This ppt is made by Basant kumar pradhan, Student of B.Sc. 6th Semester, in Department of botany Guru ghasidas vishwavidyalaya Bilaspur. This presentation mainly focuses on following aspects :-
1. History
2.Introduction of Bt-cotton
3. Why Bt-cotton is produced?
4. What is Bt?
5. What is Bt-cotton?
6. How Bt-cotton is developed?
7. Mode of action of Cry toxin.
This ppt is made by Basant kumar pradhan, Student of B.Sc. 6th Semester, in Department of botany Guru ghasidas vishwavidyalaya Bilaspur. This presentation mainly focuses on following aspects :-
1. History
2.Introduction of Bt-cotton
3. Why Bt-cotton is produced?
4. What is Bt?
5. What is Bt-cotton?
6. How Bt-cotton is developed?
7. Mode of action of Cry toxin.
The presentation is about the introduction, usage, benefits and disadvantages of biological techniques through we are producing genetically modified foods
A genetically modified organism (GMO) is any organism whose genetic material has been altered using genetic engineering techniques. The exact definition of a genetically modified organism and what constitutes genetic engineering varies, with the most common being an organism altered in a way that "does not occur naturally by mating and/or natural recombination". A wide variety of organisms have been genetically modified (GM), from animals to plants and microorganisms.
To decrease our world hunger and to make the plant more nutritious the transgenic technique was developed. This the basis of the transgenic plant and its technique
A genetically modified organism (GMO) is any organism whose genetic material has been altered using genetic engineering techniques. The exact definition of a genetically modified organism and what constitutes genetic engineering varies, with the most common being an organism altered in a way that "does not occur naturally by mating and/or natural recombination".[1] A wide variety of organisms have been genetically modified (GM), including animals, plants, and microorganisms.
Genetic modification can include the introduction of new genes or enhancing, altering, or knocking out endogenous genes. In some genetic modifications, genes are transferred within the same species, across species (creating transgenic organisms), and even across kingdoms.
Creating a genetically modified organism is a multi-step process. Genetic engineers must isolate the gene they wish to insert into the host organism and combine it with other genetic elements, including a promoter and terminator region and often a selectable marker. A number of techniques are available for inserting the isolated gene into the host genome. Recent advancements using genome editing techniques, notably CRISPR, have made the production of GMOs much simpler. Herbert Boyer and Stanley Cohen made the first genetically modified organism in 1973, a bacterium resistant to the antibiotic kanamycin. The first genetically modified animal, a mouse, was created in 1974 by Rudolf Jaenisch, and the first plant was produced in 1983. In 1994, the Flavr Savr tomato was released, the first commercialized genetically modified food. The first genetically modified animal to be commercialized was the GloFish (2003) and the first genetically modified animal to be approved for food use was the AquAdvantage salmon in 2015.
Genetic Engineering in Insect Pest management Mohd Irshad
gene incorporation is gaining attention across the globe with the aim of improving plant health, crop protection, and sustainable crop production. This versatile method of Scientific cultivation should be adopted by the growers as it has been investigated and assessed by experts and environmentalists. There is not any kind of toxic effect on mammalian.
The increased availability of biomedical data, particularly in the public domain, offers the opportunity to better understand human health and to develop effective therapeutics for a wide range of unmet medical needs. However, data scientists remain stymied by the fact that data remain hard to find and to productively reuse because data and their metadata i) are wholly inaccessible, ii) are in non-standard or incompatible representations, iii) do not conform to community standards, and iv) have unclear or highly restricted terms and conditions that preclude legitimate reuse. These limitations require a rethink on data can be made machine and AI-ready - the key motivation behind the FAIR Guiding Principles. Concurrently, while recent efforts have explored the use of deep learning to fuse disparate data into predictive models for a wide range of biomedical applications, these models often fail even when the correct answer is already known, and fail to explain individual predictions in terms that data scientists can appreciate. These limitations suggest that new methods to produce practical artificial intelligence are still needed.
In this talk, I will discuss our work in (1) building an integrative knowledge infrastructure to prepare FAIR and "AI-ready" data and services along with (2) neurosymbolic AI methods to improve the quality of predictions and to generate plausible explanations. Attention is given to standards, platforms, and methods to wrangle knowledge into simple, but effective semantic and latent representations, and to make these available into standards-compliant and discoverable interfaces that can be used in model building, validation, and explanation. Our work, and those of others in the field, creates a baseline for building trustworthy and easy to deploy AI models in biomedicine.
