The document discusses the periodic table of elements and its development over time. It explains how elements are arranged based on their proton number and how this arrangement allows prediction of element properties based on periodic trends. Examples are given of common elements and their uses to illustrate the practical importance of the periodic table.

1. CHAPTER 4 PERIODIC TABLE

2. 4.1 THE PERIODIC TABLE OF ELEMENTS

3. You have learn that our earth consist of many types of elements Can you give some examples of element? Yes! Oxygen,carbon, zinc, aluminium, helium… all these are elements

4. Why we learn elements? Are they important to us? Let’s take a look for the uses of some elements !!

5. 1. Cu, Al pure metals in the form of wires are used for carrying electrical currents. 2. Fe, Al, Cu metals are used to make utensils used for cooking. 3. Hg is used in thermometers 4. Zn is used for galvanizing iron to protect Fe from rusting.

6. 5. NaCl, KCl are widely used as salts 6. Na compounds are used for making soaps, washing soda and detergents. 7. Na bicarbonate is used for baking, in medicines, etc. 8. Ca compounds are used for making cement, bleaching powders, plaster of Paris, etc.

7. Let’s play BINGO!!

8. Rules: - Winner in every round could earn 15 points - You can refer to elements list while writing symbol - You must state the full name of elements while playing - Those who can state full name of elements in whole one game could earn 5 points - The final winner is those who earn 50 points

9. Cl Sn Na Br Fe Zn K Ag Pb Mg H He Ar Cu Al Be N B P I Ne Si Ca S O

10. Scientist had discover hundreds types of elements in this earth. So can you guess how these elements been arranged in order to let us easier to recognise them?

11. Examples of modern periodic table

12. Yes! They’re arranged in periodic table But remember, periodic table was formed in many years and developed by a few chemist in different ways.

14. Who began the discovery of periodic table ??

15. 1. Antoine Lavoisier (1743-1794AD) First scientist to classify substances Classify them including light & heat into metals and nonmetals Failed Reason: light & heat are not element

16. 2. Johann Dobereiner (1780-1849AD) In 1829, divided the element into three groups with similar properties Give the idea that there was a relationship between chemical properties with atomic mass

17. 3. John Newlands (1837-1898AD) classified the 56 established elements into 11 groups based on physical properties Discover that elements with similar properties repeated every 8 elements LAW OF OCTAVES

18. 4. Lother Meyer (1830-1895AD) Plotted a graph of atomic volume against atomic mass Successful in showing similar chemical properties form a periodic pattern against their atomic mass

19. 5. Dmitri Mendeleev (1834-1907AD) Rearrange the elements in order of increasing atomic mass Group them according to their similar chemical properties Success to predict the undiscovered elements !!

20. 6. Henry J.G. Moseley (1887-1915AD) Studied the X-ray spectrum of elements Conclusion: proton number should be the basis in periodic arrange Rearrange the elements in order of increasing proton number

22. MOVIE Cute girl

23. From this modern periodic table, can you find out what basic principle in arranging elements?

24. Answer : all elements arranged in order of increasing proton number

26. METALS NON-METALS

27. Conclusion: Left side -Group 1-13  metals Right side -Group 14-18  non - metals

28. Period  1 2 3 4 5 6 7

29. Period  The maximum electrons in the 1 st shell = 2 e - The maximum electrons in the 2 nd shell = 8 e- The maximum electrons in the 3 rd shell = 8 e- 1 2 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 1 2 3 4 5

30. Conclusion: - number of electron shells = period - 2 electron shells = period 2 - 3 electron shells = period 3 - 2.8.8.1 = period 4

31. Group Q1 Example 1 2 3-12 13 14 15 16 17 18

32. Group 1 2 3-12 13 14 15 16 17 18

33. Group 1 Li (2.1) Na (2.8.1) K (2.8.8.1) Rb (2.8.18.8.1) Cs (2.8.18.18.8.1) Fr (2.8.18.32.18.8.1) back All elements in Group 1 has 1 valence electron 1 2 3-12 13 14 15 16 17 18

34. Group 2 back All elements in Group 2 has 2 valence electrons Be (2.2) Mg (2.8.2) Ca (2.8.8.2) Sr (2.8.18.8.2) Ba (2.8.18.18.8.2) 1 2 3-12 13 14 15 16 17 18

35. Group 13 back All elements in Group 1 3 has 3 valence electrons B (2.3) Al (2.8.3) Ga (2.8.18.3) In (2.8.18.8.3) 1 2 3-12 13 14 15 16 17 18

36. Group 17 back All elements in Group 17 has 7 valence electrons F (2.7) Cl (2.8.7) Br (2.8.18.7) I (2.8.18.8.7) 1 2 3-12 13 14 15 16 17 18

37. Group 18 back He (2) Ne (2.8) Ar (2.8.8) Kr (2.8.18.8) All elements in Group 18 has 8 valence electrons Except Helium 1 2 3-12 13 14 15 16 17 18

38. Conclusion: - number of valence electrons = group - 2 valence electrons = Group 2 - 3 valence electrons = Group 13 - 2.8.7 = Group 17

39. Example: -proton number = 6 -number of electron= 6 -electron arrangement=2.4 -LOCATION in periodic table: period 2 (2 electron shells) group 14 (4 electron valence) Refer PT C 12 6

40. Q1 Fill in the blanks (demo) Elements Electron arrange-ment Number of shells occupied by electrons Period Number of valence electrons Group Be 2.2 Mg 2.8.2 Al 2.8.3 Ne 2.8 S 2.8.6 Cl 2.8.7

41. Q1 Fill in the blanks (demo) Elements Electron arrange-ment Number of shells occupied by electrons Period Number of valence electrons Group Be 2.2 2 Mg 2.8.2 Al 2.8.3 Ne 2.8 S 2.8.6 Cl 2.8.7

42. Q1 Fill in the blanks (demo) Elements Electron arrange-ment Number of shells occupied by electrons Period Number of valence electrons Group Be 2.2 2 2 Mg 2.8.2 Al 2.8.3 Ne 2.8 S 2.8.6 Cl 2.8.7

43. Q1 Fill in the blanks (demo) Elements Electron arrange-ment Number of shells occupied by electrons Period Number of valence electrons Group Be 2.2 2 2 2 Mg 2.8.2 Al 2.8.3 Ne 2.8 S 2.8.6 Cl 2.8.7

44. Q1 Fill in the blanks (demo) Elements Electron arrange-ment Number of shells occupied by electrons Period Number of valence electrons Group Be 2.2 2 2 2 2 Mg 2.8.2 Al 2.8.3 Ne 2.8 S 2.8.6 Cl 2.8.7

45. Q1 Fill in the blanks (demo) Elements Electron arrange-ment Number of shells occupied by electrons Period Number of valence electrons Group Be 2.2 2 2 2 2 Mg 2.8.2 3 Al 2.8.3 Ne 2.8 S 2.8.6 Cl 2.8.7

46. Q1 Fill in the blanks (demo) Elements Electron arrange-ment Number of shells occupied by electrons Period Number of valence electrons Group Be 2.2 2 2 2 2 Mg 2.8.2 3 3 Al 2.8.3 Ne 2.8 S 2.8.6 Cl 2.8.7

47. Q1 Fill in the blanks (demo) Elements Electron arrange-ment Number of shells occupied by electrons Period Number of valence electrons Group Be 2.2 2 2 2 2 Mg 2.8.2 3 3 2 Al 2.8.3 Ne 2.8 S 2.8.6 Cl 2.8.7

48. Q1 Fill in the blanks (demo) Elements Electron arrange-ment Number of shells occupied by electrons Period Number of valence electrons Group Be 2.2 2 2 2 2 Mg 2.8.2 3 3 2 2 Al 2.8.3 Ne 2.8 S 2.8.6 Cl 2.8.7

49. Q1 Fill in the blanks (demo) Elements Electron arrange-ment Number of shells occupied by electrons Period Number of valence electrons Group Be 2.2 2 2 2 2 Mg 2.8.2 3 3 2 2 Al 2.8.3 3 Ne 2.8 S 2.8.6 Cl 2.8.7

50. Q1 Fill in the blanks (demo) Elements Electron arrange-ment Number of shells occupied by electrons Period Number of valence electrons Group Be 2.2 2 2 2 2 Mg 2.8.2 3 3 2 2 Al 2.8.3 3 3 Ne 2.8 S 2.8.6 Cl 2.8.7

