diverse chemical structures but generally contain heterocyclic compounds and have physiological effects in humans and animals. Many plants produce alkaloids as protective compounds against herbivores. Some common alkaloids include morphine, codeine, caffeine, and nicotine. Alkaloids are classified based on their chemical structure, pharmacological effects, biosynthetic pathways, and plant sources. They can be detected using chemical tests like Mayer's, Wagner's, and Dragendorff's tests which produce characteristic precipitate colors.
This document provides an introduction to secondary metabolites called alkaloids. It discusses the history, definitions, properties, chemical tests, classifications, occurrences and distributions of various alkaloids. Key points include that alkaloids are basic nitrogen-containing compounds found in plants, true alkaloids contain heterocyclic nitrogen rings, they are classified based on their ring structure (e.g. isoquinoline, indole), and examples are given of commonly used alkaloid-containing plants and their active constituents.
Alkaloids are nitrogen-containing plant compounds that have physiological effects in humans and animals. They contain heterocyclic rings and can exist as primary, secondary, or tertiary amines. Common alkaloids include nicotine, atropine, and cocaine. In plants, alkaloids serve as defenses against herbivores and may aid growth. They are often crystalline solids that form salts and are soluble in non-polar solvents. Alkaloids have a wide range of pharmacological actions and can be classified based on their ring structures. Important alkaloid-containing plants discussed include belladonna, henbane, coca, and plants yielding quinine. Their biosynthesis often begins with amino acids
Alkaloids are nitrogen-containing plant compounds that have physiological effects in humans and animals. They contain heterocyclic rings and can exist as primary, secondary, or tertiary amines. Common alkaloids include nicotine, atropine, and cocaine. In plants, alkaloids serve as defenses against herbivores and may regulate growth. They are classified based on their ring structures, such as pyridine-piperidine, tropane, quinoline, and others. Many alkaloids have pharmacological effects like analgesia, stimulation of the central nervous system, and effects on muscles or secretions. They are isolated from plants using solvent extraction and identified with color tests.
The document discusses alkaloids, which are basic nitrogen-containing plant compounds. It describes their isolation from plants like opium in 1804 and defines their characteristics. Alkaloids can have one or more nitrogen atoms and may be classified based on source, chemical structure, or pharmacological effects. Common alkaloids mentioned include morphine, cocaine, nicotine, and caffeine. The document also covers alkaloid properties, biosynthesis, functions in plants, effects on humans, examples of different types of alkaloids, and their chemical properties including stability.
This document provides information about alkaloids. It begins with definitions and classifications of alkaloids. It then discusses two specific alkaloids - ephedra and colchicum. For ephedra, it describes the plant source, chemical constituents including ephedrine, uses, and chemical tests. For colchicum, it provides the plant source, chemical constituents including colchicine, and geographical sources.
The document discusses the plant Cinchona and its alkaloid content. It notes that Cinchona bark is the source of the antimalarial drug quinine. It contains quinine, quinidine, cinchonine, and cinchonidine alkaloids. Quinine was isolated from Cinchona bark in the 1820s and is still often sourced from the plant, though it can also be synthesized. Cinchona bark and its quinine content are used to treat malaria due to antipyretic and antimicrobial properties. However, the alkaloids in Cinchona bark can cause side effects like hypoglycemia, blood thinning, and heart issues if not taken
This document provides an overview of alkaloids. It defines alkaloids as basic, nitrogen-containing compounds found in plants. Alkaloids are classified in several ways, including by their chemical structure, biosynthetic pathway, pharmacological effects, and the taxonomic plant family they are found in. Methods for isolating and purifying individual alkaloids from crude mixtures are also described. The molecular modification of opioid alkaloids like morphine to enhance their medical usefulness is discussed. Finally, the document outlines some of the biological activities that alkaloids can have in plants and humans, ranging from protective effects to therapeutic applications to toxicity.
- Alkaloids are basic nitrogenous plant compounds with pronounced physiological effects in humans and animals. They contain a heterocyclic nitrogen ring derived from amino acids.
