Psych 101 - Introduction to Psychology - Lecture 3WhatisPsychology
This lecture provides an overview of the physiology and complexity of the human brain and the nervous system. We will briefly examine the biological basis of behavior.
Psych 101 - Introduction to Psychology - Lecture 3WhatisPsychology
This lecture provides an overview of the physiology and complexity of the human brain and the nervous system. We will briefly examine the biological basis of behavior.
psychology
introduction to psychology
schools of psychology
scopes of psychology
methods of psychology
relevance of nursing
application of psychology
branches of psychology
evolution of psychology
This is just a little intro to our high school psych course. It covers the early pioneers of psychology as well as the various schools of thought regarding psych.
Schools of Thought in Psychology
When psychology first emerged as a science separate from biology and philosophy, the debate over how to describe and explain the human mind and behavior began. The different schools of psychology represent the major theories within psychology.
psychology
introduction to psychology
schools of psychology
scopes of psychology
methods of psychology
relevance of nursing
application of psychology
branches of psychology
evolution of psychology
This is just a little intro to our high school psych course. It covers the early pioneers of psychology as well as the various schools of thought regarding psych.
Schools of Thought in Psychology
When psychology first emerged as a science separate from biology and philosophy, the debate over how to describe and explain the human mind and behavior began. The different schools of psychology represent the major theories within psychology.
General Principles of the Sensory Systems and Perceptionby Ken.docxhanneloremccaffery
General Principles of the Sensory Systems and Perception
by Ken Koenigshofer, Ph.D.
Copyright 2004
Imagine that your brain was isolated from the external world. Could you experience the world? The answer is "No." Could you direct your behavior successfully (adaptively) in the world if your brain was isolated from contact with the external world? Again the answer is "No."
The brain, without sensory systems, is in fact isolated from the world. After all, the brain is inside your skull, hidden away from the external world. So, there must be systems that can get information about the external world into your head.
We will consider several major ideas in this lecture. What I want to do is to give you several principles that apply in general to all of our sensory systems, and to the sensory systems of most animals as well (and perhaps life forms elsewhere in the universe if they exist).
If you can understand these general principles it will be easier to learn the specific facts about each sensory system. In addition, your understanding of these general principles will also allow you to gain insight into some very interesting issues, some of which border on the philosophical.
Have you heard the question posed, perhaps in a philosophy class, "If a tree falls in a forest and there is no one there to hear it, was there a sound?" You will be able to answer this and to explain the rationale for your unexpected answer to others who probably won't agree with you (you'll be able to convince them!).
Well, let's get started.
Sensory systems are the input systems to the brain.
However, interestingly, the brain itself is completely insensitive to the external world in its raw forms. The brain uses neural code. It deals in neuron potentials. It cannot deal with the world in its raw forms. Energies in the external world must be converted into neuron potentials.
Here's what I mean. Imagine that you are a neurosurgeon. Like others of your profession, when you do brain surgery, one of the first steps is to open up the skull of your patient under a local anesthetic, which deadens the scalp and the skull, but leaves your patient conscious and alert. The reason this is possible is because there are no pain receptors in the brain itself, but only in the surrounding scalp, skull, and meninges (a three-layered membrane covering the brain and attached to the skull). Now imagine, that with the skull opened up and the brain exposed, you direct a beam of light from a flashlight in the darkened surgery room at the visual area of the brain, at the rear of it's exposed surface (this is the primary visual cortex). To make this example even more clear, imagine that your patient is blindfolded. Would your patient "see" the light beam, which is now striking and flooding with illumination the visual cells of his or her brain?
I think you can see that, obviously, the patient does not see the beam of light, even though the beam of light is flooding with illumination the ...
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The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
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Prepare a presentation or a paper using research, basic comparative analysis, data organization and application of economic information. You will make an informed assessment of an economic climate outside of the United States to accomplish an entertainment industry objective.
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Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
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Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
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2. Definitions:
The detection of physical energy by our sense
organs, which then relay information to the
brain.
The process by which our sense organs
translate environmental stimulation into
neural impulses to prepare it for processing
by the nervous system.
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4. The two basic requirements for all sensation
are a stimulus and a receptor.
◦ Stimulus: The particular form of energy that the
sense organ is designed to detect.
◦ Receptor: A sensory neuron that responds to
specific stimuli such as light waves, sound
waves, or chemicals in substances.
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5. To activate a sensory receptor, a stimulus
must be at or above the receptor's absolute
threshold.
Absolute threshold refers to the minimum
amount of stimulus energy required to
activate a receptor
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6. Sensory receptors eventually cease to respond to
stimuli that are continually present. In other
words, they become accustomed to the stimuli
(except when they are too intense).