Bio
Dr. Michel Dumontier is the Distinguished Professor of Data Science at Maastricht University, founder and executive director of the Institute of Data Science, and co-founder of the FAIR (Findable, Accessible, Interoperable and Reusable) data principles. His research explores socio-technological approaches for responsible discovery science, which includes collaborative multi-modal knowledge graphs, privacy-preserving distributed data mining, and AI methods for drug discovery and personalized medicine. His work is supported through the Dutch National Research Agenda, the Netherlands Organisation for Scientific Research, Horizon Europe, the European Open Science Cloud, the US National Institutes of Health, and a Marie-Curie Innovative Training Network. He is the editor-in-chief for the journal Data Science and is internationally recognized for his contributions in bioinformatics, biomedical informatics, and semantic technologies including ontologies and linked data.
The presentation is about the introduction, usage, benefits and disadvantages of biological techniques through we are producing genetically modified foods
A genetically modified organism (GMO) is any organism whose genetic material has been altered using genetic engineering techniques. The exact definition of a genetically modified organism and what constitutes genetic engineering varies, with the most common being an organism altered in a way that "does not occur naturally by mating and/or natural recombination". A wide variety of organisms have been genetically modified (GM), from animals to plants and microorganisms.
To decrease our world hunger and to make the plant more nutritious the transgenic technique was developed. This the basis of the transgenic plant and its technique
A genetically modified organism (GMO) is any organism whose genetic material has been altered using genetic engineering techniques. The exact definition of a genetically modified organism and what constitutes genetic engineering varies, with the most common being an organism altered in a way that "does not occur naturally by mating and/or natural recombination".[1] A wide variety of organisms have been genetically modified (GM), including animals, plants, and microorganisms.
Genetic modification can include the introduction of new genes or enhancing, altering, or knocking out endogenous genes. In some genetic modifications, genes are transferred within the same species, across species (creating transgenic organisms), and even across kingdoms.
Creating a genetically modified organism is a multi-step process. Genetic engineers must isolate the gene they wish to insert into the host organism and combine it with other genetic elements, including a promoter and terminator region and often a selectable marker. A number of techniques are available for inserting the isolated gene into the host genome. Recent advancements using genome editing techniques, notably CRISPR, have made the production of GMOs much simpler. Herbert Boyer and Stanley Cohen made the first genetically modified organism in 1973, a bacterium resistant to the antibiotic kanamycin. The first genetically modified animal, a mouse, was created in 1974 by Rudolf Jaenisch, and the first plant was produced in 1983. In 1994, the Flavr Savr tomato was released, the first commercialized genetically modified food. The first genetically modified animal to be commercialized was the GloFish (2003) and the first genetically modified animal to be approved for food use was the AquAdvantage salmon in 2015.
Genetic Engineering in Insect Pest management Mohd Irshad
gene incorporation is gaining attention across the globe with the aim of improving plant health, crop protection, and sustainable crop production. This versatile method of Scientific cultivation should be adopted by the growers as it has been investigated and assessed by experts and environmentalists. There is not any kind of toxic effect on mammalian.
The increased availability of biomedical data, particularly in the public domain, offers the opportunity to better understand human health and to develop effective therapeutics for a wide range of unmet medical needs. However, data scientists remain stymied by the fact that data remain hard to find and to productively reuse because data and their metadata i) are wholly inaccessible, ii) are in non-standard or incompatible representations, iii) do not conform to community standards, and iv) have unclear or highly restricted terms and conditions that preclude legitimate reuse. These limitations require a rethink on data can be made machine and AI-ready - the key motivation behind the FAIR Guiding Principles. Concurrently, while recent efforts have explored the use of deep learning to fuse disparate data into predictive models for a wide range of biomedical applications, these models often fail even when the correct answer is already known, and fail to explain individual predictions in terms that data scientists can appreciate. These limitations suggest that new methods to produce practical artificial intelligence are still needed.