51. Q1 Fill in the blanks (demo) Elements Electron arrange-ment Number of shells occupied by electrons Period Number of valence electrons Group Be 2.2 2 2 2 2 Mg 2.8.2 3 3 2 2 Al 2.8.3 3 3 3 Ne 2.8 S 2.8.6 Cl 2.8.7

52. Q1 Fill in the blanks (demo) Refer PT Elements Electron arrange-ment Number of shells occupied by electrons Period Number of valence electrons Group Be 2.2 2 2 2 2 Mg 2.8.2 3 3 2 2 Al 2.8.3 3 3 3 13 Ne 2.8 S 2.8.6 Cl 2.8.7

53. Q1 Fill in the blanks (demo) Refer PT Elements Electron arrange-ment Number of shells occupied by electrons Period Number of valence electrons Group Be 2.2 2 2 2 2 Mg 2.8.2 3 3 2 2 Al 2.8.3 3 3 3 13 Ne 2.8 2 S 2.8.6 Cl 2.8.7

54. Q1 Fill in the blanks (demo) Elements Electron arrange-ment Number of shells occupied by electrons Period Number of valence electrons Group Be 2.2 2 2 2 2 Mg 2.8.2 3 3 2 2 Al 2.8.3 3 3 3 13 Ne 2.8 2 2 S 2.8.6 Cl 2.8.7

55. Q1 Fill in the blanks (demo) Elements Electron arrange-ment Number of shells occupied by electrons Period Number of valence electrons Group Be 2.2 2 2 2 2 Mg 2.8.2 3 3 2 2 Al 2.8.3 3 3 3 13 Ne 2.8 2 2 8 S 2.8.6 Cl 2.8.7

56. Q1 Fill in the blanks (demo) Elements Electron arrange-ment Number of shells occupied by electrons Period Number of valence electrons Group Be 2.2 2 2 2 2 Mg 2.8.2 3 3 2 2 Al 2.8.3 3 3 3 13 Ne 2.8 2 2 8 18 S 2.8.6 Cl 2.8.7

57. Q1 Fill in the blanks (demo) Elements Electron arrange-ment Number of shells occupied by electrons Period Number of valence electrons Group Be 2.2 2 2 2 2 Mg 2.8.2 3 3 2 2 Al 2.8.3 3 3 3 13 Ne 2.8 2 2 8 18 S 2.8.6 3 Cl 2.8.7

58. Q1 Fill in the blanks (demo) Elements Electron arrange-ment Number of shells occupied by electrons Period Number of valence electrons Group Be 2.2 2 2 2 2 Mg 2.8.2 3 3 2 2 Al 2.8.3 3 3 3 13 Ne 2.8 2 2 8 18 S 2.8.6 3 3 Cl 2.8.7

59. Q1 Fill in the blanks (demo) Elements Electron arrange-ment Number of shells occupied by electrons Period Number of valence electrons Group Be 2.2 2 2 2 2 Mg 2.8.2 3 3 2 2 Al 2.8.3 3 3 3 13 Ne 2.8 2 2 8 18 S 2.8.6 3 3 6 Cl 2.8.7

60. Q1 Fill in the blanks (demo) Elements Electron arrange-ment Number of shells occupied by electrons Period Number of valence electrons Group Be 2.2 2 2 2 2 Mg 2.8.2 3 3 2 2 Al 2.8.3 3 3 3 13 Ne 2.8 2 2 8 18 S 2.8.6 3 3 6 16 Cl 2.8.7

61. Q1 Fill in the blanks (demo) Elements Electron arrange-ment Number of shells occupied by electrons Period Number of valence electrons Group Be 2.2 2 2 2 2 Mg 2.8.2 3 3 2 2 Al 2.8.3 3 3 3 13 Ne 2.8 2 2 8 18 S 2.8.6 3 3 6 16 Cl 2.8.7 3

62. Q1 Fill in the blanks (demo) Elements Electron arrange-ment Number of shells occupied by electrons Period Number of valence electrons Group Be 2.2 2 2 2 2 Mg 2.8.2 3 3 2 2 Al 2.8.3 3 3 3 13 Ne 2.8 2 2 8 18 S 2.8.6 3 3 6 16 Cl 2.8.7 3 3

63. Q1 Fill in the blanks (demo) Elements Electron arrange-ment Number of shells occupied by electrons Period Number of valence electrons Group Be 2.2 2 2 2 2 Mg 2.8.2 3 3 2 2 Al 2.8.3 3 3 3 13 Ne 2.8 2 2 8 18 S 2.8.6 3 3 6 16 Cl 2.8.7 3 3 7

64. Q1 Fill in the blanks (demo) Elements Electron arrange-ment Number of shells occupied by electrons Period Number of valence electrons Group Be 2.2 2 2 2 2 Mg 2.8.2 3 3 2 2 Al 2.8.3 3 3 3 13 Ne 2.8 2 2 8 18 S 2.8.6 3 3 6 16 Cl 2.8.7 3 3 7 17

65. Try out this !!

66. Q2 Fill in the blanks Ele-ment Proton number Electron arrange-ment Number of shells occupied by electrons Period Number of valence electrons Group H 1 He 2 Ca 20 O 8 P 15 B 5

67. Q2 Check your answers Proton number Electron arrange-ment Number of shells occupied by electrons Period Number of valence electrons Group H 1 1 1 1 1 1 He 2 2 1 1 2 18 Ca 20 2.8.8.2 4 4 2 2 O 8 2.6 2 2 6 16 P 15 2.8.5 3 3 5 15 B 5 2.3 2 2 3 13

68. Q3 Write the location of elements below in periodic table of elements 40 18 Ar 14 7 N 32 16 S

69. Q3 Check out your answer Given in periodic table Period 3 Group 18 40 18 Ar Period 2 Group 15 14 7 N Period 3 Group 16 32 16 S

70. 4.2 Group 18 Elements Noble Gas

71. Consists of helium (He), neon (Ne), argon (Ar), krypton (Kr), xenon (Xe), and radon (Rn). Known as noble gases They are monoatomic next

72. Monoatomic Exist as individual Mono- means one Monoatomic – one atom back #71. Slide 71

73. Group 18 back All elements in Group 18 has 8 valence electrons Except Helium He (2) Ne (2.8) Ar (2.8.8) Kr (2.8.18.8) 1 2 3-12 13 14 15 16 17 18

74. Atomic Number Relative Atomic Mass Boiling Point/K He 2 4.003 4.216 Ne 10 20.180 27.10 Ar 18 39.948 87.29 Kr 36 83.30 120.85 Xe 54 131.29 166.1 Atomic Number Relative Atomic Mass Boiling Point/K He 2 4.003 4.216 Ne 10 20.180 27.10 Ar 18 39.948 87.29 Kr 36 83.30 120.85 Xe 54 131.29 166.1 1st Ionisation Energy/kJ mol -1 Atomic Radius/nM He 2372.3 0.128 Ne 2080.6 0.160 Ar 1520.4 0.174 Kr 1350.7 0.189 Xe 1170.4 0.218 Atomic Number Relative Atomic Mass Boiling Point/K He 2 4.003 4.216 Ne 10 20.180 27.10 Ar 18 39.948 87.29 Kr 36 83.30 120.85 Xe 54 131.29 166.1 Noble gases Symbol Proton Number Atomic Radius / nm Boiling Point / °C Melting Point / °C Helium He Neon Argon Krypton Xenon

75. Atomic Number Relative Atomic Mass Boiling Point/K He 2 4.003 4.216 Ne 10 20.180 27.10 Ar 18 39.948 87.29 Kr 36 83.30 120.85 Xe 54 131.29 166.1 Atomic Number Relative Atomic Mass Boiling Point/K He 2 4.003 4.216 Ne 10 20.180 27.10 Ar 18 39.948 87.29 Kr 36 83.30 120.85 Xe 54 131.29 166.1 1st Ionisation Energy/kJ mol -1 Atomic Radius/nM He 2372.3 0.128 Ne 2080.6 0.160 Ar 1520.4 0.174 Kr 1350.7 0.189 Xe 1170.4 0.218 Atomic Number Relative Atomic Mass Boiling Point/K He 2 4.003 4.216 Ne 10 20.180 27.10 Ar 18 39.948 87.29 Kr 36 83.30 120.85 Xe 54 131.29 166.1 Noble gases Symbol Proton Number Atomic Radius / nm Boiling Point / °C Melting Point / °C Helium He Neon Ne Argon Krypton Xenon