- Common alkaloids include atropine, reserpine, and ephedrine. Atropine is an anticholinergic that causes dilated pupils and dry mouth. Reserpine lowers blood pressure by depleting catecholamines. Ephedrine acts as a bronchodilator and stimulant.
- Alkaloids are tested for using Dragendorff's, Mayer's, Hager's or Wagner's reagents, which form precipitates. They are classified based on their chemical structure, such as phenylalkylamines,
This document discusses alkaloids, which are basic, nitrogen-containing compounds found in plants. It defines alkaloids and notes that the definition is not fully satisfactory. It describes the various ways alkaloids exist in plants, such as in free form, as glycosides, amides, and esters. The document outlines different classification systems for alkaloids including taxonomic, pharmacological, biosynthetic, and chemical classifications. It also discusses the isolation and purification process for extracting alkaloids from plants.
Occurrence and classification of alkaloidsJasmineJuliet
Alkaloid definition, Alkaloid history, Occurrence of Alkaloids, Distribution of Alkaloids in nature, Classification of Alkaloids in Different categories, Pharmacological actions of Alkaloids. Alkaloids classification based on chemical structure, belongs to plant family, Based on Biochemical precursor, Based on Biological activity.
Occurrence and classification of alkaloidsJasmineJuliet
Alkaloids definition, Alkaloids history, Occurrence of alkaloids, Alkaloids distribution in nature, Classification of Alkaloids in different categories, Functions of alkaloids.
Chemistry of Natural Products
Alkaloids
• Introduction; classification; isolation; general methods for structure elucidation; discussion with particular reference to structure and synthesis of ephedrine, nicotine, atropine, quinine, papaverine and morphine.
• Terpenoids
• Introduction; classification; isolation; general methods for structure elucidation; discussion with particular reference to structure and synthesis of citral, α-terpineol, α-pinene, camphor and α-cadinene.
• Steroids
• Introduction; nomenclature and stereochemistry of steroids; structure determination of cholesterol and bile acids; introduction to steroidal hormones with particular reference to adrenal cortical hormones.
Alkaloids-New S 2020.pdfyrhfeettsswartttemoyourtri
The document defines alkaloids as basic heterocyclic nitrogenous compounds of plant origin that are physiologically active. However, some alkaloids deviate from this definition by not being basic or having nitrogen outside a heterocyclic ring. Alkaloids are classified as true, proto, or pseudo depending on their origin and structure. They are commonly found in dicots but rare in lower plants, and are distributed in various plant parts and families. In addition to acting as insect deterrents, alkaloids may function as nitrogen sources, growth regulators, or energy sources for plants. The document outlines extraction, purification, and classification methods for alkaloids. It provides examples of specific alkaloid-containing plants and
The document discusses alkaloids, which are basic nitrogenous plant compounds that are physiologically active. It defines alkaloids and describes their distribution in plants, forms, nomenclature, extraction and classification. Key points include that alkaloids are found mainly in dicots and families like Apocynaceae, with properties like being crystalline solids, bitter taste, and soluble in organic solvents but not water. Common tests for alkaloids are Mayer's, Dragendorff's, Wagner's and Hager's tests. Alkaloids are classified based on their biogenetic pathway, plant source, basic chemical skeleton or type of amine group.
The all the content in this profile is completed by the teachers, students as well as other health care peoples.
thank you, all the respected peoples, for giving the information to complete this presentation.
this information is free to use by anyone.
Primary metabolites directly involve normal growth and development and perform essential physiological functions. Examples include ethanol, lactic acid, sugars, fatty acids and amino acids. Secondary metabolites are not directly involved in normal growth and development but represent chemical adaptations to stresses or serve defensive/protective functions. Examples include alkaloids, glycosides, flavonoids and volatile oils. The shikimic acid pathway appears important for biosynthesis of phenylpropane derivatives like phenylalanine and tyrosine in plants. It involves conversion of chorismic acid to prephenic acid or anthranilic acid. Alkaloids are basic compounds found in plants containing nitrogen in a heterocyclic ring. They have complex molecular structures and significant pharmacological activity
Executive Directors Chat Leveraging AI for Diversity, Equity, and InclusionTechSoup
Let’s explore the intersection of technology and equity in the final session of our DEI series. Discover how AI tools, like ChatGPT, can be used to support and enhance your nonprofit's DEI initiatives. Participants will gain insights into practical AI applications and get tips for leveraging technology to advance their DEI goals.
