Two simple answers to the question of forgetting .
The memory has disappeared i.e. forgetting in short term memory
The memory is still stored in the memory system but, for some reason, it cannot be retrieved i.e. forgetting in long term memory.
lecture 5 from a college level introduction to psychology course taught Fall 2011 by Brian J. Piper, Ph.D. (psy391@gmail.com) at Willamette University, includes Golgi, Cajal, parts of the neuron, action potentials, synapse, neurotransmitters, agonist, antagonist, parts of the nervous system
Two simple answers to the question of forgetting .
The memory has disappeared i.e. forgetting in short term memory
The memory is still stored in the memory system but, for some reason, it cannot be retrieved i.e. forgetting in long term memory.
lecture 5 from a college level introduction to psychology course taught Fall 2011 by Brian J. Piper, Ph.D. (psy391@gmail.com) at Willamette University, includes Golgi, Cajal, parts of the neuron, action potentials, synapse, neurotransmitters, agonist, antagonist, parts of the nervous system
Plato's Analogy Of The Divided Line: Impact on Intercultural LearningNicole Barile
Have you heard of Plato's Analogy of the Divided Line?
The analogy represents 4 sections of the human psyche.
There's a great similarity to intercultural learning & how people perceive reality and what is going on around them.
The Most Important Skill Set in Mental Health
CENTRAL ISSUES
WE DISSECTED 54,633 EXAMINATIONS TO REALIZE WHAT TRULY ASSISTS INDIVIDUALS WITH ROLLING OUT AN IMPROVEMENT.
THE MOST WELL-KNOWN PATHWAY OF PROGRESS WAS MENTAL ADAPTABILITY AND CARE ABILITIES.
Professional air quality monitoring systems provide immediate, on-site data for analysis, compliance, and decision-making.
Monitor common gases, weather parameters, particulates.
A brief information about the SCOP protein database used in bioinformatics.
The Structural Classification of Proteins (SCOP) database is a comprehensive and authoritative resource for the structural and evolutionary relationships of proteins. It provides a detailed and curated classification of protein structures, grouping them into families, superfamilies, and folds based on their structural and sequence similarities.
Cancer cell metabolism: special Reference to Lactate PathwayAADYARAJPANDEY1
Normal Cell Metabolism:
Cellular respiration describes the series of steps that cells use to break down sugar and other chemicals to get the energy we need to function.
Energy is stored in the bonds of glucose and when glucose is broken down, much of that energy is released.
Cell utilize energy in the form of ATP.
The first step of respiration is called glycolysis. In a series of steps, glycolysis breaks glucose into two smaller molecules - a chemical called pyruvate. A small amount of ATP is formed during this process.
Most healthy cells continue the breakdown in a second process, called the Kreb's cycle. The Kreb's cycle allows cells to “burn” the pyruvates made in glycolysis to get more ATP.
The last step in the breakdown of glucose is called oxidative phosphorylation (Ox-Phos).
It takes place in specialized cell structures called mitochondria. This process produces a large amount of ATP. Importantly, cells need oxygen to complete oxidative phosphorylation.
If a cell completes only glycolysis, only 2 molecules of ATP are made per glucose. However, if the cell completes the entire respiration process (glycolysis - Kreb's - oxidative phosphorylation), about 36 molecules of ATP are created, giving it much more energy to use.
IN CANCER CELL:
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
introduction to WARBERG PHENOMENA:
WARBURG EFFECT Usually, cancer cells are highly glycolytic (glucose addiction) and take up more glucose than do normal cells from outside.
Otto Heinrich Warburg (; 8 October 1883 – 1 August 1970) In 1931 was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology for his "discovery of the nature and mode of action of the respiratory enzyme.
WARNBURG EFFECT : cancer cells under aerobic (well-oxygenated) conditions to metabolize glucose to lactate (aerobic glycolysis) is known as the Warburg effect. Warburg made the observation that tumor slices consume glucose and secrete lactate at a higher rate than normal tissues.
