This powerpoint is from my psychology class. It has borrowed material and some duplicate slides due to some rearranging I was doing in the presentation.
When psychology first emerged as a science separate from biology and philosophy, the debate over how to describe and explain the human mind and behavior began.
The different schools of psychology represent the major theories within psychology.
This powerpoint is from my psychology class. It has borrowed material and some duplicate slides due to some rearranging I was doing in the presentation.
When psychology first emerged as a science separate from biology and philosophy, the debate over how to describe and explain the human mind and behavior began.
The different schools of psychology represent the major theories within psychology.
lecture 11 from a college level introduction to psychology course taught Fall 2011 by Brian J. Piper, Ph.D. (psy391@gmail.com) at Willamette University, includes Binet, Terman, Wechsler, WAIS, reliability, validity, norms
Behaviorism school of thought in psychologyNadeemShoukat3
Ishallah this video help you to comprehend about behaviorism school of thought, its major thinker, major experiment, advantages and disadvantages and much more
socio cultural perspective in psychologyAQSA SHAHID
What is the Social-Cultural Perspective? The social-cultural perspective considers the way that different individuals interact with their social groups and how these social groups influence different individuals and how they develop throughout their lives.
lecture 11 from a college level introduction to psychology course taught Fall 2011 by Brian J. Piper, Ph.D. (psy391@gmail.com) at Willamette University, includes Binet, Terman, Wechsler, WAIS, reliability, validity, norms
Behaviorism school of thought in psychologyNadeemShoukat3
Ishallah this video help you to comprehend about behaviorism school of thought, its major thinker, major experiment, advantages and disadvantages and much more
socio cultural perspective in psychologyAQSA SHAHID
What is the Social-Cultural Perspective? The social-cultural perspective considers the way that different individuals interact with their social groups and how these social groups influence different individuals and how they develop throughout their lives.
Heridity and Evolution - Biology Class 10 CBSEAthira S
This Powerpoint Presentation is on the chapter Heredity and Evolution from class 10 Biology in CBSE Board. The contents of the presentation are from the NCERT science textbook for class 10 and Lakhmir Singh Biology Handbook Class 10.
Genetic and Environmental FoundationsChapter 2.docxbudbarber38650
Genetic and Environmental Foundations
Chapter 2
Where do we start? What is inherited from our parents and their ancestors and what role does environment contribute? These are but a few of the questions that this chapter will explore.
1
Heredity
DNA
Chromosomes
Genes
Meiosis
Mitosis
Heredity defines one’s nature – which based on the biological transmission of traits and characteristics from one generation to another. The structures we inherit both make our behaviors possible and places limits on them.
Genetic (inherited) influences are fundamental in the transmission of physical traits, such as height, hair texture, and eye color. Genetics also appears to be a factor in intelligence and in the origins of personality traits such as activity level, sociability, shyness, fearfulness etc. Genetic influences are also implicated in psychological problems and disorders such as anxiety and depression, dependence on nicotine and alcohol etc.
Chromosomes and genes – rod shaped structures found in cells. A normal human cell contains 46 chromosomes organized into 23 pairs. Each chromosome contains thousands of segments called genes. Genes carry the biochemical materials that regulate the development of traits. Polygenic – some traits are determined by the combination of pairs of genes.
We begin life as a single cell or zygote. There are 2 types of cell division.
Mitosis – cell division process by which growth occurs and tissues are replaced. Through mitosis, genetic code is carried into new cells in our bodies.
Sperm and ova are produced through meiosis, or reduction division. In meiosis the 46 chromosomes within the cell first line up into 23 pairs. The DNA ladders then unzip, leaving unpaired chromosome halves. As a consequence each new cell only contains 23 chromosomes.
2
Fertilization
Union of egg and sperm
Zygote
Union of egg and sperm - please note sperm with y sex chromosomes seem to swim faster then x one of the reason more boys are conceived then girls. Male fetuses suffer higher rate of spontaneous abortion usually during the first month of pregnancy. Boys also higher rate of infant mortality
The resulting fertilized egg is called a zygote.
3
Male or Female
Autosomes
Twenty-third pair (sex chromosomes)
XX
XY
When a sperm cell fertilizes an ovum we receive 23 from each which combine for the 23 pairs. Twenty-two of the pairs are autosomes – pair that look alike and possess genetic information concerning the same set of traits.