76. Atomic Number Relative Atomic Mass Boiling Point/K He 2 4.003 4.216 Ne 10 20.180 27.10 Ar 18 39.948 87.29 Kr 36 83.30 120.85 Xe 54 131.29 166.1 Atomic Number Relative Atomic Mass Boiling Point/K He 2 4.003 4.216 Ne 10 20.180 27.10 Ar 18 39.948 87.29 Kr 36 83.30 120.85 Xe 54 131.29 166.1 1st Ionisation Energy/kJ mol -1 Atomic Radius/nM He 2372.3 0.128 Ne 2080.6 0.160 Ar 1520.4 0.174 Kr 1350.7 0.189 Xe 1170.4 0.218 Atomic Number Relative Atomic Mass Boiling Point/K He 2 4.003 4.216 Ne 10 20.180 27.10 Ar 18 39.948 87.29 Kr 36 83.30 120.85 Xe 54 131.29 166.1 Noble gases Symbol Proton Number Atomic Radius / nm Boiling Point / °C Melting Point / °C Helium He Neon Ne Argon Ar Krypton Xenon

77. Atomic Number Relative Atomic Mass Boiling Point/K He 2 4.003 4.216 Ne 10 20.180 27.10 Ar 18 39.948 87.29 Kr 36 83.30 120.85 Xe 54 131.29 166.1 Atomic Number Relative Atomic Mass Boiling Point/K He 2 4.003 4.216 Ne 10 20.180 27.10 Ar 18 39.948 87.29 Kr 36 83.30 120.85 Xe 54 131.29 166.1 1st Ionisation Energy/kJ mol -1 Atomic Radius/nM He 2372.3 0.128 Ne 2080.6 0.160 Ar 1520.4 0.174 Kr 1350.7 0.189 Xe 1170.4 0.218 Atomic Number Relative Atomic Mass Boiling Point/K He 2 4.003 4.216 Ne 10 20.180 27.10 Ar 18 39.948 87.29 Kr 36 83.30 120.85 Xe 54 131.29 166.1 Noble gases Symbol Proton Number Atomic Radius / nm Boiling Point / °C Melting Point / °C Helium He Neon Ne Argon Ar Krypton Kr Xenon

78. Atomic Number Relative Atomic Mass Boiling Point/K He 2 4.003 4.216 Ne 10 20.180 27.10 Ar 18 39.948 87.29 Kr 36 83.30 120.85 Xe 54 131.29 166.1 Atomic Number Relative Atomic Mass Boiling Point/K He 2 4.003 4.216 Ne 10 20.180 27.10 Ar 18 39.948 87.29 Kr 36 83.30 120.85 Xe 54 131.29 166.1 1st Ionisation Energy/kJ mol -1 Atomic Radius/nM He 2372.3 0.128 Ne 2080.6 0.160 Ar 1520.4 0.174 Kr 1350.7 0.189 Xe 1170.4 0.218 Atomic Number Relative Atomic Mass Boiling Point/K He 2 4.003 4.216 Ne 10 20.180 27.10 Ar 18 39.948 87.29 Kr 36 83.30 120.85 Xe 54 131.29 166.1 Noble gases Symbol Proton Number Atomic Radius / nm Boiling Point / °C Melting Point / °C Helium He Neon Ne Argon Ar Krypton Kr Xenon Xe

79. Atomic Number Relative Atomic Mass Boiling Point/K He 2 4.003 4.216 Ne 10 20.180 27.10 Ar 18 39.948 87.29 Kr 36 83.30 120.85 Xe 54 131.29 166.1 Atomic Number Relative Atomic Mass Boiling Point/K He 2 4.003 4.216 Ne 10 20.180 27.10 Ar 18 39.948 87.29 Kr 36 83.30 120.85 Xe 54 131.29 166.1 1st Ionisation Energy/kJ mol -1 Atomic Radius/nM He 2372.3 0.128 Ne 2080.6 0.160 Ar 1520.4 0.174 Kr 1350.7 0.189 Xe 1170.4 0.218 Atomic Number Relative Atomic Mass Boiling Point/K He 2 4.003 4.216 Ne 10 20.180 27.10 Ar 18 39.948 87.29 Kr 36 83.30 120.85 Xe 54 131.29 166.1 Noble gases Symbol Proton Number Atomic Radius / nm Boiling Point / °C Melting Point / °C Helium He 2 Neon Ne Argon Ar Krypton Kr Xenon Xe

80. Noble gases Symbol Proton Number Atomic Radius / nm Boiling Point / °C Melting Point / °C Helium He 2 Neon Ne 10 Argon Ar Krypton Kr Xenon Xe

81. Boiling Point/K Noble gases Symbol Proton Number Atomic Radius / nm Boiling Point / °C Melting Point / °C Helium He 2 Neon Ne 10 Argon Ar 18 Krypton Kr Xenon Xe

82. Atomic Number Relative Atomic Mass Boiling Point/K He 2 4.003 4.216 Ne 10 20.180 27.10 Ar 18 39.948 87.29 Kr 36 83.30 120.85 Xe 54 131.29 166.1 Atomic Number Relative Atomic Mass Boiling Point/K He 2 4.003 4.216 Ne 10 20.180 27.10 Ar 18 39.948 87.29 Kr 36 83.30 120.85 Xe 54 131.29 166.1 1st Ionisation Energy/kJ mol -1 Atomic Radius/nM He 2372.3 0.128 Ne 2080.6 0.160 Ar 1520.4 0.174 Kr 1350.7 0.189 Xe 1170.4 0.218 Atomic Number Relative Atomic Mass Boiling Point/K He 2 4.003 4.216 Ne 10 20.180 27.10 Ar 18 39.948 87.29 Kr 36 83.30 120.85 Xe 54 131.29 166.1 Noble gases Symbol Proton Number Atomic Radius / nm Boiling Point / °C Melting Point / °C Helium He 2 Neon Ne 10 Argon Ar 18 Krypton Kr 36 Xenon Xe

83. Atomic Number Relative Atomic Mass Boiling Point/K He 2 4.003 4.216 Ne 10 20.180 27.10 Ar 18 39.948 87.29 Kr 36 83.30 120.85 Xe 54 131.29 166.1 Atomic Number Relative Atomic Mass Boiling Point/K He 2 4.003 4.216 Ne 10 20.180 27.10 Ar 18 39.948 87.29 Kr 36 83.30 120.85 Xe 54 131.29 166.1 1st Ionisation Energy/kJ mol -1 Atomic Radius/nM He 2372.3 0.128 Ne 2080.6 0.160 Ar 1520.4 0.174 Kr 1350.7 0.189 Xe 1170.4 0.218 Atomic Number Relative Atomic Mass Boiling Point/K He 2 4.003 4.216 Ne 10 20.180 27.10 Ar 18 39.948 87.29 Kr 36 83.30 120.85 Xe 54 131.29 166.1 Noble gases Symbol Proton Number Atomic Radius / nm Boiling Point / °C Melting Point / °C Helium He 2 Neon Ne 10 Argon Ar 18 Krypton Kr 36 Xenon Xe 54

84. Atomic Number Relative Atomic Mass Boiling Point/K He 2 4.003 4.216 Ne 10 20.180 27.10 Ar 18 39.948 87.29 Kr 36 83.30 120.85 Xe 54 131.29 166.1 Atomic Number Relative Atomic Mass Boiling Point/K He 2 4.003 4.216 Ne 10 20.180 27.10 Ar 18 39.948 87.29 Kr 36 83.30 120.85 Xe 54 131.29 166.1 1st Ionisation Energy/kJ mol -1 Atomic Radius/nM He 2372.3 0.128 Ne 2080.6 0.160 Ar 1520.4 0.174 Kr 1350.7 0.189 Xe 1170.4 0.218 Atomic Number Relative Atomic Mass Boiling Point/K He 2 4.003 4.216 Ne 10 20.180 27.10 Ar 18 39.948 87.29 Kr 36 83.30 120.85 Xe 54 131.29 166.1 Noble gases Symbol Proton Number Atomic Radius / nm Boiling Point / °C Melting Point / °C Helium He 2 Neon Ne 10 Argon Ar 18 Krypton Kr 36 Xenon Xe 54

