The document discusses the plant Cinchona and its alkaloid content. It notes that Cinchona bark is the source of the antimalarial drug quinine. It contains quinine, quinidine, cinchonine, and cinchonidine alkaloids. Quinine was isolated from Cinchona bark in the 1820s and is still often sourced from the plant, though it can also be synthesized. Cinchona bark and its quinine content are used to treat malaria due to antipyretic and antimicrobial properties. However, the alkaloids in Cinchona bark can cause side effects like hypoglycemia, blood thinning, and heart issues if not taken
Occurrence and classification of alkaloidsJasmineJuliet
Alkaloid definition, Alkaloid history, Occurrence of Alkaloids, Distribution of Alkaloids in nature, Classification of Alkaloids in Different categories, Pharmacological actions of Alkaloids. Alkaloids classification based on chemical structure, belongs to plant family, Based on Biochemical precursor, Based on Biological activity.
Alkaloids: Introduction, Property and classification OP VERMA
Alkaloids are major secondary metabolites reported in higher plants. In this PPT I have covered Introduction, Property, Clarification and identification tests.
Introduction to saponin glycosides, Saponin glycosides, Properties of saponin glycosides, Types of saponin glycosides, chemical tests of saponin glycosides
Occurrence and classification of alkaloidsJasmineJuliet
Alkaloid definition, Alkaloid history, Occurrence of Alkaloids, Distribution of Alkaloids in nature, Classification of Alkaloids in Different categories, Pharmacological actions of Alkaloids. Alkaloids classification based on chemical structure, belongs to plant family, Based on Biochemical precursor, Based on Biological activity.
Alkaloids: Introduction, Property and classification OP VERMA
Alkaloids are major secondary metabolites reported in higher plants. In this PPT I have covered Introduction, Property, Clarification and identification tests.
Introduction to saponin glycosides, Saponin glycosides, Properties of saponin glycosides, Types of saponin glycosides, chemical tests of saponin glycosides
It is a secondary metabolite ,it can present in all trees and plant can sows astringent and antioxidant property is known as tannin.
A tannin (also known as vegetable tannin, natural organic tannins or sometimes tannoid, i.e. a type of biomolecule, as opposed to modern synthetic tannin)
is an astringent, bitter plant polyphenolic compound that binds to and precipitates proteins and various other organic compounds including amino acids and alkaloids.
The term tannin (from tanna, an Old High German word for oak or fir tree, as in Tannenbaum) refers to the use of wood tannins from oak in tanning animal hides into leather;
Resins are amorphous products of complex chemical nature. They are transparent or translucent solids, semi-solids or liquid substances containing large number of carbon atoms. They are hard, electrically non-conductive and combustible masses. They are usually formed in schizogenous or schizolysigenous cavities or ducts as end products of metabolism.
Most of the resins are heavier than water. They are insoluble in water, but soluble in alcohol, volatile oils, fixed oils, chloral hydrate and non-polar organic solvents like benzene and ether.
coumarin; umbelliferone and its biosynthesis and isolation.
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Occurrence and classification of alkaloidsJasmineJuliet
Alkaloids definition, Alkaloids history, Occurrence of alkaloids, Alkaloids distribution in nature, Classification of Alkaloids in different categories, Functions of alkaloids.
It is a secondary metabolite ,it can present in all trees and plant can sows astringent and antioxidant property is known as tannin.
A tannin (also known as vegetable tannin, natural organic tannins or sometimes tannoid, i.e. a type of biomolecule, as opposed to modern synthetic tannin)
is an astringent, bitter plant polyphenolic compound that binds to and precipitates proteins and various other organic compounds including amino acids and alkaloids.
The term tannin (from tanna, an Old High German word for oak or fir tree, as in Tannenbaum) refers to the use of wood tannins from oak in tanning animal hides into leather;
Resins are amorphous products of complex chemical nature. They are transparent or translucent solids, semi-solids or liquid substances containing large number of carbon atoms. They are hard, electrically non-conductive and combustible masses. They are usually formed in schizogenous or schizolysigenous cavities or ducts as end products of metabolism.
