biotechnology

2. 1. Production of human insulin using
recombinant DNA technology.
2. Production of anti biotic like penicillin
erythromycin. Etc.
3. Production of mono clonal antibodies using
hybridoma technology.
4. Treating defective gene using gene therapy.
5. Identification of immigrants. Criminals,
disputed parents, missing baby etc. using
DNA finger printing technology.

3. 1. Some microbes are used to treat sewage
waste in water purification.
2. Detoxification of industrial waste are done
using microbes.
3. Some microbes are used to reduce the
percentage of oxides of sulphur in industrial
effluents.
4. Degradation of petroleum products and
management of oil spills are done by using
microbes.

4. 1. Production of useful organic compounds
like ethyl alcohol, lactic acid, citric acid etc.
by using microbes.
2. Production of enzymes like amylase, lipase,
protease from microbes.
3. Production of bio fuel like ethanol, bio gas
etc.
4. extraction of some minerals like copper,
uranium, from low grade ore using
microbes.

5. 1.Rapid multiplication of crop plants,
medicinal plants, forest plants and
endangered plants using tissue culture.
2.Production of viral and other pathogen
resistance plants.
3.Production of haploid or polyploidy crop
plants to increase yield.
4.Production of transgenic plants as nitrogen
fixing plants, insect resistance plants etc.

6. 1.To develop Genetically modified animals or
transgenic animals.
2.Transgenic cows – increase milk supply and meat
3.Transgenic Chickens – more resistant to infections.
4.Transgenic Goats, sheep and pigs – produce human
proteins in their milk
5.To increase the heard of specific breed using invitro
fertilization and embryo transfer.
6.Cloning of animals.
7.Transgenic mice – used to study human immune
system.

7. • The three critical research areas of biotechnology
are :
1. Providing the best catalyst in the form of improved
organism. I,e. usually in the form of a microbe or
pure enzyme.
2. Creating optimal conditions for a catalyst to
function.
3. Downstream processing technologies to purify the
protein/organic compound.

9. • Options for increased food production are,
1. Agrochemical – based agriculture.
2. Organic agriculture.
3. Genetically engineered crop-based agriculture.

10. • The Green Revolution succeeded in increasing the yield
of crops mainly due to,
1. Use of improved varieties of crops
2. Use of agrochemicals (fertilizers and pesticides).
3. Increase in the yield with conevtional methods of
breeding.
• But Agrochemicals cause pollution of soil and water. It
is too expensive for the framers.
• The agriculture biotechnology solves this problems in
developing genetically modified crop plants.
• genetically modified plants (GM Plants):
• Plants which genome is modified using r-DNA
technology by introducing alterative gene are called
GM Plants.

11. • The Gm plants are useful in the following ways:
1. Gm crops plants more tolerant to abiotic stresses like cold,
heat, drought, salinity, etc.
2. It has reduced the dependence chemical pesticides as they
are made pest-resistant. ex: Bt crops.
3. Post – harvest losses are much reduced.
4. The plants increased efficiency of mineral usage.
5. Food produced from GM crops has enhanced nutritional
value. Ex Vitamin ‘A’ enriched rice.
6. GM plants has been used to supply resources to industries
such as starch, fuel, pharmaceuticals, etc.

12. • Pest Resistant Plants:
• Pest resistant plants are developed to reduce the
use of pesticide.
• One such approach is introduction of Bt toxin to
target plant; eg.- Bt cotton, Bt corn, Bt Brinjal, Bt
tomato, Bt potato and Bt soyabean.
• Bt toxin is produced by Bacillus thuringiensis due to
presence of Bt toxin gene.
• Bt toxin gene of bacteria in transferred to plant and
made to expresses to provide resistance to insects.

13. • The soil bacterium Bacillus thuringiensis produces crystal proteins called
Cry proteins. It is toxic to larvae of insects like Tobacco budworm, cotton
bollworms ,armyworm, beetles and mosquitoes
• The Cry proteins exist as inactive protoxins. It get converted into active
toxin when ingested by the insect, as the alkaline pH of gut solubilises the
crystals.
• The activated toxin binds to the surface of epithelial cells of midgut and
creates pores.
• This causes swelling and lysis of cells leading to the death of the insect
(Larva).
• The genes (cry genes) encoding this protein are isolated from the bacterium
and incorporated into several crop plants like cotton, tomato, corn, rice,
soybean, etc.
• The proteins encoded by the following cry genes control the pest given
against them.
• cry I Ac and cry II Ab control cotton bollworms.
• cry I Ab controls corn borer.
• cry III Ab controls colarado potato beetle.
• cry III Bb controls corn rootworm

14. • Medical biotechnology.
• The r-DNA technology has been used in the
production of safe and more effective therapeutic
drugs.
• The recombinant therapeutics do not induced
unwanted immunological response.
• At present about thirty recombinant therapeutic
drugs have been approved for human use. The
twelve are being marketed in India also.

15. Human insulin
• Insulin is a protein natured hormone that
maintains sugar metabolism. It converts the
excess of blood sugar (glucose) into glycogen
to maintain normal sugar level.
• This hormone is secreted by β-cells of islets of
Langerhans present in pancreas.
• The deficiency of insulin increases the blood
sugar level and causes diabetes mellitus.

18. • The diabetic patients are treated with
hypoglycemic oral drug or insulin injection.
• The oral drug stimulates the β–cells to secrete
insulin.
• In previous years insulin extracted from cows
and pigs are injected to control diabetic
condition. It causes allergy to most of the
patients.
• The r-DNA technology gives solution to
overcome this problem by producing human
insulin (humulin) using human insulin
producing gene.

20. Insulin structure.

21. • Genetically engineered insulin (humulin).
• Human insulin consists of two short polypeptide chains.
• The chain A and chain B are linked by disulphide bonds.
• The Insulin is secreted as prohormone which has to be
processed before it becomes a mature and functional
hormone.
• The prohormone contains another polypeptide called
C- peptide chain, which is removed during maturation.
• In 1983, Eli lilly, an American company, prepared two
DNA sequences coding for chains A and B of human
insulin. They introduced them into plasmids of E.coli to
produce insulin.
• The two chains produced were extracted and combined
by creating disulfide bridges.

22. • Gene therapy
• It is the method of insertion of normal genes into cells and tissues
of an individual to cure hereditary diseases.
• It involves the delivery of a normal gene into the individual or
embryo to replace the defective mutant allele of the gene.
• Viruses which attack the host and introduce their genetic material
into host are all used as vectors.
• The first clinical gene therapy was given in 1990 to a four year old
girl with adenosine deaminase (ADA) deficiency.
• ADA deficiency can be cured by bone marrow transplantation in
some children but it is not completely curative.
• For gene therapy, lymphocytes were grown in a cultural and
functional ADA. cDNA is then introduced into these lymphocytes.
• These lymphocytes are then transferred into the body of the
patient ; the patient requires periodically infusion of such
genetically engineered lymphocytes.
• If a functional gene is introduced into the bone marrow cells at
early embryonic stage, it would be permanent cure.

23. • Ethical Issues .
• Genetic modification of organism may be
undesirable effects when they are introduced into
the ecosystem.
• The use of GM organism for public service may
resulted in problems with the granting of patents.
• The Indian Government has set up organization
which are authorized to make decisions regarding
the validity of genetic modification and the safety of
introducing GM organisms for public services.
• One such organization is the Genetic Engineering
approval committee (GEAC).