85. Atomic Number Relative Atomic Mass Boiling Point/K He 2 4.003 4.216 Ne 10 20.180 27.10 Ar 18 39.948 87.29 Kr 36 83.30 120.85 Xe 54 131.29 166.1 Atomic Number Relative Atomic Mass Boiling Point/K He 2 4.003 4.216 Ne 10 20.180 27.10 Ar 18 39.948 87.29 Kr 36 83.30 120.85 Xe 54 131.29 166.1 1st Ionisation Energy/kJ mol -1 Atomic Radius/nM He 2372.3 0.128 Ne 2080.6 0.160 Ar 1520.4 0.174 Kr 1350.7 0.189 Xe 1170.4 0.218 Atomic Number Relative Atomic Mass Boiling Point/K He 2 4.003 4.216 Ne 10 20.180 27.10 Ar 18 39.948 87.29 Kr 36 83.30 120.85 Xe 54 131.29 166.1 Noble gases Symbol Proton Number Atomic Radius / nm Boiling Point / °C Melting Point / °C Helium He 2 0.050 Neon Ne 10 Argon Ar 18 Krypton Kr 36 Xenon Xe 54

86. Atomic Number Relative Atomic Mass Boiling Point/K He 2 4.003 4.216 Ne 10 20.180 27.10 Ar 18 39.948 87.29 Kr 36 83.30 120.85 Xe 54 131.29 166.1 Atomic Number Relative Atomic Mass Boiling Point/K He 2 4.003 4.216 Ne 10 20.180 27.10 Ar 18 39.948 87.29 Kr 36 83.30 120.85 Xe 54 131.29 166.1 1st Ionisation Energy/kJ mol -1 Atomic Radius/nM He 2372.3 0.128 Ne 2080.6 0.160 Ar 1520.4 0.174 Kr 1350.7 0.189 Xe 1170.4 0.218 Atomic Number Relative Atomic Mass Boiling Point/K He 2 4.003 4.216 Ne 10 20.180 27.10 Ar 18 39.948 87.29 Kr 36 83.30 120.85 Xe 54 131.29 166.1 Noble gases Symbol Proton Number Atomic Radius / nm Boiling Point / °C Melting Point / °C Helium He 2 0.050 Neon Ne 10 0.070 Argon Ar 18 Krypton Kr 36 Xenon Xe 54

87. Atomic Number Relative Atomic Mass Boiling Point/K He 2 4.003 4.216 Ne 10 20.180 27.10 Ar 18 39.948 87.29 Kr 36 83.30 120.85 Xe 54 131.29 166.1 Atomic Number Relative Atomic Mass Boiling Point/K He 2 4.003 4.216 Ne 10 20.180 27.10 Ar 18 39.948 87.29 Kr 36 83.30 120.85 Xe 54 131.29 166.1 1st Ionisation Energy/kJ mol -1 Atomic Radius/nM He 2372.3 0.128 Ne 2080.6 0.160 Ar 1520.4 0.174 Kr 1350.7 0.189 Xe 1170.4 0.218 Atomic Number Relative Atomic Mass Boiling Point/K He 2 4.003 4.216 Ne 10 20.180 27.10 Ar 18 39.948 87.29 Kr 36 83.30 120.85 Xe 54 131.29 166.1 Noble gases Symbol Proton Number Atomic Radius / nm Boiling Point / °C Melting Point / °C Helium He 2 0.050 Neon Ne 10 0.070 Argon Ar 18 0.094 Krypton Kr 36 Xenon Xe 54

88. Noble gases Symbol Proton Number Atomic Radius / nm Boiling Point / °C Melting Point / °C Helium He 2 0.050 Neon Ne 10 0.070 Argon Ar 18 0.094 Krypton Kr 36 0.109 Xenon Xe 54

89. Atomic Number Relative Atomic Mass Boiling Point/K He 2 4.003 4.216 Ne 10 20.180 27.10 Ar 18 39.948 87.29 Kr 36 83.30 120.85 Xe 54 131.29 166.1 Atomic Number Relative Atomic Mass Boiling Point/K He 2 4.003 4.216 Ne 10 20.180 27.10 Ar 18 39.948 87.29 Kr 36 83.30 120.85 Xe 54 131.29 166.1 Noble gases Symbol Proton Number Atomic Radius / nm Boiling Point / °C Melting Point / °C Helium He 2 0.050 Neon Ne 10 0.070 Argon Ar 18 0.094 Krypton Kr 36 0.109 Xenon Xe 54 0.130

90. Atomic Number Relative Atomic Mass Boiling Point/K He 2 4.003 4.216 Ne 10 20.180 27.10 Ar 18 39.948 87.29 Kr 36 83.30 120.85 Xe 54 131.29 166.1 Atomic Number Relative Atomic Mass Boiling Point/K He 2 4.003 4.216 Ne 10 20.180 27.10 Ar 18 39.948 87.29 Kr 36 83.30 120.85 Xe 54 131.29 166.1 1st Ionisation Energy/kJ mol -1 Atomic Radius/nM He 2372.3 0.128 Ne 2080.6 0.160 Ar 1520.4 0.174 Kr 1350.7 0.189 Xe 1170.4 0.218 Atomic Number Relative Atomic Mass Boiling Point/K He 2 4.003 4.216 Ne 10 20.180 27.10 Ar 18 39.948 87.29 Kr 36 83.30 120.85 Xe 54 131.29 166.1 Noble gases Symbol Proton Number Atomic Radius / nm Boiling Point / °C Melting Point / °C Helium He 2 0.050 Neon Ne 10 0.070 Argon Ar 18 0.094 Krypton Kr 36 0.109 Xenon Xe 54 0.130

91. Atomic Number Relative Atomic Mass Boiling Point/K He 2 4.003 4.216 Ne 10 20.180 27.10 Ar 18 39.948 87.29 Kr 36 83.30 120.85 Xe 54 131.29 166.1 Atomic Number Relative Atomic Mass Boiling Point/K He 2 4.003 4.216 Ne 10 20.180 27.10 Ar 18 39.948 87.29 Kr 36 83.30 120.85 Xe 54 131.29 166.1 1st Ionisation Energy/kJ mol -1 Atomic Radius/nM He 2372.3 0.128 Ne 2080.6 0.160 Ar 1520.4 0.174 Kr 1350.7 0.189 Xe 1170.4 0.218 Atomic Number Relative Atomic Mass Boiling Point/K He 2 4.003 4.216 Ne 10 20.180 27.10 Ar 18 39.948 87.29 Kr 36 83.30 120.85 Xe 54 131.29 166.1 Noble gases Symbol Proton Number Atomic Radius / nm Boiling Point / °C Melting Point / °C Helium He 2 0.050 -269 Neon Ne 10 0.070 Argon Ar 18 0.094 Krypton Kr 36 0.109 Xenon Xe 54 0.130

92. Atomic Number Relative Atomic Mass Boiling Point/K He 2 4.003 4.216 Ne 10 20.180 27.10 Ar 18 39.948 87.29 Kr 36 83.30 120.85 Xe 54 131.29 166.1 Atomic Number Relative Atomic Mass Boiling Point/K He 2 4.003 4.216 Ne 10 20.180 27.10 Ar 18 39.948 87.29 Kr 36 83.30 120.85 Xe 54 131.29 166.1 1st Ionisation Energy/kJ mol -1 Atomic Radius/nM He 2372.3 0.128 Ne 2080.6 0.160 Ar 1520.4 0.174 Kr 1350.7 0.189 Xe 1170.4 0.218 Atomic Number Relative Atomic Mass Boiling Point/K He 2 4.003 4.216 Ne 10 20.180 27.10 Ar 18 39.948 87.29 Kr 36 83.30 120.85 Xe 54 131.29 166.1 Noble gases Symbol Proton Number Atomic Radius / nm Boiling Point / °C Melting Point / °C Helium He 2 0.050 -269 Neon Ne 10 0.070 -246 Argon Ar 18 0.094 Krypton Kr 36 0.109 Xenon Xe 54 0.130

