The document summarizes key concepts about populations including: - Populations have properties like size, density, dispersion, age structure, and survivorship that scientists measure - There are three patterns of population dispersion: random, uniform, and clumped - Populations can have exponential or logistic growth patterns - Small populations are more vulnerable to extinction due to low genetic diversity

1. Table of Contents Section 1 Understanding Populations Section 2 Measuring Populations Section 3 Human Population Growth Populations

2. Objectives Describe the main properties that scientists measure when they study populations. Compare the three general patterns of population dispersion. Identify the measurements used to describe changing populations. Compare the three general types of survivorship curves. Section 1 Understanding Populations

3. Properties of Populations A population is a group of organisms that belong to the same species and live in a particular place at the same time. Populations can be measured in terms of size, density, dispersion, growth rate, age structure, and survivorship. Section 1 Understanding Populations

4. Population Click below to watch the Visual Concept. Visual Concept Section 1 Understanding Populations

5. Properties of Populations, continued Population Size A population’s size is the number of individuals that the population contains. Section 1 Understanding Populations

6. Properties of Populations, continued Population Density Density is a measure of how crowded the population is. Section 1 Understanding Populations

7. Properties of Populations, continued Dispersion Dispersion describes the distribution of individuals within the population and may be random, uniform, or clumped. Section 1 Understanding Populations

8. Three Patterns of Population Dispersion Section 1 Understanding Populations

9. Characteristics of Populations Click below to watch the Visual Concept. Visual Concept Section 1 Understanding Populations

10. Population Dynamics Age Structure A population’s age structure indicates the percentage of individuals at each age. Section 1 Understanding Populations

11. Population Dynamics, continued Patterns of Mortality Populations show three patterns of mortality or survivorship curves : Type I (low mortality until late in life) Type II (constant mortality throughout life) Type III (high mortality early in life followed by low mortality for the remaining life span). Section 1 Understanding Populations

12. Survivorship Curves Section 1 Understanding Populations

13. Objectives Identify the four processes that determine population growth. Compare the exponential model and the logistic model of population growth. Differentiate between density-dependent and density-independent regulation of populations. Explain why small populations are more vulnerable to extinction. Section 2 Measuring Populations

14. Population Growth Rate Demographers, scientists who study population dynamics, define the growth rate of a population as the amount by which a population’s size changes in a given time. Section 2 Measuring Populations

15. Population Growth Rate, continued Population Size Birth rate - death rate = growth rate Section 2 Measuring Populations

16. The Exponential Model The exponential model describes perpetual growth at a steady rate in a population. The model assumes constant birth and death rates and no immigration or emigration. Section 2 Measuring Populations

17. Exponential Growth Click below to watch the Visual Concept. Visual Concept Section 2 Measuring Populations

18. The Logistic Model In the logistic model, birth rates fall and death rates climb as the population grows. When the carrying capacity is reached, the number of individuals the environment can support is reached and population growth becomes stable. Section 2 Measuring Populations

19. Logistic Model Click below to watch the Visual Concept. Section 2 Measuring Populations Visual Concept

20. Two Population Growth Models Section 2 Measuring Populations

21. Population Regulation Population-limiting factors, such as competition, are density-dependent because the effect on each individual depends on the number of other individuals present in the same area. Section 2 Measuring Populations

22. Population Regulation, continued Population-limiting factors, such as bad weather and fires, are density-independent because the effect on each individual does not depend on the number of other individuals present in the same area. Section 2 Measuring Populations

23. Comparing Density-Dependent and Density-Independent Factors Click below to watch the Visual Concept. Visual Concept Section 2 Measuring Populations

24. Population Regulation, continued Population Fluctuations All populations fluctuate in size. Section 2 Measuring Populations

25. Population Regulation, continued Perils of Small Populations Small populations have low genetic diversity and are subject to inbreeding, so they are less likely to adapt to environmental changes. Section 2 Measuring Populations

26. Objectives Explain how the development of agriculture changed the pattern of human population growth. Describe changes in human population size in the past 10,000 years. Compare observed patterns of population growth in developed and developing countries. Section 3 Human Population Growth

27. History of Human Population Growth The Development of Agriculture About 10,000 to 12,000 years ago, the development of agriculture increased the growth rate of the human population. Section 3 Human Population Growth

28. History of Human Population Growth, continued The Population Explosion Around 1650, improvements in hygiene, diet, and economic conditions further accelerated population growth. After World War II, the human population grew at the fastest rate in history, largely because of better sanitation and medical care in poorer countries. Section 3 Human Population Growth

29. History of Human Population Growth, continued Population Growth Today Today, developing countries have faster human population growth and lower standards of living than developed countries do. Section 3 Human Population Growth

30. Human Population Growth Section 3 Human Population Growth

31. Demographic Transition Human populations have undergone rapid growth, yet in some developed countries, populations have stopped growing. The demographic transition model shows how these population changes happen. Section 3 Human Population Growth

32. Demographic Transition Model Section 3 Human Population Growth