Most of the resins are heavier than water. They are insoluble in water, but soluble in alcohol, volatile oils, fixed oils, chloral hydrate and non-polar organic solvents like benzene and ether.
coumarin; umbelliferone and its biosynthesis and isolation.
terpenoide; cucurbitacine and its biosynthesis and isolation purification and characterization
Occurrence and classification of alkaloidsJasmineJuliet
Alkaloids definition, Alkaloids history, Occurrence of alkaloids, Alkaloids distribution in nature, Classification of Alkaloids in different categories, Functions of alkaloids.
Classification, identification and chemical constituents of poisonous plants (to both animals & humans).
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thank you, all the respected peoples, for giving the information to complete this presentation.
this information is free to use by anyone.
Alkaloids- the term alkaloids are used to designate basic nitrogenous compounds of plant origin that are physiologically active. This ppt contains introduction of alkaloids, history, classification, property, function, uses of alkaloids, effects of alkaloids on human, extraction of alkaloids, biosynthesis of alkaloids, heterogeneous alkaloids, non heterogeneous alkaloids, solubility of alkaloids, chemical property of alkaloids, function of alkaloids in plant.
Chemistry of Natural Products
Alkaloids
• Introduction; classification; isolation; general methods for structure elucidation; discussion with particular reference to structure and synthesis of ephedrine, nicotine, atropine, quinine, papaverine and morphine.
• Terpenoids
• Introduction; classification; isolation; general methods for structure elucidation; discussion with particular reference to structure and synthesis of citral, α-terpineol, α-pinene, camphor and α-cadinene.
• Steroids
• Introduction; nomenclature and stereochemistry of steroids; structure determination of cholesterol and bile acids; introduction to steroidal hormones with particular reference to adrenal cortical hormones.
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The increased availability of biomedical data, particularly in the public domain, offers the opportunity to better understand human health and to develop effective therapeutics for a wide range of unmet medical needs. However, data scientists remain stymied by the fact that data remain hard to find and to productively reuse because data and their metadata i) are wholly inaccessible, ii) are in non-standard or incompatible representations, iii) do not conform to community standards, and iv) have unclear or highly restricted terms and conditions that preclude legitimate reuse. These limitations require a rethink on data can be made machine and AI-ready - the key motivation behind the FAIR Guiding Principles. Concurrently, while recent efforts have explored the use of deep learning to fuse disparate data into predictive models for a wide range of biomedical applications, these models often fail even when the correct answer is already known, and fail to explain individual predictions in terms that data scientists can appreciate. These limitations suggest that new methods to produce practical artificial intelligence are still needed.
In this talk, I will discuss our work in (1) building an integrative knowledge infrastructure to prepare FAIR and "AI-ready" data and services along with (2) neurosymbolic AI methods to improve the quality of predictions and to generate plausible explanations. Attention is given to standards, platforms, and methods to wrangle knowledge into simple, but effective semantic and latent representations, and to make these available into standards-compliant and discoverable interfaces that can be used in model building, validation, and explanation. Our work, and those of others in the field, creates a baseline for building trustworthy and easy to deploy AI models in biomedicine.
Bio
Dr. Michel Dumontier is the Distinguished Professor of Data Science at Maastricht University, founder and executive director of the Institute of Data Science, and co-founder of the FAIR (Findable, Accessible, Interoperable and Reusable) data principles. His research explores socio-technological approaches for responsible discovery science, which includes collaborative multi-modal knowledge graphs, privacy-preserving distributed data mining, and AI methods for drug discovery and personalized medicine. His work is supported through the Dutch National Research Agenda, the Netherlands Organisation for Scientific Research, Horizon Europe, the European Open Science Cloud, the US National Institutes of Health, and a Marie-Curie Innovative Training Network. He is the editor-in-chief for the journal Data Science and is internationally recognized for his contributions in bioinformatics, biomedical informatics, and semantic technologies including ontologies and linked data.