93. Atomic Number Relative Atomic Mass Boiling Point/K He 2 4.003 4.216 Ne 10 20.180 27.10 Ar 18 39.948 87.29 Kr 36 83.30 120.85 Xe 54 131.29 166.1 Atomic Number Relative Atomic Mass Boiling Point/K He 2 4.003 4.216 Ne 10 20.180 27.10 Ar 18 39.948 87.29 Kr 36 83.30 120.85 Xe 54 131.29 166.1 1st Ionisation Energy/kJ mol -1 Atomic Radius/nM He 2372.3 0.128 Ne 2080.6 0.160 Ar 1520.4 0.174 Kr 1350.7 0.189 Xe 1170.4 0.218 Atomic Number Relative Atomic Mass Boiling Point/K He 2 4.003 4.216 Ne 10 20.180 27.10 Ar 18 39.948 87.29 Kr 36 83.30 120.85 Xe 54 131.29 166.1 Noble gases Symbol Proton Number Atomic Radius / nm Boiling Point / °C Melting Point / °C Helium He 2 0.050 -269 Neon Ne 10 0.070 -246 Argon Ar 18 0.094 -186 Krypton Kr 36 0.109 Xenon Xe 54 0.130

94. Atomic Number Relative Atomic Mass Boiling Point/K He 2 4.003 4.216 Ne 10 20.180 27.10 Ar 18 39.948 87.29 Kr 36 83.30 120.85 Xe 54 131.29 166.1 Atomic Number Relative Atomic Mass Boiling Point/K He 2 4.003 4.216 Ne 10 20.180 27.10 Ar 18 39.948 87.29 Kr 36 83.30 120.85 Xe 54 131.29 166.1 1st Ionisation Energy/kJ mol -1 Atomic Radius/nM He 2372.3 0.128 Ne 2080.6 0.160 Ar 1520.4 0.174 Kr 1350.7 0.189 Xe 1170.4 0.218 Atomic Number Relative Atomic Mass Boiling Point/K He 2 4.003 4.216 Ne 10 20.180 27.10 Ar 18 39.948 87.29 Kr 36 83.30 120.85 Xe 54 131.29 166.1 Noble gases Symbol Proton Number Atomic Radius / nm Boiling Point / °C Melting Point / °C Helium He 2 0.050 -269 Neon Ne 10 0.070 -246 Argon Ar 18 0.094 -186 Krypton Kr 36 0.109 -152 Xenon Xe 54 0.130

95. Atomic Number Relative Atomic Mass Boiling Point/K He 2 4.003 4.216 Ne 10 20.180 27.10 Ar 18 39.948 87.29 Kr 36 83.30 120.85 Xe 54 131.29 166.1 Atomic Number Relative Atomic Mass Boiling Point/K He 2 4.003 4.216 Ne 10 20.180 27.10 Ar 18 39.948 87.29 Kr 36 83.30 120.85 Xe 54 131.29 166.1 1st Ionisation Energy/kJ mol -1 Atomic Radius/nM He 2372.3 0.128 Ne 2080.6 0.160 Ar 1520.4 0.174 Kr 1350.7 0.189 Xe 1170.4 0.218 Atomic Number Relative Atomic Mass Boiling Point/K He 2 4.003 4.216 Ne 10 20.180 27.10 Ar 18 39.948 87.29 Kr 36 83.30 120.85 Xe 54 131.29 166.1 Noble gases Symbol Proton Number Atomic Radius / nm Boiling Point / °C Melting Point / °C Helium He 2 0.050 -269 Neon Ne 10 0.070 -246 Argon Ar 18 0.094 -186 Krypton Kr 36 0.109 -152 Xenon Xe 54 0.130 -107

96. Atomic Number Relative Atomic Mass Boiling Point/K He 2 4.003 4.216 Ne 10 20.180 27.10 Ar 18 39.948 87.29 Kr 36 83.30 120.85 Xe 54 131.29 166.1 Atomic Number Relative Atomic Mass Boiling Point/K He 2 4.003 4.216 Ne 10 20.180 27.10 Ar 18 39.948 87.29 Kr 36 83.30 120.85 Xe 54 131.29 166.1 1st Ionisation Energy/kJ mol -1 Atomic Radius/nM He 2372.3 0.128 Ne 2080.6 0.160 Ar 1520.4 0.174 Kr 1350.7 0.189 Xe 1170.4 0.218 Atomic Number Relative Atomic Mass Boiling Point/K He 2 4.003 4.216 Ne 10 20.180 27.10 Ar 18 39.948 87.29 Kr 36 83.30 120.85 Xe 54 131.29 166.1 Noble gases Symbol Proton Number Atomic Radius / nm Boiling Point / °C Melting Point / °C Helium He 2 0.050 -269 -270 Neon Ne 10 0.070 -246 Argon Ar 18 0.094 -186 Krypton Kr 36 0.109 -152 Xenon Xe 54 0.130 -107

97. Atomic Number Relative Atomic Mass Boiling Point/K He 2 4.003 4.216 Ne 10 20.180 27.10 Ar 18 39.948 87.29 Kr 36 83.30 120.85 Xe 54 131.29 166.1 Atomic Number Relative Atomic Mass Boiling Point/K He 2 4.003 4.216 Ne 10 20.180 27.10 Ar 18 39.948 87.29 Kr 36 83.30 120.85 Xe 54 131.29 166.1 1st Ionisation Energy/kJ mol -1 Atomic Radius/nM He 2372.3 0.128 Ne 2080.6 0.160 Ar 1520.4 0.174 Kr 1350.7 0.189 Xe 1170.4 0.218 Atomic Number Relative Atomic Mass Boiling Point/K He 2 4.003 4.216 Ne 10 20.180 27.10 Ar 18 39.948 87.29 Kr 36 83.30 120.85 Xe 54 131.29 166.1 Noble gases Symbol Proton Number Atomic Radius / nm Boiling Point / °C Melting Point / °C Helium He 2 0.050 -269 -270 Neon Ne 10 0.070 -246 -248 Argon Ar 18 0.094 -186 Krypton Kr 36 0.109 -152 Xenon Xe 54 0.130 -107

98. Atomic Number Relative Atomic Mass Boiling Point/K He 2 4.003 4.216 Ne 10 20.180 27.10 Ar 18 39.948 87.29 Kr 36 83.30 120.85 Xe 54 131.29 166.1 Atomic Number Relative Atomic Mass Boiling Point/K He 2 4.003 4.216 Ne 10 20.180 27.10 Ar 18 39.948 87.29 Kr 36 83.30 120.85 Xe 54 131.29 166.1 1st Ionisation Energy/kJ mol -1 Atomic Radius/nM He 2372.3 0.128 Ne 2080.6 0.160 Ar 1520.4 0.174 Kr 1350.7 0.189 Xe 1170.4 0.218 Atomic Number Relative Atomic Mass Boiling Point/K He 2 4.003 4.216 Ne 10 20.180 27.10 Ar 18 39.948 87.29 Kr 36 83.30 120.85 Xe 54 131.29 166.1 Noble gases Symbol Proton Number Atomic Radius / nm Boiling Point / °C Melting Point / °C Helium He 2 0.050 -269 -270 Neon Ne 10 0.070 -246 -248 Argon Ar 18 0.094 -186 -189 Krypton Kr 36 0.109 -152 Xenon Xe 54 0.130 -107

99. Atomic Number Relative Atomic Mass Boiling Point/K He 2 4.003 4.216 Ne 10 20.180 27.10 Ar 18 39.948 87.29 Kr 36 83.30 120.85 Xe 54 131.29 166.1 Atomic Number Relative Atomic Mass Boiling Point/K He 2 4.003 4.216 Ne 10 20.180 27.10 Ar 18 39.948 87.29 Kr 36 83.30 120.85 Xe 54 131.29 166.1 1st Ionisation Energy/kJ mol -1 Atomic Radius/nM He 2372.3 0.128 Ne 2080.6 0.160 Ar 1520.4 0.174 Kr 1350.7 0.189 Xe 1170.4 0.218 Atomic Number Relative Atomic Mass Boiling Point/K He 2 4.003 4.216 Ne 10 20.180 27.10 Ar 18 39.948 87.29 Kr 36 83.30 120.85 Xe 54 131.29 166.1 Noble gases Symbol Proton Number Atomic Radius / nm Boiling Point / °C Melting Point / °C Helium He 2 0.050 -269 -270 Neon Ne 10 0.070 -246 -248 Argon Ar 18 0.094 -186 -189 Krypton Kr 36 0.109 -152 -156 Xenon Xe 54 0.130 -107