A workshop hosted by the South African Journal of Science aimed at postgraduate students and early career researchers with little or no experience in writing and publishing journal articles.
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty, In...Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty,
International FDP on Fundamentals of Research in Social Sciences
at Integral University, Lucknow, 06.06.2024
By Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
The simplified electron and muon model, Oscillating Spacetime: The Foundation...RitikBhardwaj56
Discover the Simplified Electron and Muon Model: A New Wave-Based Approach to Understanding Particles delves into a groundbreaking theory that presents electrons and muons as rotating soliton waves within oscillating spacetime. Geared towards students, researchers, and science buffs, this book breaks down complex ideas into simple explanations. It covers topics such as electron waves, temporal dynamics, and the implications of this model on particle physics. With clear illustrations and easy-to-follow explanations, readers will gain a new outlook on the universe's fundamental nature.
Main Java[All of the Base Concepts}.docxadhitya5119
This is part 1 of my Java Learning Journey. This Contains Custom methods, classes, constructors, packages, multithreading , try- catch block, finally block and more.
How to Setup Warehouse & Location in Odoo 17 InventoryCeline George
In this slide, we'll explore how to set up warehouses and locations in Odoo 17 Inventory. This will help us manage our stock effectively, track inventory levels, and streamline warehouse operations.
This presentation was provided by Steph Pollock of The American Psychological Association’s Journals Program, and Damita Snow, of The American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE), for the initial session of NISO's 2024 Training Series "DEIA in the Scholarly Landscape." Session One: 'Setting Expectations: a DEIA Primer,' was held June 6, 2024.
How to Make a Field Mandatory in Odoo 17Celine George
In Odoo, making a field required can be done through both Python code and XML views. When you set the required attribute to True in Python code, it makes the field required across all views where it's used. Conversely, when you set the required attribute in XML views, it makes the field required only in the context of that particular view.
How to Manage Your Lost Opportunities in Odoo 17 CRMCeline George
Odoo 17 CRM allows us to track why we lose sales opportunities with "Lost Reasons." This helps analyze our sales process and identify areas for improvement. Here's how to configure lost reasons in Odoo 17 CRM
বাংলাদেশের অর্থনৈতিক সমীক্ষা ২০২৪ [Bangladesh Economic Review 2024 Bangla.pdf] কম্পিউটার , ট্যাব ও স্মার্ট ফোন ভার্সন সহ সম্পূর্ণ বাংলা ই-বুক বা pdf বই " সুচিপত্র ...বুকমার্ক মেনু 🔖 ও হাইপার লিংক মেনু 📝👆 যুক্ত ..
আমাদের সবার জন্য খুব খুব গুরুত্বপূর্ণ একটি বই ..বিসিএস, ব্যাংক, ইউনিভার্সিটি ভর্তি ও যে কোন প্রতিযোগিতা মূলক পরীক্ষার জন্য এর খুব ইম্পরট্যান্ট একটি বিষয় ...তাছাড়া বাংলাদেশের সাম্প্রতিক যে কোন ডাটা বা তথ্য এই বইতে পাবেন ...
তাই একজন নাগরিক হিসাবে এই তথ্য গুলো আপনার জানা প্রয়োজন ...।
বিসিএস ও ব্যাংক এর লিখিত পরীক্ষা ...+এছাড়া মাধ্যমিক ও উচ্চমাধ্যমিকের স্টুডেন্টদের জন্য অনেক কাজে আসবে ...
3. HISTORY OFALKALOIDS:
The term ‘alkaloid’ was coined by MEISSNER, a German pharmacist,
in 1819.
The French chemist, Derosne in 1803, isolated narcotine. In the same
year, morphine from opium was isolated by Serturner.
Pelletier and Caventon isolated emetine in 1817 and colchicine in
1819.