In this talk, I will discuss our work in (1) building an integrative knowledge infrastructure to prepare FAIR and "AI-ready" data and services along with (2) neurosymbolic AI methods to improve the quality of predictions and to generate plausible explanations. Attention is given to standards, platforms, and methods to wrangle knowledge into simple, but effective semantic and latent representations, and to make these available into standards-compliant and discoverable interfaces that can be used in model building, validation, and explanation. Our work, and those of others in the field, creates a baseline for building trustworthy and easy to deploy AI models in biomedicine.
Bio
Dr. Michel Dumontier is the Distinguished Professor of Data Science at Maastricht University, founder and executive director of the Institute of Data Science, and co-founder of the FAIR (Findable, Accessible, Interoperable and Reusable) data principles. His research explores socio-technological approaches for responsible discovery science, which includes collaborative multi-modal knowledge graphs, privacy-preserving distributed data mining, and AI methods for drug discovery and personalized medicine. His work is supported through the Dutch National Research Agenda, the Netherlands Organisation for Scientific Research, Horizon Europe, the European Open Science Cloud, the US National Institutes of Health, and a Marie-Curie Innovative Training Network. He is the editor-in-chief for the journal Data Science and is internationally recognized for his contributions in bioinformatics, biomedical informatics, and semantic technologies including ontologies and linked data.
Richard's aventures in two entangled wonderlandsRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
Earliest Galaxies in the JADES Origins Field: Luminosity Function and Cosmic ...Sérgio Sacani
We characterize the earliest galaxy population in the JADES Origins Field (JOF), the deepest
imaging field observed with JWST. We make use of the ancillary Hubble optical images (5 filters
spanning 0.4−0.9µm) and novel JWST images with 14 filters spanning 0.8−5µm, including 7 mediumband filters, and reaching total exposure times of up to 46 hours per filter. We combine all our data
at > 2.3µm to construct an ultradeep image, reaching as deep as ≈ 31.4 AB mag in the stack and
30.3-31.0 AB mag (5σ, r = 0.1” circular aperture) in individual filters. We measure photometric
redshifts and use robust selection criteria to identify a sample of eight galaxy candidates at redshifts
z = 11.5 − 15. These objects show compact half-light radii of R1/2 ∼ 50 − 200pc, stellar masses of
M⋆ ∼ 107−108M⊙, and star-formation rates of SFR ∼ 0.1−1 M⊙ yr−1
. Our search finds no candidates
at 15 < z < 20, placing upper limits at these redshifts. We develop a forward modeling approach to
infer the properties of the evolving luminosity function without binning in redshift or luminosity that
marginalizes over the photometric redshift uncertainty of our candidate galaxies and incorporates the
impact of non-detections. We find a z = 12 luminosity function in good agreement with prior results,
and that the luminosity function normalization and UV luminosity density decline by a factor of ∼ 2.5
from z = 12 to z = 14. We discuss the possible implications of our results in the context of theoretical
models for evolution of the dark matter halo mass function.
(May 29th, 2024) Advancements in Intravital Microscopy- Insights for Preclini...Scintica Instrumentation
Intravital microscopy (IVM) is a powerful tool utilized to study cellular behavior over time and space in vivo. Much of our understanding of cell biology has been accomplished using various in vitro and ex vivo methods; however, these studies do not necessarily reflect the natural dynamics of biological processes. Unlike traditional cell culture or fixed tissue imaging, IVM allows for the ultra-fast high-resolution imaging of cellular processes over time and space and were studied in its natural environment. Real-time visualization of biological processes in the context of an intact organism helps maintain physiological relevance and provide insights into the progression of disease, response to treatments or developmental processes.
In this webinar we give an overview of advanced applications of the IVM system in preclinical research. IVIM technology is a provider of all-in-one intravital microscopy systems and solutions optimized for in vivo imaging of live animal models at sub-micron resolution. The system’s unique features and user-friendly software enables researchers to probe fast dynamic biological processes such as immune cell tracking, cell-cell interaction as well as vascularization and tumor metastasis with exceptional detail. This webinar will also give an overview of IVM being utilized in drug development, offering a view into the intricate interaction between drugs/nanoparticles and tissues in vivo and allows for the evaluation of therapeutic intervention in a variety of tissues and organs. This interdisciplinary collaboration continues to drive the advancements of novel therapeutic strategies.
