Here are the key stages of Kohlberg's theory of moral development in 3 sentences:
Kohlberg's theory proposes that moral reasoning develops through 6 stages, with 3 levels of moral reasoning - preconventional, conventional, and postconventional. In the preconventional level, reasoning is based on obedience to rules to avoid punishment. The conventional level focuses on maintaining social order and pleasing others. The postconventional level reasons from universal ethical principles of justice and human rights.
Child psychology /certified fixed orthodontic courses by Indian dental academy Indian dental academy
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How can Behavioral and Cognitive Psychology inform Design of Learning Experie...Milos Kravcik
JTEL Summer School Workshop
Psycho-pedagogical theories have a usually underestimated high impact on adaptive education. In the ROLE project, a primary goal is to identify functional and non-functional requirements specifications, with the aim to integrate them into a psycho-pedagogically sound framework as a basis for the development of a highly responsive open learning platform.
The results of behavioural and cognitive psychology show that humans make mistakes predictably and this knowledge can be harnessed to support them. Various biases emerge from the interplay between the automatic and reflective system driving our thinking processes. Apparently there are opportunities for choice architecture to influence options in a way that will support choosers to act in their own interest. The main challenge here is to offer nudges that will most likely help and least likely inflict harm, preserving freedom of choice.
In this workshop we demonstrate some of human cognitive biases and ask participants to elaborate in collaborative and interactive way on possible consequences for requirements specification of adaptive and recommender learning systems. Our aim is to raise awareness of some outcomes from behavioral and cognitive psychology that can be relevant for the design of future responsive learning solutions.
Plasticity of the brain - VCE U4 PsychologyAndrew Scott
This file covers Developmental Plasticity including Synaptogenesis, Pruning, Migration and Myelination & Adaptive Plasticity including Rerouting & Sprouting. This file accompanies a Youtube clip made on this topic see my channel - Psyccounting
Child psychology /certified fixed orthodontic courses by Indian dental academy Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy provides dental crown & Bridge,rotary endodontics,fixed orthodontics,
Dental implants courses.for details pls visit www.indiandentalacademy.com ,or call
0091-9248678078
How can Behavioral and Cognitive Psychology inform Design of Learning Experie...Milos Kravcik
JTEL Summer School Workshop
Psycho-pedagogical theories have a usually underestimated high impact on adaptive education. In the ROLE project, a primary goal is to identify functional and non-functional requirements specifications, with the aim to integrate them into a psycho-pedagogically sound framework as a basis for the development of a highly responsive open learning platform.
The results of behavioural and cognitive psychology show that humans make mistakes predictably and this knowledge can be harnessed to support them. Various biases emerge from the interplay between the automatic and reflective system driving our thinking processes. Apparently there are opportunities for choice architecture to influence options in a way that will support choosers to act in their own interest. The main challenge here is to offer nudges that will most likely help and least likely inflict harm, preserving freedom of choice.
In this workshop we demonstrate some of human cognitive biases and ask participants to elaborate in collaborative and interactive way on possible consequences for requirements specification of adaptive and recommender learning systems. Our aim is to raise awareness of some outcomes from behavioral and cognitive psychology that can be relevant for the design of future responsive learning solutions.
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This file covers Developmental Plasticity including Synaptogenesis, Pruning, Migration and Myelination & Adaptive Plasticity including Rerouting & Sprouting. This file accompanies a Youtube clip made on this topic see my channel - Psyccounting
Presentation on the epistemological crisis in psychology. A brief history of the issue is presented, followed by an investigation into the nature of scientific endeavors, and finally a solution based on the work of the philosopher Bernard Lonergan is offered.
UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series, part 4DianaGray10
Welcome to UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series part 4. In this session, we will cover Test Manager overview along with SAP heatmap.
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Participants will gain insights into the responsibilities, challenges, and best practices associated with test management in SAP projects. Additionally, the webinar delves into the significance of heatmaps as a visual aid for identifying testing priorities, areas of risk, and resource allocation within SAP landscapes. Through this session, attendees can expect to enhance their understanding of test management principles while learning practical approaches to optimize testing processes in SAP environments using heatmap visualization techniques
What will you get from this session?