From the beginning of 19th century till to date, it has to proved to be
a perpetual work to discover new alkaloids from plants and animals.
As per a Russian review in 1973, the number of known alkaloids had
reached up to 4959, amongst which, the structures of 3293 alkaloids
were elucidated.
At present, the number of alkaloids discovered has exceeded 6000.
4. What is alkaloid ?
The term “alkaloid” (alkali-like) is commonly used to designate basic
heterocyclic nitrogenous compounds of plant origin that are
physiologically active.
They resemble some of the characters of naturally occurring
complex amines.
It posses specific physiological actions on human or animal body
,when used in small quantities.
STRUCUTE OF ALKALOID
5.
6. The term alkaloid also covers Proto alkaloid, Pseudoalkaloids and True
alkaloids.
TRUE ALKALOIDS:
• The true alkaloids are toxic in nature and contain heterocyclic
nitrogen which is derived from amino acids and always basic in
nature. True alkaloids are normally present in plants as salts of
organic acids.
PROTOALKAOIDS:
• The ‘protoalkaloids’ or ‘amino alkaloids’ are simple amines in
which the nitrogen is not in a heterocyclic ring. They are basic in
nature and prepared in plants from amino acids
PSEUDOALKALOIDS:
• It includes mainly steroidal and terpenoid alkaloids and purines.
They are not derived from amino acids.
7. OCCURENCE OF ALKALOIDS:
• Alkaloids are occurs mostly in angiosperms and rarely in gymnosperms.
• But their presence is also detected in micro organisms, marine
organisms, insects, animals and some of the lower plants.
• In the lower plants, although the alkaloids are found in less number,
some important sources are ergot fungus giving peptide alkaloids,
ergometrine, ergotamine etc., and also gymnosperms like ephedra
alkaloids.
• Out of 60 different orders in higher plants, 34 orders contain alkaloids.
DISTRIBUTION
• Families with alkaloidal content are Apocynaceae, Berberidaceae,
Euphorbiaceae, Leguminosae, Papaveraceae, Ranunculaceae, Rutaceae,
Rubiaceae and Solanaceae.
• In most of the plants alkaloids are highly localized and concentrated in
certain morphological parts only.
9. PROPERTIES OFALKALOIDS:
Mostly all alkaloids are colourless, crystalline solids
Sharp melting point
Bitter taste
Some alkaloids are coloured in nature, e.g. Berberine is yellow
Soluble in organic non-polar, immiscible solvents.
The alkaloids containing quaternary bases are only water soluble.
Some of the pseudoalkaloids and proto-alkaloids shows higher solubility in water.
Some alkaloids are liquid because of lacking of oxygen in their molecules. (e.g.
coniine, nicotine, spartenine)
Alkaloids are decomposed by heat, except Strychnine and caffeine.
Give a precipitate with heavy metal iodides.
10. The various methods proposed for classification of alkaloids are
explained as follows,
Pharmacological classification
Taxonomic classification
Biosynthetic classification
Chemical classification
CLASSIFICATION:
TAXONOMIC CLASSIFICATION:
This method classifies vast number of alkaloids based on their
distribution in various plant Families, like solanaceous or
papillionaceous alkaloids.
From this classification, the chemotaxonomic classification has
been further derived.
11. PHARMACOLOGICAL CLASSIFICATION
Depending on the physiological response, the alkaloids are classified under various
pharmacological categories, like central nervous system stimulants or depressants,
analgesics, purgatives etc.
Some of the
examples are
explained as
follows,
• Narcotic analgesic e.g.Morphine
• Antimalarial e.g. Quinine
• Reflux excitability e.g.Strychnine
• Respiratory stimulant e.g.Lobeline
• Neuralgia e.g. Aconitine
• Oxytoxic e.g. Erogotometrine
• Bronchodilator e.g. Ephedrine, vasicine
• Anticholinergic e.g. Atropine
• CNS stimulant e.g. Caffeine
• Antitussive e.g. Codeine
• Antiarrythmic e.g.Quinidine
• Antihypertensive e.g. Reserpine
• Anticancer e.g. Vincristine
• Antiglucoma e.g. Pilocarpine
12. BIOSYNTHETIC CLASSIFICATION
This method give significance to the precursor from which the alkaloids are biosynthesized in
plants.