The 23rd pair consists of the sex chromosomes which look different and determine our sex. Males are XY and females are XX
4
Multiple Births
How they occur
Dizygotic twins
Monozygotic twins
Monozygotic or identical twins – one egg fertilized and then the zygote divides into 2.
Dizygotic twins – two eggs fertilized by different sperm.
MZ twins occur with equal frequency in all ethnic groups – but for DZ incidence does vary. European Americans.
Lec 02 Factors influencing Human Growth and DevelopmentDr. Imran A. Sajid
These slides are prepared for students of BS Social Work. Social Workers come across clients in different age groups and categories. This subject helps them put the client into social, physical, psychological, and emotional perspectives.
Dr. Imran A. Sajid
Department of Social Work, University of Peshawar, Pakistan
Research MethodsLearning Objectives You will learn how.docxronak56
Research Methods
Learning Objectives
You will learn how psychological research is conducted
You will learn about ethics in research
You will learn the strengths and weaknesses of different research methods
Scientific Method
Theories and hypotheses
Theories come from lots of data
A hypothesis is a testable prediction based on a theory
Theory: Fear is learned
Hypothesis: Repeated pairings of a loud noise and a white rat will result in a fear response when the rat is presented alone
Generate a hypothesis to test this theory
Theory: Dysfunctional thoughts lead to dysfunctional behavior
Hypothesis:??????
How we collect data
Naturalistic observation
Sort of like spying
No interference
Provides qualitative and quantitative descriptions
Relationship between hand-raising and grade in class?
Demographics of a population
Can’t draw causal inferences
How we collect data
Ethnography, or participant observer
Qualitative descriptions
Individual participates in a culture or group
Can’t draw causal inferences
Case Studies
Interviews, clinical examples, usually one or two people
Qualitative- cannot draw causal inferences
Survey Research- Self Report
Small sample represents a population
How we collect data
Psychophysiological data
Skin conductance
Blood pressure
Heart rate
Electroencephalogram (EEG)- electrical activity in the brain
Computerized axial tomography (CAT) scan- structure of brain
Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI)- 3D image of brain and active areas
Validity
External
Can we generalize outside of our sample?
Are measures of anxiety similar to other measures
Internal
Are we measuring the thing we think we are measuring?
Do all these questions relate to anxiety?
Discriminant
Are our measurements inconsistent with measures of different things?
Is our measure of anxiety different from measures of depression
Reliability
Reliability-
Does it always measure the same thing?
Test-Retest Reliability
Is this measure consistent over time? Is it supposed to be?
Two major types of research
Correlational Research
Examines relationships between factors (-1 to +1)
Ask only if the relationship exists
CORRELATION DOES NOT INDICATE CAUSATION
Experimental
Situations controlled carefully
Uncovers causal relationships by isolating variables
Correlations
Correlations
Used in psychometrics- evaluating psychological measures
Validity and Reliability are evaluated with correlations
Correlations
Useful in telling us how to do an experiment, especially when the correlation is surprising
Experiments
Experiments
Involve two or more controlled conditions, comparing the outcomes
Control /comparison group- default, not exposed to variable being studied
Experimental/ criterion group- control + new variable
Different outcome = New Variable is responsible
Variables
Independent (IV)- manipulated
Dependent (DV)- measured, how you know stuff happened
Random Assignment
To make sure experimental and control groups are the same b ...
Multi-source connectivity as the driver of solar wind variability in the heli...Sérgio Sacani
The ambient solar wind that flls the heliosphere originates from multiple
sources in the solar corona and is highly structured. It is often described
as high-speed, relatively homogeneous, plasma streams from coronal
holes and slow-speed, highly variable, streams whose source regions are
under debate. A key goal of ESA/NASA’s Solar Orbiter mission is to identify
solar wind sources and understand what drives the complexity seen in the
heliosphere. By combining magnetic feld modelling and spectroscopic
techniques with high-resolution observations and measurements, we show
that the solar wind variability detected in situ by Solar Orbiter in March
2022 is driven by spatio-temporal changes in the magnetic connectivity to
multiple sources in the solar atmosphere. The magnetic feld footpoints
connected to the spacecraft moved from the boundaries of a coronal hole
to one active region (12961) and then across to another region (12957). This
is refected in the in situ measurements, which show the transition from fast
to highly Alfvénic then to slow solar wind that is disrupted by the arrival of
a coronal mass ejection. Our results describe solar wind variability at 0.5 au
but are applicable to near-Earth observatories.