1. Insights into SAP testing best practices
2. Heatmap utilization for testing
3. Optimization of testing processes
4. Demo
Topics covered:
Execution from the test manager
Orchestrator execution result
Defect reporting
SAP heatmap example with demo
Speaker:
Deepak Rai, Automation Practice Lead, Boundaryless Group and UiPath MVP
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Learn about:
• The Future of Testing: How AI is shifting testing towards verification, analysis, and higher-level skills, while reducing repetitive tasks.
• Test Automation: How AI-powered test case generation, optimization, and self-healing tests are making testing more efficient and effective.
• Visual Testing: Explore the emerging capabilities of AI in visual testing and how it's set to revolutionize UI verification.
• Inflectra's AI Solutions: See demonstrations of Inflectra's cutting-edge AI tools like the ChatGPT plugin and Azure Open AI platform, designed to streamline your testing process.
Whether you're a developer, tester, or QA professional, this webinar will give you valuable insights into how AI is shaping the future of software delivery.
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We believe integration and automation are essential to user experience and the promise of efficient work through technology. Automation is the critical ingredient to realizing that full vision. We develop integration products and services for Bonterra Case Management software to support the deployment of automations for a variety of use cases.
This video focuses on the notifications, alerts, and approval requests using Slack for Bonterra Impact Management. The solutions covered in this webinar can also be deployed for Microsoft Teams.
Interested in deploying notification automations for Bonterra Impact Management? Contact us at sales@sidekicksolutionsllc.com to discuss next steps.
Encryption in Microsoft 365 - ExpertsLive Netherlands 2024Albert Hoitingh
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Here is something new! In our next Connector Corner webinar, we will demonstrate how you can use a single workflow to:
Create a campaign using Mailchimp with merge tags/fields
Send an interactive Slack channel message (using buttons)
Have the message received by managers and peers along with a test email for review
But there’s more:
In a second workflow supporting the same use case, you’ll see:
Your campaign sent to target colleagues for approval
If the “Approve” button is clicked, a Jira/Zendesk ticket is created for the marketing design team
But—if the “Reject” button is pushed, colleagues will be alerted via Slack message
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Charlie Greenberg, Host
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💥 Speed, accuracy, and scaling – discover the superpowers of GenAI in action with UiPath Document Understanding and Communications Mining™:
See how to accelerate model training and optimize model performance with active learning
Learn about the latest enhancements to out-of-the-box document processing – with little to no training required
Get an exclusive demo of the new family of UiPath LLMs – GenAI models specialized for processing different types of documents and messages
This is a hands-on session specifically designed for automation developers and AI enthusiasts seeking to enhance their knowledge in leveraging the latest intelligent document processing capabilities offered by UiPath.
Speakers:
👨🏫 Andras Palfi, Senior Product Manager, UiPath
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Epistemic Interaction - tuning interfaces to provide information for AI supportAlan Dix
Paper presented at SYNERGY workshop at AVI 2024, Genoa, Italy. 3rd June 2024
https://alandix.com/academic/papers/synergy2024-epistemic/
As machine learning integrates deeper into human-computer interactions, the concept of epistemic interaction emerges, aiming to refine these interactions to enhance system adaptability. This approach encourages minor, intentional adjustments in user behaviour to enrich the data available for system learning. This paper introduces epistemic interaction within the context of human-system communication, illustrating how deliberate interaction design can improve system understanding and adaptation. Through concrete examples, we demonstrate the potential of epistemic interaction to significantly advance human-computer interaction by leveraging intuitive human communication strategies to inform system design and functionality, offering a novel pathway for enriching user-system engagements.
Neuro-symbolic is not enough, we need neuro-*semantic*Frank van Harmelen
Neuro-symbolic (NeSy) AI is on the rise. However, simply machine learning on just any symbolic structure is not sufficient to really harvest the gains of NeSy. These will only be gained when the symbolic structures have an actual semantics. I give an operational definition of semantics as “predictable inference”.
All of this illustrated with link prediction over knowledge graphs, but the argument is general.