The alkaloidal drugs are categorised on the fact whether they are derived from amino acid
precursor as ornithine, lysine, tyrosine, tryptophan, phenylalanine etc.
1. Ornithine derived alkaloids
• e.g. Pyrrolidine alkaloid-Nicotine
• Tropane alkaloid - Atropine, hyosyamine, coacaine
2. Lysine derived alkaloids
• e.g. Piperidine and pyridine alkaloid - conine, lobaline, arecoline
• Quinazolidine alkaloid- lupinine
3. Tyrosine derived alkaloids
• e.g. Isoquinoline alkaloid-Morphine, codeine, emetine, cephaline, berberine,d- tubocurine
• Amino alkaloid- colchicine
4. Tryptophan derived alkaloids
• e.g. Indole alkaloid- ergot alkaloid, vincristine, vinblastine, reserpine, strychnine, physostigmine,
strychinine, brucine
• Quinoline alkaloid- cinchonine, quinine.
5. Histidine derived alkaloids
• e.g. Imidazole alkaloid - Pilocrpine
6. Phenylalanine derived alkaloids
• e.g. Amino alkaloid- Ephedrine
13. CHEMICAL CLASSIFICATION
The alkaloidal drug care broadly categorised into 2 divisions.
Heterocyclic alkaloids (True
alkaloids) are divided into 12
groups according to nature
of their heterocyclic ring.
Non- heterocyclic alkaloids
or protoalkaloids or
Biological amines or
pseudoalkaloids.
This is the most accepted way of classification of alkaloids. The main
criterion for chemical classification is the type of fundamental
(normal heterocyclic) ring structure present in alkaloid.
14. A) True alkaloids
Sr. no. Type Structure Examples
1. Pyrrole and
pyrrolidine
N
H
N
H
e.g. Hygrine, coca species
2. Pyiridine
and
piperidine N N
H
e.g. Arecoline, anabasine,
lobeline, conine, trigonelline
3. Pyrrolizidine
N
e.g. Echimidine, senecionine,
seneciphylline
4. Tropane
N
e.g. Atropine, hyoscine, hyoscyamine,
cocaine, pseudopelletirine
5. Quinoline
N
e.g. Quinine, quinidine, cinchonine,
cupreine, camptothecine
6. Isoquinoline
N
e.g.Morphine, codeine, emetine,
cephaline, narcotine, narceine, d-
tubocurarine
The following chart indicates types of alkaloids and their occurence in
various plants along with basic chemical ring.
15. 7 Indole
N
H
e.g. Erotamine, ergotametriene,
reserpine, vincristine, vinblastine,
strychnine, brucine
8 Imidazole N
N
H
e.g. Pilocrpine, isopilocarpine,
pilosine
9 Norlupinane
N
e.g. Cystisine, laburinine
10 Aporphine
(reduced
isoquinoline
napthalene)
N
e.g. Boldine
16. B) PROTO ALKALOID
1. Alkyalamine
Ephedrine,
Pseudoephedrine
HO
NH
1. Purine
N
N N
HN
e.g. Caffeine, thophylline,
theobromine
2. Steroidal e.g. Solanidine, conessine,
protoveratrine
3. Diterpene C20H32 e.g. Aconitine, aconine, hypoaconine
C) PSEUDO ALKALOID
17. ISOLATION OFALKALOID:
Plant material is dried at a temperature not exceeding 60˚c and
finely powdered.
Macerate the powdered material with sufficient quantity of ethanol
and set aside over night. Most alkaloids and their salts being alcohol
soluble will get dissolved in the solution.
Filter and concentrate the extract to ¼ the initial volume. complete
the evaporation of the remaining solvent at a temperature not
exceeding 50˚c.
Treat the residue with dil. sulphuric acid and filter to remove resins,
fatty matter and other unwanted substances.
Basify the solution by the addition of alkali such as ammonia as it
effectively precipitates most alkaloids and because of its volatility.