Nutraceutical market, scope and growth: Herbal drug technologyLokesh Patil
As consumer awareness of health and wellness rises, the nutraceutical market—which includes goods like functional meals, drinks, and dietary supplements that provide health advantages beyond basic nutrition—is growing significantly. As healthcare expenses rise, the population ages, and people want natural and preventative health solutions more and more, this industry is increasing quickly. Further driving market expansion are product formulation innovations and the use of cutting-edge technology for customized nutrition. With its worldwide reach, the nutraceutical industry is expected to keep growing and provide significant chances for research and investment in a number of categories, including vitamins, minerals, probiotics, and herbal supplements.
(May 29th, 2024) Advancements in Intravital Microscopy- Insights for Preclini...Scintica Instrumentation
Intravital microscopy (IVM) is a powerful tool utilized to study cellular behavior over time and space in vivo. Much of our understanding of cell biology has been accomplished using various in vitro and ex vivo methods; however, these studies do not necessarily reflect the natural dynamics of biological processes. Unlike traditional cell culture or fixed tissue imaging, IVM allows for the ultra-fast high-resolution imaging of cellular processes over time and space and were studied in its natural environment. Real-time visualization of biological processes in the context of an intact organism helps maintain physiological relevance and provide insights into the progression of disease, response to treatments or developmental processes.
In this webinar we give an overview of advanced applications of the IVM system in preclinical research. IVIM technology is a provider of all-in-one intravital microscopy systems and solutions optimized for in vivo imaging of live animal models at sub-micron resolution. The system’s unique features and user-friendly software enables researchers to probe fast dynamic biological processes such as immune cell tracking, cell-cell interaction as well as vascularization and tumor metastasis with exceptional detail. This webinar will also give an overview of IVM being utilized in drug development, offering a view into the intricate interaction between drugs/nanoparticles and tissues in vivo and allows for the evaluation of therapeutic intervention in a variety of tissues and organs. This interdisciplinary collaboration continues to drive the advancements of novel therapeutic strategies.
Richard's entangled aventures in wonderlandRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
The increased availability of biomedical data, particularly in the public domain, offers the opportunity to better understand human health and to develop effective therapeutics for a wide range of unmet medical needs. However, data scientists remain stymied by the fact that data remain hard to find and to productively reuse because data and their metadata i) are wholly inaccessible, ii) are in non-standard or incompatible representations, iii) do not conform to community standards, and iv) have unclear or highly restricted terms and conditions that preclude legitimate reuse. These limitations require a rethink on data can be made machine and AI-ready - the key motivation behind the FAIR Guiding Principles. Concurrently, while recent efforts have explored the use of deep learning to fuse disparate data into predictive models for a wide range of biomedical applications, these models often fail even when the correct answer is already known, and fail to explain individual predictions in terms that data scientists can appreciate. These limitations suggest that new methods to produce practical artificial intelligence are still needed.
In this talk, I will discuss our work in (1) building an integrative knowledge infrastructure to prepare FAIR and "AI-ready" data and services along with (2) neurosymbolic AI methods to improve the quality of predictions and to generate plausible explanations. Attention is given to standards, platforms, and methods to wrangle knowledge into simple, but effective semantic and latent representations, and to make these available into standards-compliant and discoverable interfaces that can be used in model building, validation, and explanation. Our work, and those of others in the field, creates a baseline for building trustworthy and easy to deploy AI models in biomedicine.
Bio
Dr. Michel Dumontier is the Distinguished Professor of Data Science at Maastricht University, founder and executive director of the Institute of Data Science, and co-founder of the FAIR (Findable, Accessible, Interoperable and Reusable) data principles. His research explores socio-technological approaches for responsible discovery science, which includes collaborative multi-modal knowledge graphs, privacy-preserving distributed data mining, and AI methods for drug discovery and personalized medicine. His work is supported through the Dutch National Research Agenda, the Netherlands Organisation for Scientific Research, Horizon Europe, the European Open Science Cloud, the US National Institutes of Health, and a Marie-Curie Innovative Training Network. He is the editor-in-chief for the journal Data Science and is internationally recognized for his contributions in bioinformatics, biomedical informatics, and semantic technologies including ontologies and linked data.
