There are several theories on the nature of emotions. The James-Lange theory proposes that physiological arousal precedes emotional experience. The Cannon-Bard theory argues that emotional experience and physiological arousal occur simultaneously. The two-factor theory suggests that both biological and cognitive factors interact to influence the intensity of emotional experience. Basic emotions include happiness, sadness, fear, anger, surprise and disgust.

1. Emotions, Stress, & Health

2. Emotion
–a response of the whole organism
•physiological arousal
•expressive behaviors
•conscious experience

5. Basic Emotions
• They are happiness, anger, fear,
sadness, disgust, and surprise.
o Happiness is our reaction to the positive
o Disgust is to the revolting
o Surprise is to the unexpected
o We react to aversion through anger
o To danger through fear
o And to difficulty or loss through sadness.

6. Carroll Izzard
suggested that
there are ten
basic emotions:
those evident at
birth (seen here)
plus contempt,
shame, and
guilt.
Is Experienced Emotion as
Universal as Expressed Emotion?
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7. Detecting Emotion in Others
 People read a great deal of
emotional content in the
eyes (“the window to the
soul”) and the faces.
 Introverts are better at
detecting emotions;
extroverts have emotions
that are easier to read.
 We are primed to quickly
detect negative emotions,
and even negative emotion
words.
 Those who have been
abused are biased toward
seeing fearful faces as
angry, as in the test below.
These faces morph from fear to anger.
Raise your hand when you first see anger under the red box.
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10. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bWyhsqh_e9s

13. Primary Emotions
• Love
• Joy
• Surprise
• Anger
• Sadness
• Fear

14. Secondary Emotions
• Love- affection & longing
• Joy- cheerfulness, zest, pride
• Surprise- astonishment, & amazement
• Anger- irritation, envy, disgust
• Sadness- suffering, shame, sympathy
• Fear- shock, nervousness, panic

15. Human Emotions and Facial Expressions
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9zvTgL2e
044

16. Expressing Emotion
Smiles can show
different
emotions:
A) Mask anger
B) Overly polite
C) Soften criticism
D) Reluctant
compliance

17. Expressing Emotion
• Culturally universal expressions

18. Expressing Emotion
• Culturally universal expressions
Happy Surprised
Scared
Sad
Angry disgusted

21. 3 Theories on Emotion
• James-Lange Theory
• Cannon-Bard Theory
• Two-Factor Theory

22. James-Lange Theory
• Willam James and Carl
Lange came up with the
James-Lange Theory
of Emotion.
• We feel emotion
because of biological
changes caused by
stress.
• The body changes and
our mind recognizes the
feeling.

23. How do psychologists describe emotions?
• The James-Lange Theory
–people’s emotions follow, rather than cause, their
behavioral reactions to their situations
EXAMPLE: You are walking down a dark alley late at
night. You hear footsteps behind you and you begin to
tremble, your heart beats faster, and your breathing
deepens. You notice these physiological changes and
interpret them as your body's preparation for a fearful
situation. You then experience fear.

25. Cannon-Bard Theory
• Say James-Lange theory
is full of crap.
• How can that be true if
similar physiological
changes correspond with
drastically different
emotional states.
• The physiological change
and cognitive awareness
must occur
simultaneously.
• They believed it was the
thalamus that helped
this happen.

27. How do psychologists describe emotions?
• The Cannon-Bard Theory
–emotions accompany the bodily responses that are
aroused by an external stimulus
EXAMPLE: You are walking down a dark alley late at
night. You hear footsteps behind you and you begin to
tremble, your heart beats faster, and your breathing
deepens. At the same time as these physiological changes
occur you also experience the emotion of fear.

29. Two-Factor Theory
• Stanley Schachter explains emotions
more completely than the other two
theories.
• They happen at the same time but…
• People who are already
physiologically aroused experience
more intense emotions than
unaroused people when both groups
are exposed to the same stimuli.
• Biology and Cognition interact with
each other to increase the
experience.

33. Cold-Blooded
• Without
emotion or pity;
deliberately
cruel or callous.
• Synonyms: savage,
brutal, callous, barbaric,
barbarous, unfeeling,
uncaring, heartless

34. Emotion: Cold Blooded
• Event: • Physical Arousal:

37. What is stress?
• Stress can be
defined as the
brain's response
to any demand.
• Many things can
trigger this
response,
including change.

40. Female and Male Stress Response
 In response to a stressor
such as the death of a loved
one, women may “tend and
befriend”: nurture
themselves and others, and
bond together.
 The bonding hormone
oxytocin may play a role in
this bonding.
 Women show behavioral
and neurological signs of
becoming more empathetic
under stress.
 Men under stress are more
likely to socially withdraw
and numb themselves with
alcohol.
 Men are also more likely to
become aggressive under
stress.
 In either case, men’s
behavior and brains show
LESS empathy and less
tuning in to others under
stress.
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41. Stress
• Social readjustment
rating scale (SRRS)
• Life Changing Units
(LCUs)- marriage, change
job, etc…
• The more LCUs you have
the higher your score is
on the SRRS.
• Those who score higher
are more likely to have
stress related disease.

46. Seyle’s General Adaptation
Syndrome
• Describes our
response to a
stressful event.
Three stages
1. Alarm
2. Resistance
3. Exhaustion