18. ISOLATION OFALKALOID:
Extract this solution with successive portion of chloroform
or till complete extraction of all the alkaloids is effected.
Concentrate the pooled organic layer to yield a crude
mixture of alkaloids of the plant material.
Dissolve the above residue in dil. sulphuric acid and filter if
necessary.
Basify the solution with ammonia and successively extract
with chloroform.
Run the pooled chloroform layers through a bed of
anhydrous sodium sulphate and evaporate to dryness.
Note the weight of the mixture of total alkaloids.
19. QUALITATIVE CHEMICAL TEST:
Wagner’s Test
• (+) Reddish brown precipitate Reagent used: Wagner’s Reagent [Solution of
iodine in potassium iodide]
Mayer’s Test
• (+) Cream color precipitates Reagent used: Mayer’s Reagent [Potassium
mercuric iodide solution]
Dragendorff’s test
• (+) Orange precipitate Reagent used: Dragendorff’s reagent [Potassium
bismuth iodide solution]
Hager's test
• (+) Yellow color precipitate Reagent used: Hager's reagent [saturated
solution of Picric acid]
Tannic acid test
• (+)buff color precipitate Reagent used: 10% Tannic acid solution
21. Atropine
Biological source: Atropine is a tropane alkaloid obtained
from the fresh or dried leaves and flowering tops of
• Atropa belladonna,
• Datura stramonium (Not less than 0.25%) and
• Hyoscyamus niger (Not less than 0.05%).
Family – Solanaceae
22. Isolation Required quantity of coarse powder is taken and
moistens with sodium carbonate solution.
The blended mixture is extracted in petroleum ether
and filters it.
To the filtrate aqueous acetic acid is added and
further the aqueous fraction is extracted with ether.
Both fraction are separated by separating funnel and
discard solvent ether fraction.
Aqueous (Acidic fraction) is made alkaline with
sodium carbonate solution to obtain precipitates of
tropane alkaloids.
Atropine
23. Atropine
Isolation The precipitate is filtered and dry to obtain residue.
The residue is dissolved in diethyl ether, filtered it
and concentrated the filtrate.
Atropine crystals will be separated out.
The crystals are filtered and dissolve in alcohol
containing sodium hydroxide solution (Hyocyamine
is converted to atropine).
The atropine sulphate is recrystallized from acetone
and crystals of atropine are separated
24. Atropine
Properties Appearance :Colourless crystal or white
crystalline powder.
Odour :Odourless
Taste :Bitter taste
Solubility :Easily soluble in water,
soluble in ethanol, but insoluble in
ether and chloroform
25. Atropine
Identification by chemical test
• Vitali–Morin test: Small quantity of the solid
atropine is taken and added 2 drops of Conc.
nitric acid in an evaporating dish and evaporated
to dryness on water bath.
• Then the residue is dissolved in 1ml of acetone
and few drops of freshly prepared alcoholic
potassium hydroxide solution is added.
• Violet coloration takes place due to tropane
nucleus
26. Atropine
Analysis
by
TLC
Sample preparation :1mg of Atropine is dissolved in 1ml
of chloroform
Standard sample :Atropine
Stationary phase :Pre-coated Silica gel
Mobile phase :Toluene: Ethyl acetate: Diethyl
amine (70:20:10)
Detecting agent :Dragendorff’s reagent
RF Value :0.70
Color spot :Yellow orange spot
Utilization :It is used as antispasmodic,
mydriatic and antidote in opium poisoning.
Storage condition :It should be store in air-tight containers
protected from light and in cool place.
28. Background & Historical Perspectives
▶Important medical discovery of 17th
century
▶Component of bark of cinchona trees.
▶In early 1600s it was referred as “Jesuits
bark” “cardinal’s bark” or “sacred bark.”
▶Quina-quina trees in Andean Jungle.
▶Introduction to Europe in 1638.
▶Use before 1820 and in 1820.
29. Quinine
Biological source: Quinine is a quinolone alkaloid obtained from the
dried bark of Cinchona calisaya, Cinchona officinalis, Cinchona
ledgeriana and Cinchona succirubra.