Seminar of U.V. Spectroscopy by SAMIR PANDASAMIR PANDA
Spectroscopy is a branch of science dealing the study of interaction of electromagnetic radiation with matter.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy refers to absorption spectroscopy or reflect spectroscopy in the UV-VIS spectral region.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy is an analytical method that can measure the amount of light received by the analyte.
This pdf is about the Schizophrenia.
For more details visit on YouTube; @SELF-EXPLANATORY;
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCAiarMZDNhe1A3Rnpr_WkzA/videos
Thanks...!
Comparing Evolved Extractive Text Summary Scores of Bidirectional Encoder Rep...University of Maribor
Slides from:
11th International Conference on Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering (IcETRAN), Niš, 3-6 June 2024
Track: Artificial Intelligence
https://www.etran.rs/2024/en/home-english/
Observation of Io’s Resurfacing via Plume Deposition Using Ground-based Adapt...Sérgio Sacani
Since volcanic activity was first discovered on Io from Voyager images in 1979, changes
on Io’s surface have been monitored from both spacecraft and ground-based telescopes.
Here, we present the highest spatial resolution images of Io ever obtained from a groundbased telescope. These images, acquired by the SHARK-VIS instrument on the Large
Binocular Telescope, show evidence of a major resurfacing event on Io’s trailing hemisphere. When compared to the most recent spacecraft images, the SHARK-VIS images
show that a plume deposit from a powerful eruption at Pillan Patera has covered part
of the long-lived Pele plume deposit. Although this type of resurfacing event may be common on Io, few have been detected due to the rarity of spacecraft visits and the previously low spatial resolution available from Earth-based telescopes. The SHARK-VIS instrument ushers in a new era of high resolution imaging of Io’s surface using adaptive
optics at visible wavelengths.
Introduction:
RNA interference (RNAi) or Post-Transcriptional Gene Silencing (PTGS) is an important biological process for modulating eukaryotic gene expression.
It is highly conserved process of posttranscriptional gene silencing by which double stranded RNA (dsRNA) causes sequence-specific degradation of mRNA sequences.
dsRNA-induced gene silencing (RNAi) is reported in a wide range of eukaryotes ranging from worms, insects, mammals and plants.
This process mediates resistance to both endogenous parasitic and exogenous pathogenic nucleic acids, and regulates the expression of protein-coding genes.
What are small ncRNAs?
micro RNA (miRNA)
short interfering RNA (siRNA)
Properties of small non-coding RNA:
Involved in silencing mRNA transcripts.
Called “small” because they are usually only about 21-24 nucleotides long.
Synthesized by first cutting up longer precursor sequences (like the 61nt one that Lee discovered).
Silence an mRNA by base pairing with some sequence on the mRNA.
Discovery of siRNA?
The first small RNA:
In 1993 Rosalind Lee (Victor Ambros lab) was studying a non- coding gene in C. elegans, lin-4, that was involved in silencing of another gene, lin-14, at the appropriate time in the
development of the worm C. elegans.
Two small transcripts of lin-4 (22nt and 61nt) were found to be complementary to a sequence in the 3' UTR of lin-14.
Because lin-4 encoded no protein, she deduced that it must be these transcripts that are causing the silencing by RNA-RNA interactions.
Types of RNAi ( non coding RNA)
MiRNA
Length (23-25 nt)
Trans acting
Binds with target MRNA in mismatch
Translation inhibition
Si RNA
Length 21 nt.
Cis acting
Bind with target Mrna in perfect complementary sequence
Piwi-RNA
Length ; 25 to 36 nt.
Expressed in Germ Cells
Regulates trnasposomes activity
MECHANISM OF RNAI:
First the double-stranded RNA teams up with a protein complex named Dicer, which cuts the long RNA into short pieces.
Then another protein complex called RISC (RNA-induced silencing complex) discards one of the two RNA strands.
The RISC-docked, single-stranded RNA then pairs with the homologous mRNA and destroys it.
