The document is a chapter from a psychology textbook that discusses the biological bases of behavior. It covers four main topics: 1. The nervous system, including the central and peripheral nervous systems and how neurons transmit messages. 2. The brain as the control center, detailing its major parts and functions. Methods of studying the brain are also discussed. 3. The endocrine system, how hormones secreted by glands influence behavior, development, and other bodily processes. 4. Heredity and how genetic factors contribute to behavior. Real-world examples of extremely tall individuals due to endocrine disorders are provided.

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Chapter 3
BIOLOGY AND BEHAVIOR
Section 1: The Nervous System
Section 2: The Brain: Our Control Center
Section 3: The Endocrine System
Section 4: Heredity: Our Genetic Background

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https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6BgfKqc3

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The Nervous System
 A complex network of nerves and cells that carry
messages to and from the brain and spinal cord to
various parts of the body
 Includes both the Central nervous system and
Peripheral nervous system
 The Central nervous system is made up of the
brain and spinal cord
 The Peripheral nervous system is made up of the
Somatic and the Autonomic nervous systems.

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FUNCTIONS OF THE PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM
 Responsible for transmitting messages between the
central nervous system & all parts of the body
 made up of the somatic and autonomic nervous
systems
• The somatic nervous system transmits sensory
messages to the central nervous system
• The autonomic nervous system regulates the body’s
vital functions such as heartbeat and breathing
Section 1: The Nervous System

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spinal cord neuron
axon endings

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MESSAGE TRANSMISSION VIA NEURONS
1) Messages are sent from the axon terminals of
one neuron to the dendrites of other neurons
2) Messages travel in one direction and are
received by the dendrites and travel through
the cell body and the axon to the axon
terminals.
3) From there messages cross synapses to the
dendrites of other neurons

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http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FZ3401XVYww

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 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4OS2C4NemJI
 How do drugs or alcohol affect neurons in the
body?
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Section 2:
The Brain Our
Control Center

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Brain Facts
The adult human brain weighs about 3 pounds
The human brain has about 100,000,000,000
(100 billion) neurons
Some neurosurgeons describe the texture of a
living brain as that of toothpaste or tofu
The brain is made up of about 75% water.
There are no pain receptors in the brain, so the
brain can feel no pain.18
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PPSYCHOLOGYSYCHOLOGY
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Psychology of the Brain
You can’t tickle yourself because your brain
distinguished between unexpected external touch and
your own touch.
Every time you recall a memory or have a new
thought, you are creating a new connection in your
brain.
Each time we blink, our brain kicks in and keeps
things illuminated so the whole world doesn’t go dark
each time we blink (about 20,000 times a day).
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Parts of the Brain
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Brain Size
 http://faculty.washington.edu/chudler/brainsize.htm
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Section 2: The Brain: Our Control Center
MAJOR STRUCTURES
AND FUNCTIONS OF THE BRAIN
 Hindbrain – lower part of the brain involved in
many vital functions such as heart rate,
respiration and balance
 Midbrain – includes areas that are involved in
vision and hearing
 Forebrain – front area of the brain involved in
complex functions such as thought and emotion

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Parts of the Brain
•The cerebral cortex is the
outer layer of the cerebrum.
•The cerebrum consists of 2
sides (hemispheres)
•Each hemisphere of the
brain contains different
functions, the two sides are
interdependent.

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http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=I8SEoUJk_7M&feature=share&list=UU
Shows the control the frontal
lobe has over the limbic system.
The limbic system is the set of brain structures that forms the inner border
of the cortex. involved in many of our emotions and motivations,
particularly those that are related to survival. Such emotions include fear,
anger, and emotions related to sexual behavior.