Family: Rubiaceae.
Quinine and quinidine are stereo-isomers.
Quinine is levorotatory and quinidine is dextrorotatory.
32. Properties of quinine
▶ Aryl amino alcohol group of drugs.
▶ Basic compound.
▶ Rapid action against intra-erythrocytic malarial parasites.
▶ Gametocytocidal.
▶ Analgesic properties.
▶ White crystalline.
▶ Insoluble in water.
▶ Bitter taste and levorotatory.
▶ Anti inflammatory.
33. OVERVIEW OF QUININE
▶ Distribution in our body.
▶ Treatment for uncomplicated malaria.
▶ Lower cure rate.
▶ Higher cure rate (sulphadoxine-pyrimethamine, tetracycline or
clindamycin).
2010 World health Organization 2009 by 31 African countries
Quinine+ Doxycycline+
Tetracycline
(2nd line treatment)
Quinine
(2nd line treatment)
34. Isolation: Quinine
Required quantity of dry powder bark material is first well mixed with about 30% of its weight of
alcoholic calcium hydroxide or calcium oxide or calcium oxide (20%) and sufficient quantity of sodium
hydroxide solution (5%) to make a paste.
It is allowed to stand for few hours so that alkali can convert cinchona alkaloids to free bases.
The mass is then transferred to a Soxhlet apparatus and extraction is carried out with benzene for 6
hours.
After competition of extraction the benzene extract is shaken with successive portions of 5% sulphuric
acid in separating funnel.
The aqueous acid extract is separated from benzene layer and adjusted the pH 6.5 with dilute sodium
hydroxide, cooled.
Crystals of quinine sulphate are formed, filtered and recrystallized with hot water
35. Quinine
Properties:
• Appearance :Colourless crystal or white crystalline
powder
• Odour :Odourless
• Taste :Intensely bitter taste
• Solubility :Sparingly soluble in water, readily soluble
in chloroform, alcohol and ether
Identification by chemical test:
• Thalleoquin test: Bromine water and ammonia solution is
added in small quantity of powdered the sample. Emerald
green colour takes place which indicates the presence of
quinine
36. Quinine
Analysis
by
TLC
Sample preparation :1mg of Quinine is dissolved
in 1ml of methanol
Standard sample : Quinine
Stationary phase :Silica gel-G
Mobile phase :Chloroform: Diethyl amine (9:1)
Detecting agent :Dragendorff’s reagent
RF Value : 0.17
37. Analysis by HPLC
• Method : Isocratic
• Stationary phase : C18 Column
• Mobile phase :Methanol: Acetonitrle-0.1mol/L:
ammonia: acetone (45:15:40)
• Detection : Fluorescence at excitation 325nm.
• Emission : 375nm
Utilization:
• Quinine is antimalarial. Quinidine is a cardiac depressant
therefore used in cardiac arrhythmias.
Storage condition:
• It should be store in well closed and air-tight containers
protected from light and in cool place.
Quinine
39. Reserpine
Biological source: Reserpine is an indole alkaloid
obtained from the dried roots of Atropa
belladonna, Rauwolfia serpentine.
Family: Apocynaceae.
Sarpagandha contains not less than 0.15% of
reserpine and ajmalcine
40. Isolation
Rauwolfia root powder is exhaustively extracted with 90% alcohol in Soxhlet
apparatus.
The alcoholic extract is filtered, concentrated and dried under reduced pressure
below 60°C to yield dry extract.
The dry extract is extracted with ether-chloroform- 90% alcohol (20:8:2.5) and
filtered.
In filtrate dilute ammonia is added with intermittent shaking.
Then water is added to precipitate the crude alkaloids mixture and allowed the drug
to settle after vigorous shaking.
41. Isolation
The solution is filtered off and extracted the residue with 4 volumes of 0.5N
Ammonium sulphate in separating funnel and combined all the extracts.
The extract is made alkaline with dilute ammonia to liberate alkaloid.
Finally it is extracted with 3 portion of chloroform. Chloroform extract is
collected, concentrated and evaporated on water bath to yield total rauwolfia
alkaloids.
