The document summarizes the body's defenses against pathogens and how the immune system works. It describes how the skin, platelets, macrophages, T cells, B cells, antibodies, fevers, and memory cells provide lines of defense and response. It also outlines four challenges to the immune system: allergies where it overreacts; autoimmune diseases where it attacks the body's own cells; cancer where cells divide uncontrollably; and AIDS where HIV infects and disables the immune system.
An immune system can be generated not only by infections but also by immunization with vaccines. It can be transferred from one person to another by an injection.
An immune system can be generated not only by infections but also by immunization with vaccines. It can be transferred from one person to another by an injection.
Immunity can be defined as a complex biological system endowed with the capacity to recognize and tolerate whatever belongs to the self, and to recognize and reject what is foreign.
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Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
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June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
2. Objectives: Describehow your body keeps out pathogens. Explain how the immune system fights infections. Describe four challenges to the immune system.
3. First Lines of Defense Your skin is made of many layers of flat cells. Theoutermost layers are dead. As a result, many pathogens that land on your skin have difficulty finding a live cell to infect.
4. Failure of First Lines Sometimes, skin is cut or punctured and pathogens can enter the body. Cell parts in the blood called platelets help seal the open wound so that no more pathogens can enter. Immune system The cells and tissues that recognize and attack foreign substances in the body.
5. Cells of the Immune System Macrophages Engulf and digest many microorganisms or viruses that enter your body. T cells Coordinate the immune system and attack many infected cells. B cells Make antibodies. Antibodies Proteins that attach to specific antigens.
6. Responding to a Virus If virus particles enter your body, Some of the particles may pass into body cells and begin to replicate. Other virus particles will be engulfed and broken up by macrophages. This is just the beginning of the immune response.
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9. Fevers A moderate fever of one or two degrees actually helps you get well faster because it slows the growth of some pathogens. Fevers also help B cells and T cells multiply faster.
10. Memory Cells Memory B cells Cells in your immune system that “remember” how to make an antibody for a particular pathogen. If the pathogen shows up again, The memory B cells produce B cells that make enough antibodies in just 3 or 4 days to protect you.
11. Challenges to the Immune System Allergies Happen when the immune system overreacts to antigens that are not dangerous to the body. Autoimmune Disease Disease in which the immune system attacks the body’s own cells. Immune-system cells mistake body cells for pathogens. Bee sting allergy Rheumatoid Arthritis
12. Cancer Disease in which the cells begin dividing at an uncontrolled rate and become invasive. AIDS The human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) causes acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS). HIV infects the immune system itself, using helper T cells as factories to produce more viruses.