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Methods of Studying the Brain
oResearchers continue to learn about the
human brain
By studying people with head
injuries
By applying electrical stimulation to
the brain
By measuring brain waves
By using computers to create
images of the brain

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The Incredible Case of Phineas Gage
PHINEAS GAGE (1823-1860)
•One of the earliest documented cases of severe brain injury
•Gage is the index case of an individual who suffered major personality
changes after brain trauma.
•As such, he is a legend in the annals of neurology, which is largely
based on the study of brain-damaged patients.
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8qk08oVU278
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mnAehjF7p3E

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http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Xd1gywPOibg

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PPSYCHOLOGYSYCHOLOGY
PRINCIPLES IN PRACTICE
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Chapter 3Chapter 3
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QzcSbP3VsAI
The Human Spark : Brain Matters

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Chapter 3Chapter 3
Section 3:
The Endocrine System

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PPSYCHOLOGYSYCHOLOGY
PRINCIPLES IN PRACTICE
Vocab Terms Section #3
Endocrine System
Hormone

38. Endocrine System
• System of glands
that secrete
hormones.
• Controlled by the
hypothalamus.
• Ovaries and Testes.
• Adrenal Gland

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PPSYCHOLOGYSYCHOLOGY
PRINCIPLES IN PRACTICE
The Endocrine System
 A system of glands
 Gland: group of cells that produces and secretes,
or gives off, chemicals
 These chemicals regulate the body
 The endocrine system is an information signal
system like the nervous system.

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HORMONES AND EFFECT ON THE BODY
Testes and Ovaries – produce the hormones
testosterone, estrogen, and progesterone
 TheseThese hormoneshormones play an important role inplay an important role in
development, development of primary and secondarydevelopment, development of primary and secondary
sex characteristics and have psychological as well assex characteristics and have psychological as well as
biological effectsbiological effects
Section 3: The Endocrine System

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HORMONES AND EFFECT ON THE BODY
 Pituitary Gland – responsible for the secretion of
many different hormones that affect various aspects
of behavior such as the growth hormone
 Thyroid Gland – produces thyroxin which affects
the body’s metabolism
 Adrenal Gland – the outer layer of the adrenal gland,
or cortex, secretes cortical steroids which increase
resistance to stress and promote muscle development
Section 3: The Endocrine System

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Robert Wadlow, the tallest man known to have
lived (8 feet 11 inches) with his father, Harold
Wadlow (6 feet 0 inches)
Died July 15, 1940 (aged 22)

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PPSYCHOLOGYSYCHOLOGY
PRINCIPLES IN PRACTICE
Sandy Allen
 U.S. woman recognized as one of the tallest
women to ever live according to Guinness
World Records.
 She was 7'7" in height
 DiedAugust 13, 2008 (aged 53)
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Giants - Pituitary Gigantism
 http://www.youtube.com/watch?
v=Ebhf1qKVA9A
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PPSYCHOLOGYSYCHOLOGY
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Cushing's syndrome
 http://www.youtube.com/watch?
v=vxSAhLyKVqw&feature=fvsr
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Disorder that occurs when your
body is exposed to high levels of
the hormone cortisol.

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Section 4: Heredity Our Genetic Background

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Chapter 3Chapter 3
ROLE OF CHROMOSOMES AND GENES IN HEREDITY
 Genes are the basic building blocks of heredity and
traits are determined by pairs of genes
 Most normal human cells contain 46 chromosomes
which develop particular traits in an individual
 The 23rd pair of chromosomes determines the male
or female sex
Section 4: Heredity: Our Genetic Background

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THE STUDY OF THE ROLE OF HEREDITY
Role of heredity in studies through various types of
kinship research such as:
 A. Twin Studies – a useful way to learn about nature and
nurture
 B. Adoptee Studies – provide ways of sorting out the effects
of nature and nurture
 C. Twins Reared Apart – a way of finding out that twins
reared apart share many of the same mannerisms despite their
separation
Section 4: Heredity: Our Genetic Background

53. Nature
Identical Twins Raised Apart
-Even though the nurture
(environment) was different
…what remained the same
because of their genes?
Nurture
Feral-Wild Children
-Even though these girls were
born healthy (nature) how
did their environment
(nurture) change them?
#1: Oxana Malaya
#2: Danielle Lierow

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PPSYCHOLOGYSYCHOLOGY
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Twins: Is it All in the Genes?
 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Wd5Y3-
F79LY&feature=related
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Feral Children
 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=STn3bpTTU6c
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A human child who has lived isolated
from human contact from a very young
age, and has no (or little) experience of
human care, loving or social behavior,
and, crucially, of human language.

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Nervous
System
Environment Heredity
Endocrine
System
Question: What major areas do biological psychologists
study?
Major Areas of
Study for
Biological
Psychologists