THE RISC COMPLEX:
RISC is large(>500kD) RNA multi- protein Binding complex which triggers MRNA degradation in response to MRNA
Unwinding of double stranded Si RNA by ATP independent Helicase
Active component of RISC is Ago proteins( ENDONUCLEASE) which cleave target MRNA.
DICER: endonuclease (RNase Family III)
Argonaute: Central Component of the RNA-Induced Silencing Complex (RISC)
One strand of the dsRNA produced by Dicer is retained in the RISC complex in association with Argonaute
ARGONAUTE PROTEIN :
1.PAZ(PIWI/Argonaute/ Zwille)- Recognition of target MRNA
2.PIWI (p-element induced wimpy Testis)- breaks Phosphodiester bond of mRNA.)RNAse H activity.
MiRNA:
The Double-stranded RNAs are naturally produced in eukaryotic cells during development, and they have a key role in regulating gene expression .
Nutraceutical market, scope and growth: Herbal drug technologyLokesh Patil
As consumer awareness of health and wellness rises, the nutraceutical market—which includes goods like functional meals, drinks, and dietary supplements that provide health advantages beyond basic nutrition—is growing significantly. As healthcare expenses rise, the population ages, and people want natural and preventative health solutions more and more, this industry is increasing quickly. Further driving market expansion are product formulation innovations and the use of cutting-edge technology for customized nutrition. With its worldwide reach, the nutraceutical industry is expected to keep growing and provide significant chances for research and investment in a number of categories, including vitamins, minerals, probiotics, and herbal supplements.
Nutraceutical market, scope and growth: Herbal drug technology
Chapter 4 notes
1. HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
PPSYCHOLOGYSYCHOLOGY
PRINCIPLES IN PRACTICE
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Chapter 4
SENSATION AND PERCEPTION
Section 1: Sensation and Perception: The Basics
Section 2: Vision
Section 3: Hearing
Section 4: Other Senses
Section 5: Perception
2. HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
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Chapter 4Chapter 4
Section 1:
Sensation and Perception: The Basics
3. HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
PPSYCHOLOGYSYCHOLOGY
PRINCIPLES IN PRACTICE
Section #1 Vocab Terms
Sensation
Perception
Absolute threshold
Difference threshold
Signal-detection theory
Sensory adaptation
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Chapter 4Chapter 4
Question: Do sensation and perception
contribute to an understanding of our
environment?
Answer:
YES, SENSATION AND
PERCEPTION CONTRIBUTE
IN MANY WAYS TO AN
UNDERSTANDING OF OUR
ENVIRONMENT.
5. HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
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Chapter 4Chapter 4
Sensation provides information to the
central nervous system about the
physical environment
Perception is the process through which
people interpret sensory stimulation
6. HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
PPSYCHOLOGYSYCHOLOGY
PRINCIPLES IN PRACTICE
The Basics Sensation
• Process by which our senses gather information and
send it to the brain
7. HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
PPSYCHOLOGYSYCHOLOGY
PRINCIPLES IN PRACTICE
Sensation…
• A large amount of information is being sensed at any
one time such as room temperature, brightness of
the lights, someone talking, a distant train, or the
smell of perfume.
• With all this information coming into our senses, the
majority of our world never gets recognized.
• We don't notice radio waves, x-rays, or the
microscopic parasites crawling on our skin.
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Chapter 4Chapter 4
8. HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
PPSYCHOLOGYSYCHOLOGY
PRINCIPLES IN PRACTICEThe Basics Perception
• Interpretation of what we take in
through our senses
• The way we perceive our environment is
what makes us different from other
animals and different from each other.
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http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hCV2Ba5wrcs
11. HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
PPSYCHOLOGYSYCHOLOGY
PRINCIPLES IN PRACTICE
Sensation & Perception WORK TOGETHER:
1) Sensation occurs:
a) sensory organs absorb energy from a
physical stimulus in the environment.
b) sensory receptors convert this energy
into neural impulses and send them to the
brain.
2) Perception follows:
a) the brain organizes the information and
translates it into something meaningful.
