The document discusses species interactions and patterns in communities. It describes two types of predator adaptations and prey adaptations. Interspecific competition can cause competitive exclusion and influence niche differences through character displacement. Symbiotic relationships include parasitism, mutualism, and commensalism. Community ecology examines how species richness, disturbances, and succession impact communities over time. Succession may proceed through primary or secondary stages in a generally predictable manner, though some variability exists.

1. Table of Contents Section 1 Species Interactions Section 2 Patterns in Communities Community Ecology

2. Objectives Identify two types of predator adaptations and two types of prey adaptations. Identify possible causes and results of interspecific competition. Compare parasitism, mutualism, and commensalism, and give one example of each. Section 1 Species Interactions

3. Predation Predation is an interaction in which one organism (the predator) captures and eats all or part of another individual organism (the prey). Section 1 Species Interactions

4. Predation Click below to watch the Visual Concept. Visual Concept Section 1 Species Interactions

5. Predation, continued Predator Adaptations Predators have adaptations to efficiently capture prey, whereas prey species have adaptations to avoid capture. Section 1 Species Interactions

6. Predation, continued Adaptations in Animal Prey Mimicry is an adaptation in which a species gains an advantage by resembling another species or object. Section 1 Species Interactions

7. Predation, continued Adaptations in Plant Prey Many plants produce secondary compounds as a chemical defense. Section 1 Species Interactions

8. Competition Click below to watch the Visual Concept. Visual Concept Section 1 Species Interactions

9. Competition Competitive Exclusion Competition may cause competitive exclusion, the elimination of one species in a community. Section 1 Species Interactions

10. Effect of Competition on Two Species of Barnacles Section 1 Species Interactions

11. Niche Click below to watch the Visual Concept. Visual Concept Section 1 Species Interactions

12. Competition, continued Character Displacement Competition may drive the evolution of niche differences among competitors. This evolution of differences in a characteristic due to competition is called character displacement. Section 1 Species Interactions

13. Competition, continued Resource Partitioning Differential resource use to avoid competition is called resource partitioning. Section 1 Species Interactions

14. Warbler Foraging Zones Section 1 Species Interactions

15. Symbiosis Parasitism In parasitism , one species (the parasite) feeds on, but does not always kill, another species (the host). Section 1 Species Interactions

16. Symbiosis Click below to watch the Visual Concept. Visual Concept Section 1 Species Interactions

17. Symbiosis, continued Mutualism In mutualism , both interacting species benefit. Section 1 Species Interactions

18. Symbiosis, continued Commensalism In commensalism , one species benefits, and the other is not affected. Section 1 Species Interactions

19. Objectives Describe the factors that affect species richness in a community. Explain how disturbances affect community stability. Distinguish between types of succession, and explain why succession may not be predictable. Section 2 Patterns in Communities

20. Species Richness Species richness is the number of species in a community. Species evenness is the relative abundance of each species. Section 2 Patterns in Communities

21. Species Richness, continued Latitude and Species Richness In general, species richness is greatest near the equator, and larger areas support more species. Section 2 Patterns in Communities

22. Species Richness, continued Species Interactions and Species Richness Species interactions such as predation can promote species richness. Section 2 Patterns in Communities

23. Species Richness, continued Community Stability and Species Richness Disturbances can alter a community by eliminating or removing organisms or altering resource availability. Species richness may improve a community’s stability. Areas of low species richness may be less stable in the event of an ecological disturbance. Section 2 Patterns in Communities

24. Successional Changes in Communities Ecological succession is a change in the species composition of a community over time. Section 2 Patterns in Communities

25. Pioneer Species Click below to watch the Visual Concept. Visual Concept Section 2 Patterns in Communities

26. Successional Changes in Communities, continued Primary Succession Primary succession is the assembly of a community on newly created habitat. Primary succession occurs in areas that have been recently exposed to the elements and lack soil. Section 2 Patterns in Communities

27. Successional Changes in Communities, continued Secondary Succession Secondary succession is the change in an existing community following a disturbance. Secondary succession occurs in areas where the original ecosystem has been cleared by a disturbance. Section 2 Patterns in Communities

28. The Complexity of Succession The traditional description of succession is that the community proceeds through a predictable series of stages until it reaches a stable end point, called the climax community. Primary succession typically proceeds from lichens and mosses to a climax community. Secondary succession typically proceeds from weeds to a climax community. Section 2 Patterns in Communities

29. Ecological Succession at Glacier Bay Section 2 Patterns in Communities