Observation of Io’s Resurfacing via Plume Deposition Using Ground-based Adapt...Sérgio Sacani
Since volcanic activity was first discovered on Io from Voyager images in 1979, changes
on Io’s surface have been monitored from both spacecraft and ground-based telescopes.
Here, we present the highest spatial resolution images of Io ever obtained from a groundbased telescope. These images, acquired by the SHARK-VIS instrument on the Large
Binocular Telescope, show evidence of a major resurfacing event on Io’s trailing hemisphere. When compared to the most recent spacecraft images, the SHARK-VIS images
show that a plume deposit from a powerful eruption at Pillan Patera has covered part
of the long-lived Pele plume deposit. Although this type of resurfacing event may be common on Io, few have been detected due to the rarity of spacecraft visits and the previously low spatial resolution available from Earth-based telescopes. The SHARK-VIS instrument ushers in a new era of high resolution imaging of Io’s surface using adaptive
optics at visible wavelengths.
Nutraceutical market, scope and growth: Herbal drug technologyLokesh Patil
As consumer awareness of health and wellness rises, the nutraceutical market—which includes goods like functional meals, drinks, and dietary supplements that provide health advantages beyond basic nutrition—is growing significantly. As healthcare expenses rise, the population ages, and people want natural and preventative health solutions more and more, this industry is increasing quickly. Further driving market expansion are product formulation innovations and the use of cutting-edge technology for customized nutrition. With its worldwide reach, the nutraceutical industry is expected to keep growing and provide significant chances for research and investment in a number of categories, including vitamins, minerals, probiotics, and herbal supplements.
This pdf is about the Schizophrenia.
For more details visit on YouTube; @SELF-EXPLANATORY;
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCAiarMZDNhe1A3Rnpr_WkzA/videos
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Introduction:
RNA interference (RNAi) or Post-Transcriptional Gene Silencing (PTGS) is an important biological process for modulating eukaryotic gene expression.
It is highly conserved process of posttranscriptional gene silencing by which double stranded RNA (dsRNA) causes sequence-specific degradation of mRNA sequences.
dsRNA-induced gene silencing (RNAi) is reported in a wide range of eukaryotes ranging from worms, insects, mammals and plants.
This process mediates resistance to both endogenous parasitic and exogenous pathogenic nucleic acids, and regulates the expression of protein-coding genes.
What are small ncRNAs?
micro RNA (miRNA)
short interfering RNA (siRNA)
Properties of small non-coding RNA:
Involved in silencing mRNA transcripts.
Called “small” because they are usually only about 21-24 nucleotides long.
Synthesized by first cutting up longer precursor sequences (like the 61nt one that Lee discovered).
Silence an mRNA by base pairing with some sequence on the mRNA.
Discovery of siRNA?
The first small RNA:
In 1993 Rosalind Lee (Victor Ambros lab) was studying a non- coding gene in C. elegans, lin-4, that was involved in silencing of another gene, lin-14, at the appropriate time in the
development of the worm C. elegans.
Two small transcripts of lin-4 (22nt and 61nt) were found to be complementary to a sequence in the 3' UTR of lin-14.
Because lin-4 encoded no protein, she deduced that it must be these transcripts that are causing the silencing by RNA-RNA interactions.
Types of RNAi ( non coding RNA)
MiRNA
Length (23-25 nt)
Trans acting
Binds with target MRNA in mismatch
Translation inhibition
Si RNA
Length 21 nt.
Cis acting
Bind with target Mrna in perfect complementary sequence
Piwi-RNA
Length ; 25 to 36 nt.
Expressed in Germ Cells
Regulates trnasposomes activity
MECHANISM OF RNAI:
First the double-stranded RNA teams up with a protein complex named Dicer, which cuts the long RNA into short pieces.
Then another protein complex called RISC (RNA-induced silencing complex) discards one of the two RNA strands.
The RISC-docked, single-stranded RNA then pairs with the homologous mRNA and destroys it.
THE RISC COMPLEX:
RISC is large(>500kD) RNA multi- protein Binding complex which triggers MRNA degradation in response to MRNA
Unwinding of double stranded Si RNA by ATP independent Helicase
Active component of RISC is Ago proteins( ENDONUCLEASE) which cleave target MRNA.
