GENETICALLY MODIFIED ORGANISMS AND THEIR MODIFICATIONS IN FOOD CROPS

1. GENETICALLY MODIFIED
FOODS
• CHAIRMAN :Dr.D.KANCHANA
Associate Professor
Dept of Microbiology
Members : 1.Dr.G.USHARANI 2.Dr.S.ANUJA
Associate Professor Professor
Dept of Microbiology Dept of Horticulture
Presented by : P.VENKATESAN
II M.SC.,Agricultural Microbiology
1

2. OUTLINE
What is GM foods ?
Why Genetically Modified
Foods?
History of GM FOODS
GM crops
Methods of modification
Importance of GMFs
 Pros and cons
Conclusion 2

3. WHAT IS GM FOODS ?
֎Genetically Modified foods emerged towards the end of
the 20 th century.
֎Genetically modified foods (Trans genic) are organisms
in which the genetic material has been altered in a way
that does not occur naturally by mating or natural
recombination
֎Combining genes from different organisms is known as
recombinant Deoxyrebonucleic Acid technology and the
resulting organism is said to be genetically modified
3

4. CONT…
GM foods are incresingly becoming common in
many developed and a few developing countries.
The foods obtained by added or deleted gene
sequence is called genetically modified foods.
With GM , the desirable genes can be separated
from the undesirable genes.
4

5. CONT
…
• In US the GM foods was first approved for human
consumption in 1995, almost 50 percent of the corn,
cotton and soybean were GM.
5

6. GENETIC ENGINEERING
• Genetic engineering of crops has become a new
platform in addition to plant breeding
• Any food containing or derived from a genetically
engineered organism
• Gene change every day by natural mutation and
recombination,creating new biological variations.
6

7. CONT…
• In India , a total of area of 8.4
million hectares is used in the
production of GM crop.
• Two scientist , Watson and Crick
discovered the double helix
structure of DNA which is the
basis for biological revolution.
7

8. HISTORY
8

9. CONT
…
• The first genetically engineered crop plant was
tobacco, reported in 1983.
• It was developed creating a chimeric gene that
joined an antibiotic resistant gene to the T1 plasmid
from Agrobacterium. The tobacco was infected
with Agrobacterium transformed with this plasmid
resulting in the chimeric gene being inserted into
the plant.
9

10. COUNTRIES PRODUCING GMO
CROPS
1.United states - 71.5 ( MILLION
HECTARES)
2.Brazil -52.8
3.Argentina -24
4.Cananda -12.5
5.India - 11.9 10

11. 11

12. METHODS OF GENETIC
MODIFICATION
There are four main ways in which scientists can
genetically modify the crops and organisms we use
for food:
• The most common form of modification is selective
breeding.
• In selective breeding, two strains of crops or
organisms are bred to produce an offspring that has
a specific feature.
• Selective breeding has been used for thousands of
years to enhance desired traits in plants and
animals, and impacts 10,000–300,000 genes.
12

13. MUTAGENESIS
• A second form of modification is mutagenesis.
Mutagenesis is only performed on crops. In
mutagenesis, crop seeds are exposed to chemicals
or radiation, which causes them to rapidly mutate.
• These mutations are random and uncontrolled, but
researchers observe how the resulting crops grow.
• Those crops with desired traits are kept and further
bred, while crops with unwanted resulting traits are
discarded. It is unknown how many genes are
impacted . This form of genetic modification is also
not usually included when we discuss GM foods. 13

14. 14

15. GENE GUN METHOD
• The gene gun uses minute particles of
gold/tungsten as a bullet.These particles are coated
with the DNA and fired to the host plant cells
through the force of helium gas inside a vaccum
filled chamber
• The DNA fragments gets inside the cell and within
12 hours , gets the nucleus and integrated with the
plant DNA.
• Transformed cells are cultured in invitro to form
plants.
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16. 16

17. RNA INTERFERANCE
• RNA interference is one of the modern forms of
GM. In RNA interference, genes that cause
undesired traits are silenced. This silencing of
genes removes any unwanted trait(s) from the crop
or organism, and impacts only 1 or 2 genes .
• Another form of modern GM is transgenics. In
transgenics, a gene is taken from one species and
implanted into a specific genetic location in the
receiving crop or organism.
• Transgenics provide the recipient crop or organism
with a desired trait that it would not otherwise have,
and impact only 1 to 4 genes
17

18. R DNA
• A specific gene is identified and isolated.
• This gene is inserted into a vector. A vector is the
mechanism by which the genetic material of the
gene is carried into another cell. Plasmids are an
example of a common vector.
• The vector is inserted into another organism. This
can be achieved by a number of different gene
transfer methods like micro-injections, and
electroporation.
18

19. CONT…
• After the introduction of the vector, cells that
have the recombinant vector are isolated,
selected, and cultured.
• The gene is expressed so that the desired
product can eventually be synthesized,
usually in large quantities.
19