Example: after a while you no longer notice the
sensation of pressure on your skin from a watch
or sock you are wearing.
Sensory adaptation is
essential in allowing us
to focus our attention.
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7. JND refers to the smallest change in the intensity
of a stimulus that we can detect.
The stronger the stimulus, the greater the
change needed for a change in stimulus to be
noticeable.
Example: Imagine how much
light you would need to add
to a very brightly lit room vs
a dark room to notice a
change in illumination.
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9. The stimulus detected by the visual system is
light, a form of electromagnetic energy.
Humans respond to a narrow range of
wavelengths of light.
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11. Cornea – a curved, transparent layer, covering
the iris and pupil. It bends incoming
light, focusing it at the back of the eye.
Iris: The circular arrangement of smooth
muscles that contract and expand to control
the size of the pupil.
Pupil: The opening in the iris that admits light
waves into the eye.
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12. Lens: The transparent structure inside the eye
that changes shape to focus images on the
retina, allowing us to fine-tune the visual
image.
Retina: Tissue at the back of the eyeball;
contains rods and cones which are the
receptors for vision.
◦ Rods – allow us to see in light of low intensity;
enable us to see basic shapes and forms
◦ Cones – allow us to see colour; more sensitive to
detail
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13. Optic Nerve: Nerve that travels from the
retina to the brain, conveying visual
information.
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14. Light waves strike the cornea and pass
through the pupil to the lens.
The lens focuses the light waves onto the
retina which contains the light-sensitive
receptors.
Messages from the receptors are transmitted
to the brain via the optic nerve which exits at
the back of the eyeball.
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15. The point at which the optic nerve exits the
eye is a blind spot.
No light receptors are located at this point so
if an image is focused on this region, it will
not be seen.
Try the activity on the next slide to find your
blind spot!
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16. Make a small dot on the left side of a piece of
paper and a small + on the right side (as
shown below), with about 6-8 inches between
them.
Hold the paper about 20 inches away, close
your right eye and stare at the +. Slowly move
the paper closer, all the time focusing on the
+.
After a while, the dot will disappear – this is
when the dot falls on the blind spot in your
left eye.
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18. The stimulus detected by the auditory system
is sound, a form of mechanical energy.
Sound waves vary in frequency, which is
measured in cycles per second, or Hertz (Hz).
Humans can detect frequencies ranging form
about 20 to 20,000 Hz.
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20. Outer ear: the visible portion of the ear that
collects sound waves and funnels them onto
the eardrum.
Eardrum: the membrane between the outer
ear and the inner ear.
Middle ear: an air-filled cavity containing
three small bones known as the ossicles (the
hammer, anvil and stirrup) which conduct
vibrations.
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21. Inner ear: the part of the ear that contains the
cochlea, vestibule, and semicircular canals.
Cochlea – contains the receptors for sound.
Auditory nerve: carries auditory information
from the ear to the brain.
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22. Sound waves enter the outer ear, pass
through the auditory canal, and set up
vibrations of the eardrum.
The three bones of the middle ear transmit
the vibrations to the cochlea through its
oval window.
The auditory nerve carries messages from
the hearing receptors inside the cochlea to
the brain.
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23.
24. The four basic tastes are sweet, salty, sour
and bitter.
In recent years, scientists have considered a
fifth taste – umami
The taste receptors are called taste buds and
can be found in the bumps on the tongue
(papillae) and at the back of the throat.
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25. Smell (Olfaction)
Olfactory epithelium:
the part of the nasal
passage that contains
receptor cells for smell.
Odorants: chemical
molecules that
stimulate the receptor
cells for smell.
When olfactory receptors come in contact with
odorants, action potentials are triggered in
olfactory neurons.
26.
27. The system that helps us to detect touch and
pain is the somatosensory system.
The somatosensory system responds to various
types of stimuli, for example, pressure and
temperature.
We sense touch, temperature and pain with nerve
endings located in the skin.
Different parts of the body have varying degrees
of sensitivity to touch.
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28. The sense of bodily position is called proprioception
(or kinesthetic sense).
Proprioception helps us to keep track of where we are
and move efficiently.
The receptors for body position are called
proprioceptors, which help us to sense muscle
strength and force.
Two types of proprioceptors: stretch receptors
located in the muscles, and force detectors
embedded in the tendons.
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29. Our sense of balance or equilibrium is called
the vestibular sense.
It depends on hair-like
receptors in the inner
ear's three semicircular
canals and vestibular
sacs.
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