DICER: endonuclease (RNase Family III)
Argonaute: Central Component of the RNA-Induced Silencing Complex (RISC)
One strand of the dsRNA produced by Dicer is retained in the RISC complex in association with Argonaute
ARGONAUTE PROTEIN :
1.PAZ(PIWI/Argonaute/ Zwille)- Recognition of target MRNA
2.PIWI (p-element induced wimpy Testis)- breaks Phosphodiester bond of mRNA.)RNAse H activity.
MiRNA:
The Double-stranded RNAs are naturally produced in eukaryotic cells during development, and they have a key role in regulating gene expression .
Professional air quality monitoring systems provide immediate, on-site data for analysis, compliance, and decision-making.
Monitor common gases, weather parameters, particulates.
Development of biotech crops, biosafety and regulatory system in India
1. Development of biotech crops, Biosafety
and Regulatory system in India
Presentation by
Sugandh chauhan
2. Terms to know
• Genetic modification involves altering the genes of an organism, be it a
plant, animal or microorganism. It allows the transfer of genes for specific
traits between species using laboratory techniques.
• Transgene is a foreign gene that has been transferred from one organism
to another
• Transgenic crops are those whose genome is altered by adding transgene
• Transgenesis is the phenomenon of introduction of exogenous DNA into
the genome to create and maintain a stable and heritable character.
3. Genetically modified crops (GM crops)
• With the rapid advances in biotechnology, a number of genetically modified
(GM) crops carrying novel traits have been developed.
• GM crops are developed by a process of genetic modification by which
selected individual genes are inserted from one organism into another to
enhance desirable characteristics or to suppress undesirable ones.
• GM crops are also known as genetically engineered or transgenic or
biotech crops.
• The first transgenic plant was developed in 1983 in tobacco in U.S.A.
• Commercial cultivation of transgenic crops started in the early 1990s.
4.
5. Need of GM crops
• To improve the yield of crops
• To reduce dependance on pesticides
• To enhance resistance to weeds, pests and disease
• To reduce environmental stress
• To improve nutritional quality
• To improve taste and texture
• To provide additional health constituents
6. Area under GM crops is on the rise globally
• Globally, area under GM crops has
increased manifold from 17 lakh
hectares in 1996 to 1917 lakh
hectares in 2018.
• India has the world’s fifth largest
cultivated area under GM crops.
• In India, the area under Bt-Cotton has
increased from 0.29 lakh hectares in
2002-03 to 117.47 lakh hectares in
2019-20, according to Directorate of
Economics and Statistics.
• Major companies interested in GM
crops in India include Monsanto India,
Mahyco.
7. History of Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt)
• Discovered in 1901 by Ishiwataria a cause of sotto disease that was killing
silkworms and named it Bacillus sotto.
• In 1911, Berliner isolated this bacterium from dead Mediterranean flour
moth in Thuringia, Germany, and named it Bt.
• In 1915, Berliner reported the existence of a parasporal body, or crystalline
inclusion (called crystal) close to the endospore within Bt spore.
• In 1956, it was found that the main insecticidal activity against lepidopteran
insects was due to the parasporal crystal.
• In 1956, Bt was used commercially in the USA.
• In the 1980s, the use of Bt increased worldwide when insects became
increasingly resistant to the chemical insecticides.
8. Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt)
• Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) is a naturally occurring soilborne gram-positive,
rod-shaped, sporulating bacterium found worldwide.
• Bt strains produce three types of insecticidal toxins
• Crystal (cry) toxins
• Cytolytic (cyt) toxins
• Vegetative insecticidal
proteins (Vip)
9. Crystal Toxins (δ-endotoxins)
• The most widely known δ-
endotoxins, include Cry and Cyt
toxins.
• The Cry toxin (cry from crystal),
insecticidal crystal protein is a
protein formed during sporulation
in Bt strains and aggregate to form
crystals.
• Some strains of Bt, produce
another toxic crystal, named
cytolytic protein or Cyt toxin.
10. Mode of action of Bt
1. Ingestion
2. Solubilization and proteolytic activation
3. Binding to target site
4. Formation of toxic lesions
11.