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Chapter 4Chapter 4
13. HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
PPSYCHOLOGYSYCHOLOGY
PRINCIPLES IN PRACTICE
Absolute Threshold
• The absolute threshold is the point where
something becomes noticeable to our
senses.
• It is the softest sound we can hear or the
slightest touch we can feel.
• Anything less than this goes unnoticed.
19. HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
PPSYCHOLOGYSYCHOLOGY
PRINCIPLES IN PRACTICE
Difference Threshold
The difference threshold is the amount of change
needed for us to recognize that a change has
occurred.
A just-noticeable difference
EXAMPLE: When we notice the sound of the radio
in the other room, how do we notice when it
becomes louder. It's possible that someone could
be turning it up so slightly that the difference is
20. HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
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Chapter 4Chapter 4
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22. HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
PPSYCHOLOGYSYCHOLOGY
PRINCIPLES IN PRACTICE
Signal Detection Theory
When we attempt detect what we want to
focus on and ignore or minimize
everything else.
We focus on what is important to us!
Examples:
Miss Bolinsky can hear someone cursing at the other end
of the crowded hallway.
Mr. Straubel can smell coffee brewing three rooms down
from his.
23. HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
PPSYCHOLOGYSYCHOLOGY
PRINCIPLES IN PRACTICE
Sensory Adaptation
Refers to stimuli which
has become redundant
or remains unchanged
for an extended period
of time.
Example: Over time
Bolinsky got used to the
loud sound of the
heating and cooling
system. She swore she
couldn’t even hear it
anymore.
24. HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
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Section #2 Vision
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Chapter 4Chapter 4
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A Journey Through the Human Eye: How We See
http://www.youtube.com/watch?
v=gvozcv8pS3c
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Chapter 4Chapter 4
29. HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
PPSYCHOLOGYSYCHOLOGY
PRINCIPLES IN PRACTICE
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Chapter 4Chapter 4
Question: How does the eye enable vision?
THE EYE AND VISION
Light enters the eye and then is projected onto a
surface
The amount of light that enters the eye is determined
by the size of the pupil which adjusts automatically
to the amount of light entering the eye
Once light enters the eye, it encounters the lens which
adjusts to the distance of objects by changing its
thickness
Section 2: Vision
30. HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
PPSYCHOLOGYSYCHOLOGY
PRINCIPLES IN PRACTICE
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Chapter 4Chapter 4
Question: How does the eye enable vision?
These changes project a clear image of the object
onto the retina, which consists of neurons that are
sensitive to the light called photoreceptors
Once the light hits the photoreceptors, a nerve
carries the visual input into the brain where the
information is relayed to the visual area of the
occipital lobe
Section 2: Vision
THE EYE AND VISION (continued)
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Chapter 4Chapter 4
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Section 3: Hearing
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Chapter 4Chapter 4
http://www.youtube.co
m/watch?
v=2WNrx2jq184
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PPSYCHOLOGYSYCHOLOGY
PRINCIPLES IN PRACTICE
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Chapter 4Chapter 4
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Chapter 4Chapter 4
37. HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
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How the human ear works
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dCyz8-
eAs1I
37
Chapter 4Chapter 4
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=r-c5GpoD8wI
38. HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
PPSYCHOLOGYSYCHOLOGY
PRINCIPLES IN PRACTICE
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Chapter 4Chapter 4
Question: How does the ear perceive sound?