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The publishing industry has been selling digital audiobooks and ebooks for over a decade and has found its groove. What’s changed? What has stayed the same? Where do we go from here? Join a group of leading sales peers from across the industry for a conversation about the lessons learned since the popularization of digital books, best practices, digital book supply chain management, and more.
Link to video recording: https://bnctechforum.ca/sessions/selling-digital-books-in-2024-insights-from-industry-leaders/
Presented by BookNet Canada on May 28, 2024, with support from the Department of Canadian Heritage.
AI for Every Business: Unlocking Your Product's Universal Potential by VP of ...
Vce psychology exam revision unit 1
1. E X A M R E V I S I O N 2 0 1 2
VCE Psychology
Unit One
2. Chapter 1: Nature of Psychology
The roots of psychology lie in
philosophy.
Can be traced back to Ancient
Greek philosophers such as
Socrates, Plato & Aristotle.
Wilhelm Wundt established
the first laboratory for
investigating psychological
phenomena in 1879.
3. Chapter 1: Nature of Psychology
Freud developed
Psychoanalysis as
treatment for mental
disorders.
Modern Psychology is
based on empiricism-
gathering data using
methodical research.
4. Chapter 1: Nature of Psychology
The major perspectives are:
Biological
Behavioural
Cognitive
Socio-Cultural
(Big Ben Chimes Slowly) or
(Big Ben Cats Stroke)
5. Psychologist vs Psychiatrist
Psychologists are not able
to perform medical
procedures or prescribe
medication as they are not
qualified doctors like
psychiatrists.
6. Some Types of Psychologists
Sport Psychologist
Forensic Psychologist
Organisational Psychologist
Educational & Developmental
Psychologist
Counselling Psychologist
• Clinical Psychologist
7. Chapter 2: Research Methods
Population refers to the group of
people of interest to the
researcher. It is the group about
which the researcher wishes to
draw conclusions.
Sample-the members of the
population who have been
chosen to take part ion the
research (A subset of the
population)
8. Some Guys Prefer IndiViduals That Rock
Sample-eg Two large groups of identical members of the sample kept in
the same environmental conditions . State a specific number (of reasonable
magnitude) in each group, instead of simply describing a ‘large’ group or
replication of the experiment.
Group_ Divide the sample into two groups of equal size-One is the
experimental Group and One is the Control Group.I
Pretest-infection of both groups with the virus against which the drug has
been designed.
Independent Variable-One of the groups then needed to receive no
further treatment (the control group), the other group (the trial group)
receives the drug under investigation
Timeafter a few days, each of the groups needs to Examined -the
number of mice that have developed the viral disease in each group counted.
Results-If the number of mice in the trial group is significantly less than
the number in the control group, the drug has been effective.
S Sample
G Allocate to 2 Groups (Experimental group and
Control Group)
P Pretreatment
IV State the Independe4nt Variable
T Time
R Results
9. Sampling
Convenience Sample-readily
available without any attempt
to make the sample
representative of the
population
Random Sample-every
member of population has an
equal chance of being
selected
10. Stratified Sampling
Random-Stratified Sample-
involves identifying all of
the people within each
stratum of research
interest, then randomly
selecting samples of
proportionate size from
each stratum
11. Descriptive Research
Case Study-an intensive in
depth investigation of some
behaviour or event of interest
in an individual, small group
or situation.
Observational Study-involves
collection of data by carefully
watching and recording
behaviour as it occurs.
12. Presentation of Results
If you use a graph to show your
results, you would normally graph the
independent variable (the one you
changed) on the x-axis, and the dependent
variable (what you measured) on the y-
axis.
When the dependent variable changes
with time, you can graph time on the x-
axis and the dependent variable on they-
axis.
13. Continuous Data
Data that can take on
an infinite number of
values between whole
numbers.
Examples:
height, temperature
and time
This data is presented
on a line graph
Growth of Plant
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
1 2 3 4 5
Time (days)
Height(cm)
Control
X
Y
Z
14. Discontinuous Data (Discrete Data)
Data in which the
variable can only take
one of a finite set of
values
Columns should not
touch if data is
discrete
Height of Plant
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
control X Y Z
Fertilizer
Height(cm)
15. Qualitative Data
Deals with descriptions.