100. Atomic Number Relative Atomic Mass Boiling Point/K He 2 4.003 4.216 Ne 10 20.180 27.10 Ar 18 39.948 87.29 Kr 36 83.30 120.85 Xe 54 131.29 166.1 Atomic Number Relative Atomic Mass Boiling Point/K He 2 4.003 4.216 Ne 10 20.180 27.10 Ar 18 39.948 87.29 Kr 36 83.30 120.85 Xe 54 131.29 166.1 1st Ionisation Energy/kJ mol -1 Atomic Radius/nM He 2372.3 0.128 Ne 2080.6 0.160 Ar 1520.4 0.174 Kr 1350.7 0.189 Xe 1170.4 0.218 Atomic Number Relative Atomic Mass Boiling Point/K He 2 4.003 4.216 Ne 10 20.180 27.10 Ar 18 39.948 87.29 Kr 36 83.30 120.85 Xe 54 131.29 166.1 Noble gases Symbol Proton Number Atomic Radius / nm Boiling Point / °C Melting Point / °C Helium He 2 0.050 -269 -270 Neon Ne 10 0.070 -246 -248 Argon Ar 18 0.094 -186 -189 Krypton Kr 36 0.109 -152 -156 Xenon Xe 54 0.130 -107 -112

101. next Atomic Number Relative Atomic Mass Boiling Point/K He 2 4.003 4.216 Ne 10 20.180 27.10 Ar 18 39.948 87.29 Kr 36 83.30 120.85 Xe 54 131.29 166.1 Atomic Number Relative Atomic Mass Boiling Point/K He 2 4.003 4.216 Ne 10 20.180 27.10 Ar 18 39.948 87.29 Kr 36 83.30 120.85 Xe 54 131.29 166.1 1st Ionisation Energy/kJ mol -1 Atomic Radius/nM He 2372.3 0.128 Ne 2080.6 0.160 Ar 1520.4 0.174 Kr 1350.7 0.189 Xe 1170.4 0.218 Atomic Number Relative Atomic Mass Boiling Point/K He 2 4.003 4.216 Ne 10 20.180 27.10 Ar 18 39.948 87.29 Kr 36 83.30 120.85 Xe 54 131.29 166.1 Noble gases Symbol Proton Number Atomic Radius / nm Boiling Point / °C Melting Point / °C Helium He 2 0.050 -269 -270 Neon Ne 10 0.070 -246 -248 Argon Ar 18 0.094 -186 -189 Krypton Kr 36 0.109 -152 -156 Xenon Xe 54 0.130 -107 -112

102. He (2) Ne (2.8) Ar (2.8.8) Group 18 back When elements going down the group 18 The electron shells become more Due to the increasing of atomic radius

103. The animation above schematically shows how van der Waals forces are induced. Van der Waals forces are found in molecules,

104. such as hydrogen gas (H 2 ), carbon dioxide (CO 2 ), nitrogen (N 2 ), and in the noble gases (He, Ne, Ar, Kr, ) The bigger the molecule, the stronger the van der Waals back

105. 1.Insoluble in water 2.do not conduct electricity or heat (not metals) Physical Properties of Group 18 elements

106. 3.Low melting and boiling points but increase when going down the group. Reason: -the size of the atoms increases down the group, -the Van der Waals’ force of attraction become stronger.

108. 4. Low densities but increases down the group Reason: Increasing in the relative atomic mass of the element

110. MOVIE Drift

111. MOVIE Car1

112. All noble gases are inert which means chemically unreactive . Helium has 2 valence electrons (duplet electron arrangement) Chemical Properties of Group 18 Elements

113. The other noble gases have 8 valence electrons (octet electron arrangement) These electron arrangement are very stable **Reason: the outermost shell has fully occupied by electrons

114. Therefore, they do not need to gain, lose or share electrons with other elements. Exist as monoatomic gases.

115. Uses of Noble Gases

116. Helium Fill airships and weather balloons Used as superconductors Used by divers

117. MOVIE Helium girl

118. MOVIE Helium boy

119. Neon Used in advertising lights and television tubes.

120. Argon Used to fill light bulbs Used in welding

121. Krypton Used in laser to repair the retina of the eye. Used to fill photo graphic flash lamp.

122. Xenon Used for making electron tubes stroboscopic lamps. Used in bubble chambers in atomic energy reactors

123. Radon Used in the treatment of cancer

124. 4.3 GROUP 1 ALKALI METALS

125. Group 1 name: alkali metal Lithium Sodium Potassium Rubidium Caesium Francium

126. Electron arrangement Li (2.1) Na (2.8.1) K (2.8.8.1) Rb (2.8.18.8.1) Cs (2.8.18.18.8.1) Fr (2.8.18.32.18.8.1) Same number of valence electron Same chemical properties

128. Alkali metals Symbol Proton Number Atomic Radius / nm Boiling Point / °C Melting Point / °C Lithium Sodium Potassium Rubidium Caecium

129. Alkali metals Symbol Proton Number Atomic Radius / nm Boiling Point / °C Melting Point / °C Lithium Li Sodium Potassium Rubidium Caecium

130. Alkali metals Symbol Proton Number Atomic Radius / nm Boiling Point / °C Melting Point / °C Lithium Li Sodium Na Potassium Rubidium Caecium

131. Alkali metals Symbol Proton Number Atomic Radius / nm Boiling Point / °C Melting Point / °C Lithium Li Sodium Na Potassium K Rubidium Caecium

132. Alkali metals Symbol Proton Number Atomic Radius / nm Boiling Point / °C Melting Point / °C Lithium Li Sodium Na Potassium K Rubidium Rb Caecium

133. Alkali metals Symbol Proton Number Atomic Radius / nm Boiling Point / °C Melting Point / °C Lithium Li Sodium Na Potassium K Rubidium Rb Caecium Cs

134. Alkali metals Symbol Proton Number Atomic Radius / nm Boiling Point / °C Melting Point / °C Lithium Li 3 Sodium Na Potassium K Rubidium Rb Caecium Cs

135. next Alkali metals Symbol Proton Number Atomic Radius / nm Boiling Point / °C Melting Point / °C Lithium Li 3 Sodium Na 11 Potassium K Rubidium Rb Caecium Cs

136. Alkali metals Symbol Proton Number Atomic Radius / nm Boiling Point / °C Melting Point / °C Lithium Li 3 Sodium Na 11 Potassium K 19 Rubidium Rb Caecium Cs

137. Alkali metals Symbol Proton Number Atomic Radius / nm Boiling Point / °C Melting Point / °C Lithium Li 3 Sodium Na 11 Potassium K 19 Rubidium Rb 37 Caecium Cs

138. next Alkali metals Symbol Proton Number Atomic Radius / nm Boiling Point / °C Melting Point / °C Lithium Li 3 Sodium Na 11 Potassium K 19 Rubidium Rb 37 Caecium Cs 55

139. Alkali metals Symbol Proton Number Atomic Radius / nm Boiling Point / °C Melting Point / °C Lithium Li 3 Sodium Na 11 Potassium K 19 Rubidium Rb 37 Caecium Cs 55

140. Alkali metals Symbol Proton Number Atomic Radius / nm Boiling Point / °C Melting Point / °C Lithium Li 3 0.15 Sodium Na 11 Potassium K 19 Rubidium Rb 37 Caecium Cs 55

141. Alkali metals Symbol Proton Number Atomic Radius / nm Boiling Point / °C Melting Point / °C Lithium Li 3 0.15 Sodium Na 11 0.19 Potassium K 19 Rubidium Rb 37 Caecium Cs 55

142. Alkali metals Symbol Proton Number Atomic Radius / nm Boiling Point / °C Melting Point / °C Lithium Li 3 0.15 Sodium Na 11 0.19 Potassium K 19 0.23 Rubidium Rb 37 Caecium Cs 55

143. Alkali metals Symbol Proton Number Atomic Radius / nm Boiling Point / °C Melting Point / °C Lithium Li 3 0.15 Sodium Na 11 0.19 Potassium K 19 0.23 Rubidium Rb 37 0.25 Caecium Cs 55

144. Alkali metals Symbol Proton Number Atomic Radius / nm Boiling Point / °C Melting Point / °C Lithium Li 3 0.15 Sodium Na 11 0.19 Potassium K 19 0.23 Rubidium Rb 37 0.25 Caecium Cs 55 0.26

145. next Alkali metals Symbol Proton Number Atomic Radius / nm Boiling Point / °C Melting Point / °C Lithium Li 3 0.15 Sodium Na 11 0.19 Potassium K 19 0.23 Rubidium Rb 37 0.25 Caecium Cs 55 0.26