Slide 1: Title Slide
Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Slide 2: Introduction to Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Definition: Extrachromosomal inheritance refers to the transmission of genetic material that is not found within the nucleus.
Key Components: Involves genes located in mitochondria, chloroplasts, and plasmids.
Slide 3: Mitochondrial Inheritance
Mitochondria: Organelles responsible for energy production.
Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in mitochondria.
Inheritance Pattern: Maternally inherited, meaning it is passed from mothers to all their offspring.
Diseases: Examples include Leber’s hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON) and mitochondrial myopathy.
Slide 4: Chloroplast Inheritance
Chloroplasts: Organelles responsible for photosynthesis in plants.
Chloroplast DNA (cpDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in chloroplasts.
Inheritance Pattern: Often maternally inherited in most plants, but can vary in some species.
Examples: Variegation in plants, where leaf color patterns are determined by chloroplast DNA.
Slide 5: Plasmid Inheritance
Plasmids: Small, circular DNA molecules found in bacteria and some eukaryotes.
Features: Can carry antibiotic resistance genes and can be transferred between cells through processes like conjugation.
Significance: Important in biotechnology for gene cloning and genetic engineering.
Slide 6: Mechanisms of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Non-Mendelian Patterns: Do not follow Mendel’s laws of inheritance.
Cytoplasmic Segregation: During cell division, organelles like mitochondria and chloroplasts are randomly distributed to daughter cells.
Heteroplasmy: Presence of more than one type of organellar genome within a cell, leading to variation in expression.
Slide 7: Examples of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Four O’clock Plant (Mirabilis jalapa): Shows variegated leaves due to different cpDNA in leaf cells.
Petite Mutants in Yeast: Result from mutations in mitochondrial DNA affecting respiration.
Slide 8: Importance of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Evolution: Provides insight into the evolution of eukaryotic cells.
Medicine: Understanding mitochondrial inheritance helps in diagnosing and treating mitochondrial diseases.
Agriculture: Chloroplast inheritance can be used in plant breeding and genetic modification.
Slide 9: Recent Research and Advances
Gene Editing: Techniques like CRISPR-Cas9 are being used to edit mitochondrial and chloroplast DNA.
Therapies: Development of mitochondrial replacement therapy (MRT) for preventing mitochondrial diseases.
Slide 10: Conclusion
Summary: Extrachromosomal inheritance involves the transmission of genetic material outside the nucleus and plays a crucial role in genetics, medicine, and biotechnology.
Future Directions: Continued research and technological advancements hold promise for new treatments and applications.
Slide 11: Questions and Discussion
Invite Audience: Open the floor for any questions or further discussion on the topic.
2.
Heredity is the passing of traits to
offspring (from its parent or ancestors)
Hereditary traits are determined by
specific genes.
Individuals carry two genes for each
trait, one from the mother’s egg and
one from the father’s sperm.
Heredity
4.
Vital in the transmission of physical traits
(height, eye color)
Vital in the transmission of psychological
traits (shyness, leadership,
aggressiveness)
Shown to be one factor involved in
psychological disorders (anxiety,
depression, bipolar disorder, alcoholism)
Why is Heredity
important?
11.
Make a list of 10 traits you share with your
family
Think: Mom, dad, siblings, grandparents,
cousins, aunts, uncles, stepsiblings, half-
siblings, step-parents, etc.
These traits can be physical (hair color),
psychological (shy or outspoken), or even
disorders (depression)
Make a list:
12.
Throughout history people have debated the role
of biology in determining who we are, as people
Nature: what people inherit- biological
groundwork
V.S.
Nurture: environmental factors- what a
person is exposed to in life
The Nature-Nurture Debate
15.
Genes: Basic building blocks of heredity
Traits are determined by pairs of genes,
with one gene in each pair inherited from
each parent
Genes and Chromosomes
16. Genes are found in threadlike structures
called chromosomes, which are composed of
DNA
Most normal human cells contain 46
chromosomes that are organized into 23
pairs.
Researchers have learned that 22 of the 23
pairs of chromosomes are similar in males
and females; except the 23rd pair (which
determines gender)
Chromosomes
18.
When a child is born without 46
chromosomes
Physical and behavioral disorders may
result
Example: A child born with an extra, or
third, chromosome on the 21st pair will be
born with Down syndrome
Chromosomes
19.
Down syndrome is a
genetic condition in
which a person has 47
chromosomes instead of
the usual 46.