Earliest Galaxies in the JADES Origins Field: Luminosity Function and Cosmic ...Sérgio Sacani
We characterize the earliest galaxy population in the JADES Origins Field (JOF), the deepest
imaging field observed with JWST. We make use of the ancillary Hubble optical images (5 filters
spanning 0.4−0.9µm) and novel JWST images with 14 filters spanning 0.8−5µm, including 7 mediumband filters, and reaching total exposure times of up to 46 hours per filter. We combine all our data
at > 2.3µm to construct an ultradeep image, reaching as deep as ≈ 31.4 AB mag in the stack and
30.3-31.0 AB mag (5σ, r = 0.1” circular aperture) in individual filters. We measure photometric
redshifts and use robust selection criteria to identify a sample of eight galaxy candidates at redshifts
z = 11.5 − 15. These objects show compact half-light radii of R1/2 ∼ 50 − 200pc, stellar masses of
M⋆ ∼ 107−108M⊙, and star-formation rates of SFR ∼ 0.1−1 M⊙ yr−1
. Our search finds no candidates
at 15 < z < 20, placing upper limits at these redshifts. We develop a forward modeling approach to
infer the properties of the evolving luminosity function without binning in redshift or luminosity that
marginalizes over the photometric redshift uncertainty of our candidate galaxies and incorporates the
impact of non-detections. We find a z = 12 luminosity function in good agreement with prior results,
and that the luminosity function normalization and UV luminosity density decline by a factor of ∼ 2.5
from z = 12 to z = 14. We discuss the possible implications of our results in the context of theoretical
models for evolution of the dark matter halo mass function.
(May 29th, 2024) Advancements in Intravital Microscopy- Insights for Preclini...Scintica Instrumentation
Intravital microscopy (IVM) is a powerful tool utilized to study cellular behavior over time and space in vivo. Much of our understanding of cell biology has been accomplished using various in vitro and ex vivo methods; however, these studies do not necessarily reflect the natural dynamics of biological processes. Unlike traditional cell culture or fixed tissue imaging, IVM allows for the ultra-fast high-resolution imaging of cellular processes over time and space and were studied in its natural environment. Real-time visualization of biological processes in the context of an intact organism helps maintain physiological relevance and provide insights into the progression of disease, response to treatments or developmental processes.
In this webinar we give an overview of advanced applications of the IVM system in preclinical research. IVIM technology is a provider of all-in-one intravital microscopy systems and solutions optimized for in vivo imaging of live animal models at sub-micron resolution. The system’s unique features and user-friendly software enables researchers to probe fast dynamic biological processes such as immune cell tracking, cell-cell interaction as well as vascularization and tumor metastasis with exceptional detail. This webinar will also give an overview of IVM being utilized in drug development, offering a view into the intricate interaction between drugs/nanoparticles and tissues in vivo and allows for the evaluation of therapeutic intervention in a variety of tissues and organs. This interdisciplinary collaboration continues to drive the advancements of novel therapeutic strategies.
THE IMPORTANCE OF MARTIAN ATMOSPHERE SAMPLE RETURN.Sérgio Sacani
The return of a sample of near-surface atmosphere from Mars would facilitate answers to several first-order science questions surrounding the formation and evolution of the planet. One of the important aspects of terrestrial planet formation in general is the role that primary atmospheres played in influencing the chemistry and structure of the planets and their antecedents. Studies of the martian atmosphere can be used to investigate the role of a primary atmosphere in its history. Atmosphere samples would also inform our understanding of the near-surface chemistry of the planet, and ultimately the prospects for life. High-precision isotopic analyses of constituent gases are needed to address these questions, requiring that the analyses are made on returned samples rather than in situ.
A brief information about the SCOP protein database used in bioinformatics.
The Structural Classification of Proteins (SCOP) database is a comprehensive and authoritative resource for the structural and evolutionary relationships of proteins. It provides a detailed and curated classification of protein structures, grouping them into families, superfamilies, and folds based on their structural and sequence similarities.
2. ALKALOID
• Term Alkaloid – Refers to alkali like
group of organic compound having
nitrogen in them .
• Possess potent pharmacologic effects.
.
3. • Term alkaloid was coined by Meissner, a German
pharmacist, in 1819.
• First alkaloid reported – Morphine .
• Joseph Pelletier and Joseph Bienaimé Caventou -
discovered quinine (1820) and strychnine(1818).
• Atropine (1819),
• Caffeine (1820),
• Nicotine (1828),
• Colchicine (1833),
• Cocaine (1860).
• First complete synthesis of an alkaloid was achieved
in 1886 by the German chemist Albert Ladenburg.