12. Development of transgenic crops
• Isolation of the gene of interest
• Insertion of the gene into a transfer vector and plant
transformation
• Selection and regeneration of the modified plant cells into whole
plants
• Lab analysis and safety testing
• Approval by Government agencies
• Commercialization
13. Methods of gene transfer
• The methods of foreign gene (DNA) transfer in crop plants are-
• Electroporation
• Gene transfer by polyethylene glycol (PEG)
• Gene transfer through microinjection
• Agrobacterium mediated gene transfer
• Biolistics
14. Electroporation
• Short pulse of high voltage are applied to protoplasts which make
temporary pores in plasma membrane to increase their permeability and
facilitate the uptake of foreign gene.
Gene transfer by PEG
• It is applicable for protoplast only. The chemical used is polyethylene
glycol. It stimulates endocytosis and thereby causing the uptake of DNA.
15. Microinjection
• DNA is introduced into the
cytoplasm or nucleus by using
microinjection.
• Mainly used for transformation
of large animal cells.
16. Agrobacterium mediated gene transfer
• Agrobacterium tumefaciens is a soil borne gram negative bacterium which infects
wounded plant tissues and induces the formation of a plant tumor called crown gall
disease.
• The ability to cause crown gall disease is associated with the presence of Ti plasmid
within the bacterial cell.
• A segment of Ti plasmid known as T-DNA is transferred from bacteria into host where it
gets integrated into the host genome.
• T-DNA carries the gene that involve in the biosynthesis of hormones auxin and cytokinin
and plant metabolites opines and agropines.
• Agrobacterium has proved to be an incredible useful tool for the integration of genes into
plants.
17.
18. Biolistics
• It is a physical method first
described by Stanford and co-
workers in 1984.
• Also known as Gene gun
method/particle
bombardment/microprojectiles.
• Gene gun is a device that fires
DNA into target cells.
• DNA to be transformed is coated
onto microscopic beads made of
either gold or tungsten.
19.
20. Bt-cotton
• Bt cotton is genetically modified cotton crop that expresses an insecticidal
protein whose gene has been derived from a soil bacterium called Bacillus
thuringiensis.
• The transgenic cotton is of two types
(1) bollgard (confers resistance to bollworms).
(2) Roundup ready cotton (confers resistance to herbicides).
• Bt cotton is the only genetically modified (GM) crop that has been
approved for commercial cultivation in 2002 by the Government of India.
21. Bt cotton Cry protein Year Company
Bollgard cotton Cry 1 Ac 1996 Monsanto
Bollgard II cotton Cry 2 Ab 2003 Monsanto
Wide strike
cotton
Cry 1 Ac and Cry
1 F
2004 Dow Agro-
sciences
22. Need of Bt-cotton
• Cotton is a long duration crop and is attacked by
large number of insect pests throughout its
growth and development.
• The three bollworms, American bollworm , Pink
bollworm and the Spotted bollworms, are major
pests and cause serious threat to cotton
production.
• About 9400 M tonnes of insecticides worth Rs
747 crores were used only for bollworm control in
2001.
• Cotton bolls are highly vulnerable to insects.
25. Benefits of Bt-cotton
• Resistance to bollworms
• Yield improvement
• Reduce use of pesticides
• Reduce cost of cultivation
• More profit
26. Bt-brinjal
• Bt Brinjal is the first genetically modified vegetable crop in India,
developed by the Maharashtra Hybrid Seed Company Ltd., (Mahyco) in
2000.
• Bt brinjal incorporates the cry1Ac gene from the soil
bacterium Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) expressing insecticidal protein to
confer resistance against FSB.
• The company used a DNA construct containing the cry1Ac gene, a CaMV
35S promoter and the selectable marker genes nptII and aad, to transform
young cotyledons of brinjal plants.
27. Cont.
• In India, the Genetic Engineering Appraisal Committee (GEAC) approved
its commercialization in 2009 following field trials and safety evaluations.
However, the seeds have not yet been released to farmers.
• The National Center on Plant Biotechnology (NRCPB) has developed Bt
brinjal varieties expressing the cryFa1 gene.
• The Indian Institute of Horticultural Research (IIHR) is also developing Bt
brinjal using the cry1Ab gene.