Data can be observed but not
measured.
Colors, textures, smells, tastes, a
ppearance, beauty, etc.
Qualitative → Quality
16. Quantitative Data
Deals with numbers.
Data which can be
measured.
Length, height, weight, spe
ed, time, temperature, ag
es, etc.
Quantitative → Quantity
17. Ethics
Voluntary Participation
Informed Consent
Deception
Confidentiality
Debreifing
Withdrawal Rights
Very
Intelligent
Dudes
Can
Do
Well
18. Chapter 3: The Visual Perception System
Consists of a complete
network of physiological
structures involved in vision.
Includes eyes, sensory
receptors (retina), neural
pathways and the visual
cortex.
19. Chapter 3: The Visual Perception System
1. Visual sensation:
Detection or awareness of the presence of
light energy produced by stimulation of the
photo receptors on the retina.
It is a physiological process.
It is the same for everyone without
damage.
.
20. Perception
2. Visual perception:
Selection, organisation and
interpretation of visual
sensations by the brain into
meaningful info.
This is influenced by
physiological and psychological
factors, therefore is a unique
experience for everyone
21. Response to Light
The human eye is sensitive to a very
narrow band of electromagnetic
spectrum, this is called the visible
light spectrum.
This spectrum starts at short
wavelengths of 380nanometres (1
billionth of a metre), which are
violet/blue and ends at larger
wavelengths of 760nm, which are
orange/red in colour.
22. Anatomy of the Eye
Ciliary muscle: to control the shape of the
lens
Iris: to control the amount of light entering
the lens
Pupil: to allow light through
Lens: to converge light to form a sharp
image on the retina
Cornea: to bend light towards the lens
Retina: to act as a screen for the image
Optic nerve: to carry signals from the
retina to the brain
23. Process of Sensation & Perception
Reception:
The process of detecting the presence of, or
changes in, light energy in the retina.
Transduction:
The process by which photoreceptors change
electromagnetic energy into electrochemical
energy.
Transmission:
The process of sending and receiving information
in the form of electrochemical energy along a
nerve pathway to the brain.
24. Selection – The detection and coding of
features of a stimulus, such as size, colour and
movement.
Organisation – The grouping of elements to
be viewed in a meaningful way.
Interpretation – The process by which the
whole is given meaning. This is done by
comparing new info. with info. already stored
in memory.
25. Perceptual Principles
Gestalt Principles:
German word meaning shape
and form.
‘The whole is greater than the
sum of its parts.’
In psychology this is considered
the way we perceive stimuli by
grouping parts into a
whole, complete form. This is an
automatic process.
26. Closure
The tendency to mentally
fill or ignore gaps in visual
stimuli and perceive the
object to be a meaningful
whole.
27. Figure Ground
The tendency to perceive points of
the visual stimulus as being more
relevant (the figure) and standing
out against a less relevant
background (ground.)
The contour line (or edges) of a
shape helps us to define the object
to make it the centre of our focus, it
becomes the figure while all other
visual info. becomes the ground
28. Depth Cues
Source of information from
the environment or within
our bodies which helps us to
perceive an object’s distance.
Our retina receives info. as 2D
images, but using depth cues
it’s converted into 3D reality.
29. Categories of Depth Cues
Monocular – requiring one eye only:
Secondary (info. from external
sources) = Pictorial depth cues
Primary (info. from internal sources =
Accommodation
Binocular – requiring use of both
eyes:
Primary (info. from internal sources) =
Convergence + Retinal Disparity
30. Visual Illusions
The consistent
misinterpretation/distortion
of real sensory stimuli.
Most illusions occur because
they create a perception that
is inconsistent with the retinal
image.
31. Muller-Lyer Illusion
2 parallel lines of equal
length are placed side to
side.
The line with the outward
facing arrows is perceived
to be longer.
32. Explanation
Misapplication of size constancy
The line with inward facing arrows looks like the
closer outside corner of a building & the
feathertail line looks like the further corner of a
room.
If 2 lines cast the same retinal image, but one is
further away then the further one must be
longer.