20. COMMONLY GENETICALLY
MODIFIED FOOD CROPS
Golden rice
Cold tolerant Tomato
Vitamin enriched Tomato
Protein enriched sweet potato for NASA
Bt soyabean
Bt cotton,
brinjal ,
corn
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22. GOLDEN RICE
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23. GOLDEN RICE
• Golden rice is the most well known GM crop that is
aimed at increasing nutrient value. It has been
engineered with t genes psy phytoene synthase
from daffodil (Narcissus pseudonarcissus)
crtI (phytoene desaturase from the soil
bacterium Erwinia uredovora that biosynthesise beta-
carotene a precursor of vitamin A, in the edible parts of
rice.
• It is intended to produce a fortified food to be grown
and consumed in areas with a shortage of dietary
vitamin A, a deficiency which each year is estimated to
23

24. CONT…
The original golden
rice produced 1.6μg/g
of the carotenoids,
with further
development
increasing this 23
times. In 2018 it
gained its first
approvals for use as
food.
24

25. GOLDEN
RICE 2
• Golden Rice 2, the Phytoene synthetase gene (psy)
from maize and the carotene desaturase gene (crtl)
from Erwinia uredovora were inserted into rice.
• Evaluation of phytoene synthase (the rate limiting
step in carotenoid biosynthesis) from several plant
sources led to the identification of the psy gene from
maize as the most efficacious source, resulting in the
greatest accumulation of total carotenoids and -
carotene
25

26. • Golden Rice 1 contains
about 1.6 g of total
carotenoids per gram of
dry weight of grain.
• Golden Rice 2 contains
as much as 37 g total
carotenoids per gram of
dry weight of grain, of
which 31 g/g is -
carotene. While the
quantity of -carotene is
high
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27. BT CORN
27

28. BT CORN
• Maize/corn used for food and ethanol has been
genetically modified to tolerate
various herbicides and to express a protein
from Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) that kills certain
insects.
• About 90% of the corn grown in the US was
genetically modified in 2010.
• In the US in 2015, 81% of corn acreage contained
the Bt trait and 89% of corn acreage contained the
glyphosate-tolerant trait.
28

29. CONT
…
• Most GMO corn is created to resist
insect pests or tolerate herbicides.
• Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) corn is a
GMO corn that produces proteins that
are toxic to certain insect pests but not
to humans, pets, livestock, or other
animals.
• These are the same types of proteins
that organic farmers use to control
insect pests, and they do not harm
other, beneficial insects such as
ladybugs.
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30. USES OF GM CORN
• GMO Bt corn reduces the need for spraying insecticides
while still preventing insect damage.
• While a lot of GMO corn goes into processed foods and
drinks, most of it is used to feed livestock, like cows, and
poultry, like chickens.
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31. BT COTTON
31

32. BT
COTTON
• GMO cotton was created to be resistant to
bollworms.
• GMO cotton not only provides a reliable source of
cotton for the textile industry, it is also used to make
cottonseed oil, which is used in packaged foods
and in many restaurants for frying.
• GMO cottonseed meal and hulls are also used in
food for animals
32

33. ENDOTOXI
N
• Bt cotton was created through the addition of genes
encoding toxin crystals in the Cry group
of endotoxin.
• When insects attack and eat the cotton plant the
Cry toxins or crystal protein are dissolved due to the
high pH level of the insect's stomach. The dissolved
and activated Cry molecules bond to cadherin-like
proteins on cells comprising the brush border
molecules.
• The epithelium of the brush border membranes
separates the body cavity from the gut while
allowing access for nutrients.
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34. 34

35. FLAVR SAVR TOMATO
• Produced in 1994 in
USA ,tomato with
antisense gene blocking
the production of
polygalacturonase
during fruit ripening.
• Fruit ripening could also
be regulated by
controlling production of
ripening hormone
ethylene. 35

36. POTATOE
S
• Some GMO potatoes were developed to resist insect
pests and disease.
• In addition, some GMO potato varieties have been
developed to resist bruising and browning that can
occur when potatoes are packaged, stored, and
transported, or even cut in your kitchen.
• While browning does not change the quality of the
potato, it often leads to food being unnecessarily
thrown away because people mistakenly believe
browned food is spoiled.
36

37. • NewLeaf variety of potato which was their first
genetically modified crop.It was designed to resist
attack from the Colorado potato beetle due to the
insertion of Bt toxin producing genes from the
bacterium Bacillus thuringiensis.
• PROTATO-the protein packed genetically modified
(GM) potato contains 60 per cent more protein than
a wild-type potato and has increased levels of
several amino acids.
37