146. Alkali metals Symbol Proton Number Atomic Radius / nm Boiling Point / °C Melting Point / °C Lithium Li 3 0.15 1347 181 Sodium Na 11 0.19 Potassium K 19 0.23 Rubidium Rb 37 0.25 Caecium Cs 55 0.26

147. Alkali metals Symbol Proton Number Atomic Radius / nm Boiling Point / °C Melting Point / °C Lithium Li 3 0.15 1347 181 Sodium Na 11 0.19 886 98 Potassium K 19 0.23 Rubidium Rb 37 0.25 Caecium Cs 55 0.26

148. Alkali metals Symbol Proton Number Atomic Radius / nm Boiling Point / °C Melting Point / °C Lithium Li 3 0.15 1347 181 Sodium Na 11 0.19 886 98 Potassium K 19 0.23 774 64 Rubidium Rb 37 0.25 Caecium Cs 55 0.26

149. Alkali metals Symbol Proton Number Atomic Radius / nm Boiling Point / °C Melting Point / °C Lithium Li 3 0.15 1347 181 Sodium Na 11 0.19 886 98 Potassium K 19 0.23 774 64 Rubidium Rb 37 0.25 688 39 Caecium Cs 55 0.26

150. Alkali metals Symbol Proton Number Atomic Radius / nm Boiling Point / °C Melting Point / °C Lithium Li 3 0.15 1347 181 Sodium Na 11 0.19 886 98 Potassium K 19 0.23 774 64 Rubidium Rb 37 0.25 688 39 Caecium Cs 55 0.26 678 28

151. next Alkali metals Symbol Proton Number Atomic Radius / nm Boiling Point / °C Melting Point / °C Lithium Li 3 0.15 1347 181 Sodium Na 11 0.19 886 98 Potassium K 19 0.23 774 64 Rubidium Rb 37 0.25 688 39 Caecium Cs 55 0.26 678 28

152. Electron arrangement Li (2.1) Na (2.8.1) K (2.8.8.1) When elements going down the group 1 The electron shells become more increasing of atomic radius back

153. 1. Physical properties Low melting points Silvery and shiny surfaces Good conductors of heat and electricity Soft metals with low densities

154. How soft the alkali metals are? Li (2.1) Na (2.8.1) K (2.8.8.1) Rb (2.8.18.8.1) Cs (2.8.18.18.8.1)

155. Before we study the chemical properties, draw out the table first! Alkali Metals Reacts with water Reacts with Oxygen gas Reacts with chlorine gas Lithium / Li Sodium / Na Potassium / K

156. 2. Chemical properties - Have similar chemical properties, why? - answer: all have one valence electron A . water B. Oxygen C . Chlorine - All of alkali metals could reacts with: Next to reactivity

157. A . Alkali metals react with water Lithium with water Sodium with water Potassium with water

158. Chemical properties Observations: Word equation: Alkali metal + water  alkaline metal hydroxide solution +hydrogen gas Chemical equation: 2Li + 2H 2 O  2LiOH + H 2 2Na + 2H 2 O  2NaOH + H 2 2K + 2H 2 O  2KOH + H 2

159. B. Alkali metals react with Oxygen Lithium with oxygen (observation) Sodium with oxygen (observation) Potassium with oxygen (observation) **refer to CD ROM

160. Observations: Word equations: 1. Alkali metals + Oxygen  white solid metal oxides 2. metal oxides + water  alkaline metal hydroxide solutions Chemistry equations: 4M + O 2  2M 2 O M 2 O + H 2 O  2MOH Chemical properties

161. Observation : Reaction with oxygen Lithium burns slowly with a red-flame forms white solid (lithium oxide) 4 Li + O 2  2Li 2 O Lithium oxide dissolved in water to form a alkaline solution Li 2 O + H 2 O  2LiOH

162. Observation : Reaction with oxygen sodium burns rapidly with yellow flame. forms white solid (sodium oxide) 4 Na + O 2  2Na 2 O Sodium oxide dissolved in water to form a alkaline solution Na 2 O + H 2 O  2NaOH

163. Observation : potassium burns very rapidly & brightly with a lilac flame Form white solid (potassium oxide) 4 K + O 2  2K 2 O Potassium oxide dissolved in water to form a alkaline solution K 2 O + H 2 O  2KOH Reaction with oxygen

164. C. Alkali metals react with Chlorine Lithium with chlorine (observation) Sodium with chlorine (observation) Potassium with chlorine (observation) Animation 1 Animation 2

165. Observations: Word equations: 1. Alkali metals + Chlorine  white solid metal oxides Chemistry equations: 2M + Cl 2  2MCl Chemical properties

166. Observation : Lithium burns slowly with a red-flame forms white solid (lithium chloride) 2Li + Cl 2  2LiCl C. Reaction with chlorine

167. Observation : C. Reaction with chlorine sodium burn rapidly with a yellow flame. forms white solid (sodium chloride) 2 Na + Cl 2  2NaCl

168. Observation : potassium burn very rapidly & brightly with a lilac flame Form white solid (potassium chloride) 2 K + Cl 2  2KCl C. Reaction with chlorine

169. MOVIE CEMENT

170. MOVIE CRASHPROOF

171. The Chemical properties of alkali metls are SAME but Reactivity DIFFEREFENCE

172. What is the trend of their reactivity when going down the Group 1? Li (2.1) Na (2.8.1) K (2.8.8.1) Rb (2.8.18.8.1) Cs (2.8.18.18.8.1) ** movie

173. The trend of their reactivity when going down the Group 1 is ……. Li (2.1) Na (2.8.1) K (2.8.8.1) Rb (2.8.18.8.1) Cs (2.8.18.18.8.1) Becomes more reactive BUT WHY?? slow faster Very fast

174. Q: Why reactivity of Group 1 increase when going down the group? A: When the atomic size increases The valence electron is more further away from the nucleus attraction between nucleus & valence electron weaker easier for atom to release valence electron

175. Safety precautions in handling Group 1 elements Extremely reactive Li, Na & K must be stored in paraffin oil in bottles Use forceps to take alkali metals To wear safety goggles & gloves Only a small piece is used

176. Rubidium and caesium are normally stored in sealed glass tubes to prevent air getting at them. They are stored either in a vacuum or in an inert atmosphere of, say, argon . The tubes are broken open when the metal is used. dO yOu KnOw ?

177. Lithium is used to make batteries. Sodium is required by our nerves and muscles. It is present in almost everything which we eat. Table salt is Sodium Chloride. Potassium is also required by nerves and muscles. It is also present in almost everything we eat. Uses of alkali metals

178. Thank you!

179. 4.4 GROUP 17 HALOGENS

181. Group 17 name: HALOGEN Fluorine Chlorine Bromine Iodine Astatine

184. Exist as diatomic Di- double Diatomic – double atoms Examples: Fluorine – F 2 Chlorine – Cl 2

186. GROUP 17 HALOGENS A. PHYSICAL PROPERTIES B. CHEMICAL PROPERTIES C. REACTIVITY GOING DOWN THE GROUP

187. PHYSICAL PROPERTIES

188. Pale yellow Purple solid brownish Yellow greenish White solid

189. fluorine chlorine iodine bromine

190. Metal pin Solid iodine

191. Solid iodine Metal plate

192. Solid iodine vaporises

194. Alkali metals Symbol Proton Number Atomic Radius / nm Boiling Point / °C Melting Point / °C Fluorine F Bromine Chlorine Iodine Astatine

195. Alkali metals Symbol Proton Number Atomic Radius / nm Boiling Point / °C Melting Point / °C Fluorine F Bromine Br Chlorine Iodine Astatine

196. Alkali metals Symbol Proton Number Atomic Radius / nm Boiling Point / °C Melting Point / °C Fluorine F Bromine Br Chlorine Cl Iodine Astatine

197. Alkali metals Symbol Proton Number Atomic Radius / nm Boiling Point / °C Melting Point / °C Fluorine F Bromine Br Chlorine Cl Iodine I Astatine

198. Alkali metals Symbol Proton Number Atomic Radius / nm Boiling Point / °C Melting Point / °C Fluorine F Bromine Br Chlorine Cl Iodine I Astatine As

199. Alkali metals Symbol Proton Number Atomic Radius / nm Boiling Point / °C Melting Point / °C Fluorine F 9 Bromine Br Chlorine Cl Iodine I Astatine As