ORIGIN & HISTORY
Albert
Ladenburg
Meissner
4. • SEEDS –Areca catechu , Nux vomica
• FRUITS- Black pepper
• LEAVES- Atropa belladona
• STEM- Sanguinaria
• ROOT / RHIZOME- Ipecac, Hydrasts
• BARK- Chinchona , Pomegranate
• FUNGI – Amanita , Aspergillus , Claviceps
purpurea
• BACTERIA – Pseudomonas ( blue coloured
alkaloid – pyocyanin)
Alkaloid common in human , plant , fungi
BUFOTENIN : Pipademia , Amanita mappa ,
human urine
ACTINIDINE : Actinidia polygama , ant , beetles
MUSCOPYRIDINE : Musk deer
PLANT PARTS WHERE
ALKALOID ARE FOUND
6. CLASSIFICATION OF ALKALOID
PROTOALKALOID
TRUE ALKALOID PSEUDOALKALOID
Bbbased on chemical structure
Hetrerocyclic ring + N
Originate – Amino
acid
Have N but not N
heterocycle
Originate – Amino acid
Have heterocyclic ring
With N
Not derived from Amino
acid
9. • Colorless, crystalline solids
• Sharp melting points
• Some are amorphous gum
• Some are colored Betanidin is red,
Berberine is yellow
• Soluble in organic non polar
solvents, immiscible solvents
• Salt are soluble in water.
• Basic ring stucture
• most contain oxygen in their
molecular structure.
• Basic in nature due to presence
of nitrogen or availability of
lone pair of electron on N
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES CHEMICAL PROPERTIES
Berberine Water Organic solvent
11. TEST FOR ALKALOIDS
• WAGNER’S TEST –
• DRAGONDROFF’S TEST -
Plant
extract
Tube with
Plant extract
Wagner’s
reagent added
Reddish brown
precipitate
Plant
extract
Tube with
Plant extract
Dragondroff’s
reagent added
Permanent yellow
precipitate
12. TEST FOR ALKALOIDS
• TANNIC ACID TEST –
• HAGER’S TEST -
Plant
extract
Tube with
Plant extract
10% Tannic acid
solution added
Different colors for
different alkaloid
Plant
extract
Tube with
Plant extract
HgCl2 + KI
added
Whitish / yellow
precipitate
13. STAGE 1: Powdered material +H2O + Alkali (Na2Co3).
Again + H2O -> -> Repowder.
STAGE 2: Extract free alkaloid - hot continuous
percolation with organic solvent.
STAGE 3: Agitate chloroform soln. +
successive dil. H2SO4 separating
aqueous layer.
STAGE 4: Make mixed aqueous liquid alkaline with
ammonia, collect ppt that forms, wash and dry.
14. USES OF ALKALOIDS
MORPHINE –
NARCOTIC – RELIEF OF PAIN
TUBOCURARINE – INGREDIENT OF
POISON CURARE, SURGERY, MUSCLE
RELAXANT
QUININE – ANTIMALARIAL AGENT
CACAO SEEDS –
THEOBROMINE, CAFFEINE
QUINIDINE – IRREGULAR RHYTHMS OF
HEARTBEAT TOMATO – TOMATINE
COFFEE - CAFFEINE
TEA – THEOPHYLLINE,
CAFFEINE
POTATO – SOLANINE
COCAINE – OPPOSITE EFFECT
THAN MORPHINE, HIGH DOSE
CAN BE FATAL.
TOBACCO – NICOTINE (PIPES,
CIGARS, AND CIGARETTES).
CONIINE - Conium maculatum -
ACTIVE INGREDIENT OF
POISON HEMLOCK
MESCALINE -
Anhalonium species -
HALLUCINOGENIC ACTIVITY
PSILOCYBIN - Psilocybin
mexicana - PSYCHEDELIC
ACTIVITY
15. USES OF ALKALOIDS IN PLANTS
PROTECT FROM
INSECT AND
HERBIVORES –
BITTER TASTE,
TOXICITY
GROWTH
REGULATORS
SOURCE OF ENERGY
– DEFICIENCY CO2
ASSIMILATION
FINAL PRODUCT OF
DETOXIFICATION -
WASTE PRODUCT
ALKALOID
16. UM EPHEDRA THEA PAPAVER
VINCA
TAXUS
CACAO
COFFEA LOBELIA
BELLADONA
PLANTS WITH ALKALOIDS
18. OTHER NAME – Yew tree, European Yew tree
FAMILY – Taxaceae
VARIETIES – T. baccata, T. brevifolia, T. recurvata,
T. contorta, T. wallichiana
BIOLOGICAL SOURCE – Bark of the tree
GEOGRAPHICAL SOURCE – Britain, Pakistan, India,
Nepal, Alaska, California, Florida, Mexico, .