Therefore because the feathertail line is
perceived as further away our brain interprets it
as longer & we perceive it as such.
We are said to perceptually expand the more
distant line.
33. Perceptual Set-Why we Interpret the Way We Do
Perceptual set expectancy:
A predisposition or readiness to
perceive stimuli in accordance with
certain expectations.
This may cause us to select certain
aspects of the stimulus or ignore
other aspects.
34. Factors Affecting Perceptual Set
Motivation:
Processes that direct & sustain our behaviour
towards achieving a particular goal.
May be influenced by psychological (desires) or
physiological (hunger) factors.
Cultural Factors:
The culture in which we are raised influences our
ideas, knowledge, beliefs & attitudes.
Emotional State:
Different emotions can cause us to perceive
certain stimuli in certain ways.
35. Chapter 4: Lifespan Development
Age related changes that
occur from
birth, throughout a
person’s life, into and
during old age.
36. Maturation
The orderly and sequential
developmental changes
which occur in the nervous
system and other bodily
structures controlled by
our genes.
37. Nature vs Nurture
The nature versus nurture
debate concerns the relative
importance of an individual's
innate qualities ("nature," i.e.
nativism, or innatism) versus
personal experiences ("nurture,"
i.e. empiricism or behaviorism)
in determining or causing
individual differences in physical
and behavioral traits.
38. Research Methods for Developmental Studies
Cross sectional-selects &
compares groups of
participants of different ages
over a short period of time
Longitudinal- a long term
investigation that follows the
same group of people over an
extended period of time.
39. Research Methods for Developmental Studies
Cohort-Sequential-
combines the cross-
sectional & Longitudinal.
Eg 3 cohorts of adolescents
aged 14, 16 & 18 every 2
years over a 4 year period.
40. Chapter 5: Theories of Psychological
Development
Perceptual – Gibson
Emotional –
Bowlby, Ainsworth, Harlow
Cognitive - Piaget
Moral -Kohlberg
Psychosocial – Erikson
Psychological
Development
Perceptual
Gibson
Emotional
Bowlby, Ai
nsworth &
Harlow
Cognitive
Piaget
Moral
Kohlberg
Psychosocial
Erikson
41. Gibson & Visual Cliff
The apparatus used by
Gibson was “the visual
cliff”
Infants who had crawling
experience were fearful of
the apparent drop and
refused to cross over to
their mothers.
42. Gibson’s theory
Emphasised key processes involved in
perceptual development. These
include:
Role of the infant as an active explorer
The affordance (perceived qualities)
of objects or events that are
experienced
The way perceptual exploration
becomes more and more specific and
differentiated (selective) with age
43. Perceptual development cont.
Exploration and the search for
affordances are important
features of perceptual
development
Affordances are the perceived
and actual properties of
something in the
environment that suggest
how it should be used.
44. Definition of Attachment
An enduring emotional tie
to a special
person, characterized by a
tendency to seek and
maintain
closeness, especially during
times of stress.
45. Bowlby’s 4 Key Characteristics of Attachment
Proximity Maintenance-
desire to be near the caregiver.
Safe Haven-
the ability to be able to return to
the caregiver when scared.
Secure Base-
from which infant can explore
surrounding environment.
Separation distress-
anxiety when caregiver leaves
46. Ainsworth
• Mary Ainsworth researched
• Designed the “strange situation”
• A lab experiment with 8
different episodes of separation
and reunion
• Attached infant will:
• Use mother as a secure base
• Be soothed by the mother
during the reunion
47. Harlow discovered that baby monkeys deprived
of their mothers (left) would transfer their affections
to a cloth surrogate. When they needed to eat, they would scamper
over to a milk-bearing wire mother, but then quickly return to cuddle
with the softer surrogate.
48. Key principles of Piaget’s theory
• Information is organised into
schemas (groups of inter-related
ideas)
• Based on principles of
– assimilation (process of taking in
new information and fitting it into
and making it part of an existing
mental idea about objects or the
world)
– accommodation (refers to
changing an existing mental idea in
order to fit new information)
Sucking on her rattle
(assimilation), she will
eventually develop an
understanding that
rattles only make noise
(accommodation)
49. 1.Object permanence
• Object permanence is the understanding that objects
still exist even if they cannot be see or touched.