28. Need of Bt-brinjal
• Brinjal or eggplant (Solanum
melongena) is vulnerable to many
diseases caused by insects, pests,
fungi, bacteria and viruses.
• Production is affected by the brinjal
fruit and shoot borer (FSB,
Leucinodes orbonalis) and other
fruit borer insects Helicoverpa
arimegera.
30. Bt-corn
• Bt corn is a GM crop developed in
1996 that helps reduce pesticide
use against the European Corn
Borer, a pesky caterpillar that eats
the crop.
• Bt corn incorporates
the cry1Ab gene from Bt
expressing insecticidal protein to
confer resistance against corn
borers.
31.
32. GM-Mustard
• Dhara Mustard Hybrid-11 or DMH-11 is a
genetically modified variety of mustard developed
by the Delhi University’s Centre for Genetic
Manipulation of Crop Plants in 2002.
• Hybridised mustard DMH-11 developed using
“barnase / barstar” technology. It is Herbicide
Tolerant (HT) crop.
• 2016: GEAC gave green signal to GM Mustard for
field trial, but SC stayed the order.
• GM mustard Dhara is pending for commercial
release
33. Golden Rice
• Golden Rice was engineered from normal rice by Ingo Potrykus and Peter Beyer in 1990
to help improve human health.
• Rice in its milled form is without vitamin A and its carotenoid precursors.
• Millions of rice consumers who depend on rice for a large proportion of their calories
suffer from vitamin A deficiency.
• Golden Rice has an engineered multi-gene β-carotene pathway in its genome. This
pathway produces beta-carotene, precursor of vitamin A
• The genes phytoene synthase (psy) from Narcissus pseudonarcissus, phytoene
desaturase (crt1) from Erwinia uredovora and lycopene cyclase (lcy) have been
introduced into the rice, driven by the endosperm specific glutelin promoter (Gt1).
37. Transgenic Tomato “Flavr Savr”
• The FLAVR SAVR tomato was the first
GM food crop to be marketed
commercially following FDA approval
in 1994,
• It was developed by Calgene
company of California in 1992 through
the use of antisense RNA technology
to regulate the expression of the
enzyme polygalacturonase (PG) in
ripening tomato fruit.
• Flavr Savr tomato has longer shelf
life.
38. Antisense RNA Technology
• Antisense RNA is a single
stranded RNA that is
complementary to mRNA
strand transcribed within a
cell.
• Antisense RNA introduced
into a cell to inhibit
translation of a
complementary mRNA by
base pairing to it and
creating barrier to the
translation machinery.
39. Genes involved
1. pTOM5 encodes for phytoene synthase that promote lycopene synthesis
that gives red coloration
2. pTOM6 encodes for polygalacturanase (PG) that degrades the cell wall
resulting in fruit softening
3. pTOM encodes for ACC oxidase that catalyze ethylene formation which
triggers fruit ripening
• PG breakdown the polygalacturonic acid component of the cell wall of fruit
pericarp of tomato resulting in softening of fruit. It also makes it more prone to
bruises and decreases its shelf life.
40. Mechanism
1. Isolation of gene from tomato plant that encodes the enzyme PG
2. Synthesis of complementary DNA (cDNA)
3. Introduction of cDNA into a fresh tomato plant to produce transgenic
plant.
GM tomato plant has two type of genes-
• Gene for PG that produces sense mRNA
• Synthetic antisense PG gene that produces antisense mRNA
41.
42. Stacking of Transgenes
• Introduction of more than one gene into crop plants simultaneously or
sequentially, called transgene stacking.
• It is an effective strategy for conferring higher and durable insect and
disease resistance in transgenic plants than single-gene technology.
• The first stack that gained regulatory approval in 1995 was a hybrid Cotton
stack produced by crossing Bt-cotton expressing cry1Ab gene and
Roundup ready cotton producing EPSPS enzyme conferring resistance to
herbicide glyphosate.
43. Methods for transgene stacking
The methods used can be separated into two main groups:
(1) simultaneous introduction methods
(2) sequential introduction methods
Simultaneous introduction methods
This method refer to the introduction of several genes in the same process
of genetic transformation. This technique is described as co-transformation
and can be of two types-
• co-transformation with single plasmid
• co-transformation with multiple plasmids
44. Cont.
• Co-transformation with a single
plasmid - introducing a single
genetic construction with all genes,
each with its own promoter and
terminator, in the same plasmid.