HOW THE EAR PERCEIVES SOUND
Sound enters the outer ear and is funneled to the
eardrum
Inside the middle ear, the hammer, anvil, and stirrup
vibrate, transmitting the sound to the inner ear
Within the brain, auditory input is projected onto the
hearing areas of the cerebral cortex
Section 3: Hearing
39. HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
PPSYCHOLOGYSYCHOLOGY
PRINCIPLES IN PRACTICE
Section 4: Other Senses
39
Chapter 4Chapter 4
40. HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
PPSYCHOLOGYSYCHOLOGY
PRINCIPLES IN PRACTICE
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Chapter 4Chapter 4
Five Types of Sensation
Senses
Vision Hearing Smell Touch Taste
Body
Senses
41. HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
PPSYCHOLOGYSYCHOLOGY
PRINCIPLES IN PRACTICE
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Chapter 4Chapter 4
CHEMICAL, SKIN, AND BODY SENSES
Smell – allows a person to taste
Taste – sweetness, sourness, saltiness, bitterness,
and umami (meaty or savory)
Skin senses of pressure, temperature, and pain
Vestibular and kinesthetic body senses
Section 4: Other Senses
42. HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
PPSYCHOLOGYSYCHOLOGY
PRINCIPLES IN PRACTICE
The vestibular sense is more commonly known as a
“sense of balance”
42
Chapter 4Chapter 4
43. HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
PPSYCHOLOGYSYCHOLOGY
PRINCIPLES IN PRACTICE
Vestibular body senses
The vestibular senses (the sensations of body
rotation and of gravitation and movement)
arise in the inner ear; the sense organs are the
hair cells that send out signals over the
auditory nerve.
43
Chapter 4Chapter 4
Hair cells within the inner ear
44. HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
PPSYCHOLOGYSYCHOLOGY
PRINCIPLES IN PRACTICE
Kinesthesis (Kinesthetic Sense)
Imagine this...you drive into a parking lot,
get out of the car, and start to walk toward
your destination. You decide to cut through
a bunch of parked cars and notice that
some of them are close together, so when
you get to them, you have to turn and
adjust your body in order to get through
the tight spaces.
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Chapter 4Chapter 4
45. HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
PPSYCHOLOGYSYCHOLOGY
PRINCIPLES IN PRACTICE
Kinesthetic Sense
The ability to sense body position and the
movement of muscles, tendons, and joints.
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Chapter 4Chapter 4
46. HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
PPSYCHOLOGYSYCHOLOGY
PRINCIPLES IN PRACTICEOptical Illusions
LAWS OF SENSORY PERCEPTION
46
Chapter 4Chapter 4
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Chapter 4Chapter 4
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Chapter 4Chapter 4
Question: What are the laws of sensory perception?
LAWS OF SENSORY PERCEPTION
Closure – the tendency to perceive a complete or
whole figure even when there are gaps in what
your senses tell you
Figure-ground perception – the perception of a
figure against a background
Proximity – the tendency to group together visual
and auditory events that are near each other
Section 5: Perception
49. HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
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Chapter 4Chapter 4
50. HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
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Laws of Sensory Perception Closure
50
Chapter 4Chapter 4
51. HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
PPSYCHOLOGYSYCHOLOGY
PRINCIPLES IN PRACTICE
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Chapter 4Chapter 4
Question: What are the laws of sensory perception?
Similarity – thinking of similar objects as
belonging together
Continuity – the tendency to group stimuli into
continuous patterns
Section 5: Perception
LAWS OF SENSORY PERCEPTION (continued)
52. HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
PPSYCHOLOGYSYCHOLOGY
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Laws of Sensory Perception Figure-ground Perception
52
Chapter 4Chapter 4
53. HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
PPSYCHOLOGYSYCHOLOGY
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Laws of Sensory Perception Proximity
53
Chapter 4Chapter 4
•Are the center circles the same size?
54. HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
PPSYCHOLOGYSYCHOLOGY
PRINCIPLES IN PRACTICE
Optical Illusions
http://www.youtube.co
m/watch?
v=URLRdcnU6Hk
54
Chapter 4Chapter 4
55. HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
PPSYCHOLOGYSYCHOLOGY
PRINCIPLES IN PRACTICE
Test Today!
Sections #1, #2, & #3
You need a pencil
55
Chapter 4Chapter 4
56. HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
PPSYCHOLOGYSYCHOLOGY
PRINCIPLES IN PRACTICE
TED talk
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mf5otGNbkuc
Beau Lotto's color games puzzle your vision, but
they also spotlight what you can't normally see:
how your brain works. This fun, first-hand look
at your own versatile sense of sight reveals how
evolution tints your perception of what's really
out there.
56
Chapter 4Chapter 4