Dr. P.S. Deb's document provides a history of neuroscience from ancient times to modern day. Some key points covered include: - Ancient Greeks like Hippocrates, Aristotle, and Herophilus debated whether the brain or heart was the seat of cognition and intelligence. - In the 17th-18th centuries, scientists like Descartes, Willis, and Mesmer advanced understanding of brain function, electricity, and magnetism. - In the 19th century, phrenology emerged while scientists like Broca, Ferrier, Jackson, Darwin, and Sherrington discovered brain localization of function and the neuron. - The 20th century saw advances in imaging like EEG, CT, PET

1. History of Neuroscience Dr P.S. Deb

2. Search for seat of Mind Ancient

6. Optic nerve as hollow carried the information to the brain where sensory modalities had its own localization

8. Herophilus – 335-280 BC Father of Anatomy Ventricles are seat of human intelligence Termed Spinal cord as caudal prolongation of the rhombencephelon "the neura that make voluntary motion possible have their origin in the cerebrum (enkephalos) and spinal marrow"

9. Ventricular Pneumatic doctrine brain functions were carried out in the cerebral ventricles by the psychic pneuma, or animal spirit, a sort of special and light substance endowed with the power to perform sensory, motor and mental activities

10. Galen 130-200 AD 177 - Galen lecture On the Brain

11. Ventricle the seat of Mind Soul could not be localized but mind could First ventricle the common sense Second – reason, thinking and wisdom Third – Memory Nemesius (circa 320), bishop of Emesa

12. The Renaissance of Neuroscience

13. Leonardo Da Vinci April 15, 1452 – May 2, 1519

14. Andreas Vesalius (1514-1564 CE)

15. William Gilbert – 1600 Electricity

16. Galileo Galilei 1564-1642

17. Descartes 1596-1650 1649 - Rene Descartes describes pineal as control center of body and mind

18. Sir Isaac Newton 1643-1727

19. 1664 - Thomas Willis 1664 - Publishes Cerebrianatome (in Latin) 1681 - coins the term Neurology Reflex word was first used to described element act of NS Chemistry is the basis of human function not mechanical

20. Woodcut of the execution and resuscitation “of Anne Green in 1651 from News from the Dead. Oxford. R. Watkins, Oxford 1651, Bliss B 65 (2)."

21. Cerebrianatome – thomaswillis

22. Animal magnetism Freidrich Anton mesmer ( 1734-1815) Animal magnetism (Mesmerizm) System of healing based on disturbance of universal energy field Mesmerism: a magnet and later hand to heal disease

23. Mesmer’s Tub Gathered around a large oaken tub filled with magnetized water, iron filings and glass, Mesmer's patients grasped rods, held hands and waited for healing to take effect.

24. Bioelectricity 1791 - Luigi Galvani publishes work on electrical stimulation of frog nerves 1809 - Luigi Rolando uses galvanic current to stimulate cortex

25. Brain function as Part or Whole Recent

26. 1809 - Luigi Rolando Ablation studies in animal – cerebrum and cerebellum Stimulated animal cortex Conluded - cerebrum controlled voluntary body functions and the cerebellum controlled involuntary functions.

27. Phrenology Franz Joseph Gall 1806 The theory of Gall and Spurzheim is ... an instance of a theory which, while essentially wrong, was just enough right to further scientific thought…Edwin Boring

28. Phrenology Chart

29. Phrenology - Intelegence

30. Phrenology – Types of Human

31. Johann KasparSpurzheim (1809-72)

32. 1824 - Marie-Jean-Pierre Flourens

33. 1825 - Jean-BaptisteBouillaud Presents cases of loss of speech after frontal lesions from clinicopathological correlation. We cannot test speech in animal Frontal lobe has other higher function which differentiate from animal. By symptom we can localize the cerebral lesion. Cerebellum controlled equilibrium and station Frontal lobe and higher mental functions

34. Phinease Gage (1848) On 13th Sept 1848 a railroad worker hard working, diligent, reliable, responsible, intelligent, good humored, polite god fearing, family oriented foreman Following an explosion iron bar drove into frontal lobe 1. He becomes unreliable and fails to come to work and when present he is "lazy." 2. He has no interest in going to church, constantly drinks alcohol, gambles, and "whores about." 3. He is accused of sexually molesting young children. 4. He ignores his wife and children and fails to meet his financial and family obligations. 5. He has lost his sense of humour. 6. He curses constantly and does so in inappropriate circumstances. 7. Died of status epilepticus in 1861

36. Seizure origin from cortex not medulla due to electrical activity

38. Charles Darwin 1808-1882

39. Pierre Gratiolet <>Ernest Auburtin Brain Size and Volume brain acted as a whole and that localized functional centers did not exist

40. Lobar Localization Paul Broca1861

41. 1870, Hitzig and Fritsch Electrically stimulated various parts of a dog's motor cortex. They observed that depending on what part of the cortex they stimulated, a different part of the body contracted. Then they found that if they destroyed this same small area of the cortex, the corresponding part of the body became paralyzed. This is how it was discovered that every part of the body has a particular region of the primary motor cortex that controls its movement.

42. 1870 - David Ferrier

43. Discovery of Neuron RamonyCajal and Camillo Golgi 1906 Noble

44. 1906 - Sir Charles Scott Sherrington 1906- The Integrative Action of the Nervous system that describes the synapse and motor cortex Spinal reflex 1932 Nobel Prize

45. Leyton SSF & Sherrington CS (1917).Observations on the excitable cortex of the chimpanzee, orang-utan and gorilla. Q J Exp Physiol11, 135–222. Figure 1. Motor maps of the gorilla cortex A, scale drawing of the left hemisphere of one of Leyton & Sherrington’s experiments on a gorilla (gorilla 1). The numbers and letters encode a wide range of different primary movements evoked by faradic stimulation. Eye movements (372–388) were generally evoked from an area further rostral from the motor cortex. Owing to lack of space, many motor effects were not plotted. B, simplified ‘map’ showing ‘responses grouped diagrammatically’,

46. Brodmann’s area: 1909

47. 1909 - Harvey Cushing is first to electrically stimulate human sensory cortex 1920 - Henry Head publishes Studies in Neurology 1928 - Philip Bard suggests the neural mechanism of rage is in the diencephalon 1929 - Walter B. Cannon coins the term homeostasis 1929 - Hans Berger publishes his findings about the first human EEG 1936 - Egas Moniz publishes work on the first human frontal lobotomy 1937 - James Papez publishes work on limbic circuit 1950 - Karl Lashley publishes In Search of the Engram

48. 1957 - W. Penfield

49. Cortical localization

50. Emotion Localization

51. Modern Phrenology

52. CT Scan

53. PET scan

54. MRI Brain

55. fMRI