MORPHOLOGY - Evergreen trees or shrubs, dioecious.
Seed arils resinous. Bark thin, red- or purple-brown,
smooth, becoming scaly, fibrous, or corky. Leaves
helically inserted, twisted at base; prominent midrib.
Male cones axillary, solitary, globose; pollen
spherical, small (20-40 µm). Female cones highly
modified, a single ovule producing a solitary seed
enclosed within an aril, open at the end; borne axially.
Seeds hard; aril at first green, fleshy, ripening to red
(sometimes orange or yellow).
19. .
Grow yew in moist but well-drained soil in sun or shade. To propagate, take cuttings
in late summer and early autumn. Trim hedges annually to maintain a good shape.
yew trees require little pruning.
•Sun exposure: Dappled shade, full shade, full sun
•Hardiness: Hardy
•Soil type: Chalky / alkaline / clay / heavy / moist / well drained / light / sandy
CULTIVATION
20. CHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS – All parts, with the exception of
the fleshy red arils (fruit-flesh), contain the alkaloids taxine
A and B, taxanes, paclitaxel (Taxol), ephedrine, etc.
COLLECTION & PREPARATION
DOSAGE ADMINISTRATION
• Taxol is given as an injection or infusion into the vein.
• There is no pill form of Taxol.
• Taxol is given over various amounts of times and in
various schedules
23. ALKALOIDS IN PAPAVER SPS.
• Poppy plants (Papaver
somniferum, Papaver
paeoniflorum, Papaver
giganteum)
• Are herbaceous annual
plants that can grow almost
anywhere.
• Of all the different species,
P. somniferum - has many
ALKALOIDS
24. • Opium(used as
analgesic) is found
in the latex (a milky
fluid) of unripe
pods of poppy
plants 1–3 weeks
after flowering.
• The milky fluid is
collected by incision
of green seed pods.
• More than 30
alkaloids have been
isolated from P.
somniferum
• out of which three
alkaloids morphine,
codeine, and
noscapine
(antitussive) -are
used directly in
therapy.
25. BIOLOGICAL SOURCE :
Air dried milky exudate from the unripe capsules of Papaver
somniferum- LATEX
FAMILY :
Papaveraceae
GEOGRAPHICAL SOURCE :
Pakistan, Afghanistan, Turkey, Russia, China, Iran. In India grown
in M.P. & U.P.
26. • Seeds are sown during the sunny days from September to April
• A distance of 25cm is kept between plants
• Best climatic conditions are cool weather without freezing temp. and cloudiness and sunshine
• Flowering occurs during April-May
27. • Unripe capsules green/yellow colour
• Longitudinally/ transversely incised with spikes
called NUSHTURS
• during June-July in the afternoons
• exuded latex -scrapped off -knife- morning
MORPHOLOGICAL CHARACTERS
of poppy seeds:
• Shape : Rounded, flattened masses
• Colour : Externally pale olive or olive grey
• Odour : Characteristic odour
• Taste : Bitter
• Consistency : Quite elastic when fresh,
becomes tough, hard and brittle on storage
28. CHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS
• Contains 30 different alkaloids
• found mostly as the salts Meconic acid and a
few with Sulphuric acids
• Alkaloids present in Opium can be divided
mainly into 2 groups depending on the Amino
acid from which they are derived
• 1. Alkaloids containing Phenanthrene nucleus
• 2. Alkaloids containing Benzylisoquinoline
ring structure
31. USES OF OPIUM ALKALOIDS
Source of various useful
alkaloids like
Morphine, Codeine, Noscapine,
Papaverine
Shows CNS depressant action Used as
Narcotic Analgesic, Hypnotic
Checks excessive peristalsis and is used in the control
of Diarrhoea
32. MAJOR ALKALOIDS FOUND IN PAPAVER SOMNIFERUM AND THEIR USES
S.NO. POPPY ALKALOID PHARMACEUTICAL
USE
COMMENT
1 MORPHINE Narcotic analgesic cause euphoria and habit forming
2 CODEINE Sedative used in cough mixtures as Anti-
tussive agent
3 NOSCAPINE Non-narcotic has cough suppressant action,
acting as a Central anti-tussive
agent
4 PAPAVERINE ANTISPASMODIC Smooth muscle relaxant; used in
the treatment of Muscular
spasms.