200. Alkali metals Symbol Proton Number Atomic Radius / nm Boiling Point / °C Melting Point / °C Fluorine F 9 Bromine Br 17 Chlorine Cl Iodine I Astatine As

201. Alkali metals Symbol Proton Number Atomic Radius / nm Boiling Point / °C Melting Point / °C Fluorine F 9 Bromine Br 17 Chlorine Cl 35 Iodine I Astatine As

202. Alkali metals Symbol Proton Number Atomic Radius / nm Boiling Point / °C Melting Point / °C Fluorine F 9 Bromine Br 17 Chlorine Cl 35 Iodine I 53 Astatine As

203. Alkali metals Symbol Proton Number Atomic Radius / nm Boiling Point / °C Melting Point / °C Fluorine F 9 Bromine Br 17 Chlorine Cl 35 Iodine I 53 Astatine As 85

204. Alkali metals Symbol Proton Number Atomic Radius / nm Boiling Point / °C Melting Point / °C Fluorine F 9 0.071 Bromine Br 17 Chlorine Cl 35 Iodine I 53 Astatine As 85

205. Alkali metals Symbol Proton Number Atomic Radius / nm Boiling Point / °C Melting Point / °C Fluorine F 9 0.071 Bromine Br 17 0.099 Chlorine Cl 35 Iodine I 53 Astatine As 85

206. Alkali metals Symbol Proton Number Atomic Radius / nm Boiling Point / °C Melting Point / °C Fluorine F 9 0.071 Bromine Br 17 0.099 Chlorine Cl 35 0.114 Iodine I 53 Astatine As 85

207. Alkali metals Symbol Proton Number Atomic Radius / nm Boiling Point / °C Melting Point / °C Fluorine F 9 0.071 Bromine Br 17 0.099 Chlorine Cl 35 0.114 Iodine I 53 0.133 Astatine As 85 -

208. Alkali metals Symbol Proton Number Atomic Radius / nm Boiling Point / °C Melting Point / °C Fluorine F 9 0.071 Bromine Br 17 0.099 Chlorine Cl 35 0.114 Iodine I 53 0.133 Astatine As 85 -

209. Alkali metals Symbol Proton Number Atomic Radius / nm Boiling Point / °C Melting Point / °C Fluorine F 9 0.071 -188 -220 Bromine Br 17 0.099 Chlorine Cl 35 0.114 Iodine I 53 0.133 Astatine As 85 -

210. Alkali metals Symbol Proton Number Atomic Radius / nm Boiling Point / °C Melting Point / °C Fluorine F 9 0.071 -188 -220 Bromine Br 17 0.099 -35 -101 Chlorine Cl 35 0.114 Iodine I 53 0.133 Astatine As 85 -

211. Alkali metals Symbol Proton Number Atomic Radius / nm Boiling Point / °C Melting Point / °C Fluorine F 9 0.071 -188 -220 Bromine Br 17 0.099 -35 -101 Chlorine Cl 35 0.114 59 -7 Iodine I 53 0.133 Astatine As 85 -

212. Alkali metals Symbol Proton Number Atomic Radius / nm Boiling Point / °C Melting Point / °C Fluorine F 9 0.071 -188 -220 Bromine Br 17 0.099 -35 -101 Chlorine Cl 35 0.114 59 -7 Iodine I 53 0.133 184 114 Astatine As 85 - - -

213. Alkali metals Symbol Proton Number Atomic Radius / nm Boiling Point / °C Melting Point / °C Fluorine F 9 0.071 -188 -220 Bromine Br 17 0.099 -35 -101 Chlorine Cl 35 0.114 59 -7 Iodine I 53 0.133 184 114 Astatine As 85 - - -

214. When going down the group : Atomic size increasing Reason: electron shells increase

215. 2. Boiling point & melting point increasing Reason: - when atomic size increase - the attraction force between molecules become stronger - Thus, more heat is needed to overcome the attraction force halogen

216. MOVIE FITNESS STUDIO

217. Electron arrangement F 2 (2.7) Cl 2 (2.8.7) Br 2 (2.8.18.7) I 2 (2.8.18.18.7) At 2 (2.8.18.32.18.7) Same number of valence electron Same chemical properties

218. High Electronegativity - which means the strength of its atom in a molecule to pull electrons towards in nucleus

219. 2. Chemical properties - Have similar chemical properties, why? - Answer:all have seven valence electrons A . water B. alkali C. Iron metal - All of alkali metals could reacts with: Next to reactivity

220. A . Halogens react with water chlorine with water bromine with water iodine with water Cl 2 + H 2 O  HCl + HOCl Chlorine water hydrochloric hydrochlorus acid acid Chemical properties

221. Br 2 + H 2 O  HBr + HOBr Bromine water hydrobromic hypobromus acid acid I 2 + H 2 O  HI + HOI Iodine water hydroiodic hypoiodus acid acid Chemical properties

222. chlorine with sodium hydroxide bromine with sodium hydrocide iodine with sodium hydroxide B . Halogens react with Alkali Cl 2 + 2NaOH  NaCl + NaOCl + H 2 O Chlorine sodium sodium sodium water hydroxide chloride chlorate(I)

223. Br 2 + 2NaOH  NaBr + NaOBr + H 2 O Bromine sodium sodium sodium water hydroxide bromide bromate(I) I 2 + 2NaOH  NaI + NaOI + H 2 O Iodine sodium sodium sodium water hydroxide iodide iodate(I) Chemical properties

224. C . Halogens react with Iron chlorine with iron bromine with iron iodine with iron 3Cl 2 + 2Fe  2FeCl 3 Chlorine Iron Iron (III) chloride

225. 2Br 2 + 3Fe  2FeBr 3 Bromine Iron Iron (III) bromide 2I 2 + 3Fe  2FeI 3 Iodine Iron Iron (III) iodide

226. Observations : halogen

227. Observations : halogen

228. Observations : halogen

229. All atoms of halogens have 7 valence electrons. So, all halogens exhibit similar chemical properties. But they differ in reactivity. Reactivity of halogens

230. The atomic size increases when going down group 17 the outermost occupied shell becomes further away from the nucleus. so, the attraction of the nucleus to outer electron become weaker

231. the strength of nucleus to attract 1 more electron decreases This causes the reactivity of halogens decrease when going down Group 17.

232. A: when going down the Group 17, Atomic size become bigger Attraction between nucleus and outer electron become weaker More difficult to gain electron Less reactive Q: Why reactivity of Group 17 decreases going down the group?

233. Safety precautions in handling Group 17 elements: Fluorine gas, chlorine gas and bromine vapour are poisonous. Iodine vapour is harmful to the respiratory system of living things including human beings.

234. Safety precautions must be taken when handling halogens: Handle halogens in the fume chamber. Wear safety goggles. Wear gloves.

235. Q: Compare the reactivity between Group 1 and Group 17 when going down the group Group 1 Group 17 2.1 2.8.1 Need to release one e - to achieve stable e- arrangement 2.7 2.8.7 Need to gain one e - to achieve stable e- arrangement When going down the group: Atomic size bigger Attraction between nucleus and outer electron become weaker easier to realese electron When going down the group: Atomic size bigger Attraction between nucleus and electron become weaker More difficult to gain electron More reactive Less reactive

236. 4.6 Transition Metal

238. The position in the Periodic Table In Group 3 to Group 12 of the Periodic Table

239. Physical Properties of Transition Elements All transition elements are metals. They are solids with shiny surfaces . They are ductile and malleable . They have high tensile strength.

240. They have high melting and boiling points. They have high densities. They are good conductors of electricity and heat.

241. The first-row Transition Metals

242. **Special Characteristic of Transition Elements Form coloured ions/compounds

243. Colours of some of the first-row Transition Metal ions in solution

244. (2) Exhibit different oxidation numbers in compounds

245. (3) Form complex ions

247. (4) Act as catalysts

248. Uses of some Transition Metals Titanium is used in aircraft construction

249. The filament of an electric light bulb is made from tungsten

250. A chromium-plated teapot

252. Fireworks Made by mixing gunpowder (mixture of potassium nitrate. Sulphur and charcoal) with different salts of transition metals

253. The colorful display shown by the fireworks is due to the presence of different salts of transition elements

254. Difference in colour of people’s hair is due to the presence of different transition metals compounds. Common brown hair contains compounds of iron, cobalt and copper. Red hair contains molybdenum compounds and blonde hair contains titanium compounds.

255. Indian Hair cut

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