• In Co-transformation with
multiple plasmids, several
constructions are made, each with
one or a few genes, and each
construct is inserted into a
separate plasmid.
45. Sequential introduction methods
Re-transformation involves the
transformation of an already
transgenic plant to insert a new
characteristic.
Sexual crossing – plants containing
several transgenes produced by
crossing parents with different
transgenes.
46.
47. Biosafety
• As more and more transgenic crops are released for field-testing and
commercialization, concerns have been expressed regarding potential
risks to both human health and environment.
• Biosafety describes the principles, procedures and policies to be adopted
to ensure the environmental and personal safety.
The major biosafety concerns falls into following categories:
• Bio-safety of human and animal health
• Ecological concerns
• Public attitude
48. Bio-safety of human and animal health
• Risk of toxicity, due to the nature of the product or the changes in the
metabolism and the composition of the organisms resulting from gene
transfer.
• Newer proteins in transgenic crops from the organisms, which have not
been consumed as foods, sometimes has the risk of these proteins
becoming allergens.
• Genes used for antibiotic resistance as selectable markers have also
raised concerns regarding the transfer of such genes to microorganisms
and thereby aggravate the health problems.
49. Ecological concerns
• Gene flow due to cross pollination for the traits involving resistance can
result in development of tolerant or resistant weeds that are difficult to
eradicate.
• GM crops could lead to erosion of biodiversity and pollute gene pools of
endangered plant species.
• Genetic erosion has occurred as the farmers have replaces the use of
traditional varieties with monocultures.
Public attitude
• Consumer response depends on perceptions about risks and benefits of
genetically modified foods. The media, individuals, scientists and
administrator and NGO have the responsibility to educate the people
about the benefits of GM foods.
50. Regulatory system in India
Regulatory approval of GM crops
• The rules governing the handling of genetically modified organisms
(GMOs) and products thereof were notified in 1989 under Environment
Protection Act 1986.
• Two government agencies, the Ministry of Environment and Forests
(MoEF) and the Department of Biotechnology (DBT), Ministry of Science
and Technology, are responsible for implementation of the regulations.
51. Cont.
• There are basically 6 authorities to handle different aspects of the
regulation.
1. Recombinant DNA Advisory Committee (RDAC)
2. Review Committee on Genetic Manipulation (RCGM)
3. Genetic Engineering Approval Committee (GEAC)
4. Institutional Biosafety Committees (IBSC)
5. State Biosafety Coordination Committees (SBCC)
6. District Level Committees (DLC).
52. Cont.
• RDAC is constituted by DBT to monitor the developments in biotechnology
at national and international levels. RDAC submits recommendations from
time to time that are suitable for implementation for upholding the safety
regulations in research and applications of GMOs and products thereof.
• IBSC - set-up at each institution for monitoring institute level research in
genetically modified organisms.
• RCGM - committee is constituted by DBT to review all ongoing projects
involving high risk and controlled field experiments.
• GEAC - set-up in the Ministry of Environment, Forests and Climate
Change to authorize large-scale trials and environmental release of GMO.
53. Cont.
• SBCC - set up in each state where research and application of GMOs are
contemplated, coordinate the activities related to GMOs in the state with
the central ministry. SBCCs have powers to inspect, investigate and to
take action in case of violations.
• DLC is constituted at district level to monitor the safety regulations in
installations engaged in the use of GMOs in research and application.
54. References
• H. Khan, Gene transfer technologies in plants: Roles in improving crops. Recent
Research in Science and Technology 2009, 1(3): 116–123 ISSN: 2076-5061
• S Kumar, A Misra et al. Bt Brinjal in India: A long way to go. GM crops, 2011
• CC Ceccon, A Caverzan, R Margis, JR Salvadori. Gene stacking as a strategy to confer
characteristics of agronomic importance in plants by genetic engineering. Ciência Rural,
Santa Maria, v.50:6, e20190207, 2020
• L Palma, D Muñoz, C Berry, J Murillo, P Caballero. Bacillus thuringiensis toxins:
an overview of their biocidal activity. Toxins 2014, 6, 3296-3325