Eg. When a toy is hidden an infant believes that it does not exist anymore
50. Children are only capable of
seeing the world from their
point of view and therefore have
trouble in seeing things from
another person’s point of view
Eg. When told to hide they cover their eyes, because they
cant see themselves they think others cant see them
either
2.Egocentrism
51. Understanding that something can change from one
stat to another
Eg. The child cannot explain the melting process despite being able to
identify the ice-blocks (solid) and the melted ice blocks (liquid)
2.Transformation
52. 2.Animism
Animism is the belief that everything that exists has
some kind of consciousness or awareness.
Eg: the toy that can feel tired or sad.
53. 2.Reversibility
• Is the ability to follow a
line of reasoning back to
its original starting point
Eg. a child might be able to recognize that his
or her dog is a Labrador, that a Labrador is a
dog, and that a dog is an animal.
54. Refers to the idea that an object does not change its
weight, mass, volume or area when the object
changes its shape or appearance
3.Conservation
55. 3.Classification
Classification is the ability to organise information
into categories based on common features.
Eg: a banana can belong to a group of yellow objects as
well as belong to the group of fruit.
56. 4.Abstract thinking
Abstract thinking refers to thinking without needing
to see or visualise things in order to understand
concepts.
Eg: understanding concepts such as
justice, honesty, respect
57. 4.Logical thinking
Logical thinking refers to the ability to think in a
systematic way and develop a plan to solve problems.
Eg: doing algebra
58. Kohlberg’s Theory of Moral Development
♂ Level 1: Preconventional (0-9 years)
♂ Stage 1: Obedience and Punishment Orientation
♂ Stage 2: Naively egotistical Orientation
♂ Level 2: Conventional (10-15 years)
♂ Stage 3: Good Boy/ Nice Girl Orientation
♂ Stage 4: Law & Social Order Maintaining Orientation
♂ Level 3: Postconventional (16+years)
♂ Stage 5: Legalistic-Social Contract Orientation
♂ Stage 6: Universal Ethical Orientation
59. Criticisms of Kohlberg’s Theory
American male bias
What people say is not always
consistent with what they do
Method of data collection-
young children who may not
understand the stories or
express their thinking.
Cultural differences not
addressed
60. Erikson’s Theory of Psychosocial Development
Psychosocial development theory is based
on eight stages of development
Erikson’s theory is based on the idea that
development through life is a series of
stages which are each defined by a crisis or
challenge
The early stages provide the foundations
for later stages so Erikson says that if a
child does not resolve a crisis in a
particular stage, they will have problems in
later stages
Erik Erikson
(1902-1994)
Danish
Psychoanalyst
61.
62. Baltes’ Selection, Optimisation and
Compensation Theory
Successful Ageing: Promoting
gains and managing losses.
Optimisation: making the
most of the
abilities, resources and
opportunities available to
achieve the optimal or best
outcome.
Compensation: new coping
strategies
63. Chapter 6: Mental Illness across Lifespan
ADHD is a disorder
characterised by
inattention, and
hyperactive and impulsive
behaviour that is more
frequent and server than in
other children of the same
age. Usually symptoms of
ADHD become apparent in
children before they reach
7 years of age.
64. Schizophrenia
Schizophrenia is a
psychotic illness
characterised by distorted
perceptions
(hallucinations), bizarre
thoughts, disorganised
speech, disturbed
emotions and a
deterioration in coping
with everyday life.
65. Dementia is the progressive deterioration
of the functioning of neurons in the brain,
resulting in memory impairment, a decline
in intellectual ability, poor judgement and,
sometimes, personality changes. There are
many different types of dementia – the
most common is Alzheimer's disease.
Dementia can affect different people in
different ways, some become bewildered
and frightened by the changes and others
seem unconcerned and unaware of their
deteriorating abilities.
Dementia
66. Activity: Jelly Bean Command Terms
Name
State
Describe
Distinguish
Explain
Summarise (in one
sentence)