5 APOMORPHINE emetic used to treat poisoning cases
33. POPPY ALKALOID PHARMACE
PHARMACEUTICAL
USE
COMMENT
6 semi-synthetic
molecules of Opium
alkaloids are available
HEROIN
has more Narcotic
analgesic action than
MORPHINE
7 THEBAINE PRECURSOR OF OPIOIDS Thebaine is a biosynthetic intermediate of
morphine; used by the pharmaceutical
industry for synthesis of oxycodone,
oxymorphone, buprenorphine, and naloxone
9 PAPAVERINE ANTISPASMODIC
MAJOR ALKALOIDS FOUND IN PAPAVER SOMNIFERUM AND THEIR USES
35. Scientific Name: Cinchona spp. (C. officinalis, C. ledgeriana, C. succirubra).
Other Common Names: Peruvian bark, Fever tree, Quinine bark tree.
Distribution and Habitat: The native range of Cinchona species are the lower to mid-elevations of the
Andes in South America. Cinchona is the national tree of both Peru and Ecuador.
Cinchona bark is best known as the source of the anti-malarial drug quinine and is now cultivated
throughout the tropics, including regions of Africa.
There are 38 known species in the genus.
At least three of these species (C. officinalis, C. ledgeriana, C. succirubra) have a high enough
concentration of quinine alkaloids to be cultivated commercially for their medicinal value.
Plant Parts Used:
Cinchona bark – source of drugs – herbal medicine – major component - alkaloid
In addition to the familiar antimalarial alkaloid quinine, there is its stereoisomer quinidine & cinchonine and
cinchonidine, and dihydroquinidine and dihydroquinine.
Cinchona
36. Quinine has been synthesized in the laboratory since 1944; however, it is still
often sourced from the Cinchona trees.
It is also used as a bitter for food and drink flavouring.
Therapeutic Uses and Benefits of Cinchona Bark
The active ingredient against malaria, the alkaloid quinine, was isolated in the
1820s
In the 1940s, after the active alkaloid was isolated and identified drug companies
were able to develop synthetic quinine.
In treating malaria, the mode of action of cinchona bark may be both antipyretic
(anti-fever), and antimicrobial
The mechanisms by which quinine interferes with the protist are becoming more
clear with advanced research.
The drug contained in cinchona that has these cardiac effects is quinidine, which
is the stereoisomer of quinine.
It was not until 2010 that British scientists successfully synthesized quinidine in a
lab.
The Cinchona alkaloid cinchonidine was tested against Staphylococcus
aureusbiofilm and found to be inactive; whereas a synthetic chemical derived
from cinchonidine was effective.
CINCHONA (Cinchona officinalis)
37.
38.
39.
40.
41. Dosage and Administration
It should be stressed that the alkaloids contained in
cinchona bark are powerful drugs and therefore no
one should self-administer a cinchona decoction
without consulting a medical doctor.
Tonic water, which contains a much lower
concentration of quinine than what is recommended
for malaria treatment, is considered safe.
Safety and Side Effects of Cinchona Bark
The possible side effects and complications from
even moderate use of the two most potent alkaloids
of cinchona—quinine and quinidine—are as follows:
blood disorders such as hypoglycaemia and blood
thinning, hepatitis, vertigo, hearing loss, and heart
trouble.
The alkaloids contained in cinchona bark are
powerful drugs and any person taking cinchona
should be under medical supervision.
Note that ingestion of pure cinchona bark can be
fatal.
CINCHONA LEAVES
42. REFERENCES
• alkaloids-their importance in nature
and human life
• herbal-supplement-resource -
cinchona-bark
• hindawi journals on cinchona
• Plants for Future - Taxus baccata. L
• Growing guide how to grow yew
• The Gymnosperm Database
• Gardner’s World
• Slideplayer.com