Residue is subjected to column chromatographic fraction for the separation of
reserpine
42. Reserpine
Properties:
• Appearance : White or pale buff to slightly yellow
crystalline powder, darkening slowly
on exposure to light.
• Odor : Odourless
• Taste : Bitter taste
• Solubility :Soluble in alcohol, chloroform and
acetone, partially soluble in water,
freely soluble in acetic acid
43. Reserpine
Identification by chemical test:
• When sample is treated with solution of vanillin in acetic acid, a violet
red colour is produced which indicates the presence of reserpine
Analysis by TLC
• Sample preparation : 1mg of Reserpine is dissolved in 1ml
of methanol
• Standard sample : Reserpine
• Stationary phase : Silica gel-G
• Mobile phase : Chloroform: Acetone: Diethyl ether
(50:40:10)
• Detecting agent : Dragendorff’s reagent
• RF Value : 0.72-0.35
• Color spot : Orange spot
44. Mode of Action
Reserpine acts by blocking the vasicular monoamine transporter
VMAT, which normally transports free norepinephrine, serotonin,
and dopamine from the cytoplasm of the presynaptic nerve into
vesicles for subsequent release into the synaptic cleft.
The unprotected neurotransmitters then metabolized by MAO and
therefore never reach the synapse.
By this mode of action this give mainly the antihypertensive action
and also use in the treatment of dykynesia mania etc.
45. Therapeutic application:
Essential hypertension
Mild anxiety
Dyskinesia
Psychosis symptoms
Maintenance dose: 100 to 250 mg (once a day)
Side effects:
Nasal congestion
Nausia
Vomiting
Gastric intolerance
Gastric ulceration
diarrhoeia
48. Caffeine
Biological source: Caffeine is a purine alkaloid
obtained from Tea leaves, Coffee seeds, cocoa, and
other species. It is chemically 1,3,7, trimethyl
xanthine which is isolated from tea and coffee seeds
during decaffeination process. It is obtained from the
prepared leaves and leaf buds of Thea sinensis.
Family:Theaceae and
Dried ripe seeds of Coffea Arabica, C. liberica,
Family: Rubiceae.
Tea leaves contains 1-4% of caffeine and coffee
contains 1- 2% of caffeine.
49. Isolation: Caffeine
The powder tea leaves is extracted with boiling water and the aqueous extract is filtered while hot.
The warm extract is treated with lead acetate to precipitate tannins and filtered.
The filtrate is treated with excess of dilute sulphuric acid to precipitate lead in the form of lead
sulphate.
The filtrate is boiled with activated charcoal to remove colouring matter, if any and filtered to
remove charcoal.
The filtered decolourized solution is extracted with chloroform successively.
Combined the chloroform extracts and evaporated on water bath to yield caffeine (white powder).
It is recrystallized with alcohol
50. Caffeine
Properties:
• Appearance : White powder or white glistering needles
• Odor : Odourless
• Taste : Bitter taste
• Solubility : Soluble in hot water
Identification by chemical test:
• Murexide test: Sample is taken in a Petri dish to which
hydrochloric acid and potassium chlorate are added and
heated to dryness. A purple color is obtained by exposing
the residue to vapors of dilute ammonia. The purple color is
lost on addition of fixed alkali.
51. Caffeine
• Analysis by TLC
• Sample preparation : 1mg of Caffeine is dissolved in 1ml
of methanol or chloroform
• Standard sample : Caffeine
• Stationary phase : Silica gel-G
• Mobile phase : Ethyl acetate: methanol: acetic acid
(80:10:10)
• Detecting agent : Expose to vapors of iodine
• RF Value : 0.41
• Color spot : Brown spot [4, 5]
• Analysis by HPLC
• Method : Isocratic
• Stationary phase : C18 column
• Mobile phase : Methanol: Water (25:75)
• Detection : UV-Visible detection 254nm
52. Caffeine
Utilization:
• Caffeine is a CNS stimulant and Diuretic. It is used in
beverage.
Storage condition:
• It should be store in well closed and air-tight containers
protected from light and in cool place.