38. PAPAY
A
• By the 1990s, ringspot virus
disease had nearly wiped out
Hawaii’s papaya crop, and in the
process almost destroyed the
papaya industry in Hawaii.
• A GMO papaya, named the
Rainbow papaya, was created to
resist ringspot virus. This
GMO saved papaya farming on
the Hawaiian Islands. 38

39. APPL
E
• A few varieties of GMO
apples were developed to
resist browning after being
cut. This helps cut down
on food waste, as many
consumers think brown
apples are spoiled.
ANTI PPO GENE
39

40. SUMMER
SQUASH
• It was developed through a specific genetic
modification to be resistant to infection by two plant
viruses YMV, The novel variety was developed by
insertion of the coat protein (CP) encoding
sequences from single-stranded RNA viruses.
• The genetically modified squash exhibits the trait of
resistance to infection and subsequent disease
caused by these viruses through a process that is
related to viral cross-protection
40

41. BT BRINJAL
• The first genetically modified crop for human
consumption in India.
• On oct 15 2009 GEAC approved Bt brinjal
• Gene from soil bacterium Basillus thuringensis is
inserted into the genome of the brinjal, which can then
produce a protein, Cry 1 Ac.
• This protein behaves as a toxin against the shoot and
fruit borer .
41

42. GMO
CANOLA
• To produce the Roundup Ready canola, two genes
were introduced into the canola genome. One is a
gene derived from the common soil
bacterium Agrobacterium strain CP4, that encodes
for the EPSPS enzyme. The other is a gene from
the Ochrobactrum anthropi strain LBAA, which
encodes for the enzyme glyphosate oxidase (GOX).
The CP4 EPSPS enzyme imparts high tolerance to
glyphosate, so the plants can still create aromatic
amino acids even after glyphosate is
applied. GOX helps break down glyphosate within
the plant 42

43. MEDICATI
ON
• Developing certain edible vaccines in tomatoes and
potatoes, probaly will be rather easier to ship,store and
administer compared to those pertaining to customary
injectable vaccines.
• This would make it cheaper for people to have the
medication access they need.
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44. COLD
TOLERANCE
• An Antifreeze gene from cold water fish has
been introduced into plants such as tobacco
and potato.
• With this antifreeze gene , these plants are
able to tolerate cold temperatures that
normally would kill unmodified seedlings
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45. Many effective broad spectrum herbicides do
not distinguish bwtween weeds and crops
plants can be modified to make them resistant
to herbicides so as to eliminate weeds more
selrctively
45

46. FOOD CONTAINS GM
ORGANISMS
The 10 most popular foods that contain GMOs are:
• Carbonated soft drinks (high fructose corn syrup
made from sugar beets)
• Milk (cows are fed genetically modified soy
products)
• Meat (farm animals are raised with genetically
modified feed containing soy products)
• Tofu (GMO soy beans)
• Vegetable and canola oils (rapeseed - canola,
soybean, corn, sunflower, safflower)
46

47. CONT…
• Cereals (corn and soy products and non-cane
sugars)
• Sweetened juices (corn- and sugar beet-based
sweeteners)
• Baby formula (GMO corn, sugar beets and soy)
• Frozen foods (starch is added from GM corn, fats
and oils from GM plants, citric acid made from GM
microorganisms)
• Canned soups (corn-based thickeners and flavoring
enhancements)
47

48. CROP TRAIT GENE DEVELOPE
R
Brinjal IR EE-4 MAHYCO
IR Cry 1 Fa 1
gene
NRCPB/ICA
R
Banana VR Rapantisense NRCPB
Tomato IR Cry 1 Ac gene Mahyco
DST Osmotin gene NRCPB
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50. GENE TRANSFER
• Another potential concern arising from GE
foods is the transfer of genetic material from
GE foods to the cells of the human body or
the bacteria in the intestinal tract. DNA from
ingested food is not completely degraded by
digestion and small fragments of DNA from
GM foods have been found in different parts
of the gastrointestinal tract.
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51. GM UPTAKE
• Other scientists have shown limitations in the
detection of GM DNA by currently available tests.
• Scientists have also postulated that uptake of GM
DNA into the cells of the gastrointestinal tract will
not have any biological consequences because this
DNA will be degraded in the cells.
• However, it is not clear if people with
gastrointestinal diseases will be able to fully
degrade this GM DNA.
• A comprehensive scientific evaluation of this
problem is a colossal task because only about 1%
of the naturally existing bacteria can be cultured
and thus analyzed [3].
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52. HUMAN
EFFECTS
• Genes code for the production of specific
proteins. All proteins consist of amino acids.
Proteins differ from one another based on
the sequence of amino acids.
• When humans consume a GM food that
has had a gene spliced into its genetic
structure, we are consuming the protein for
which that new amino acid sequence codes.
52

53. CONT…
• Once we have consumed the protein, the protein
from the GM food is digested in the same way as
other proteins we consume.
• During digestion, the body breaks down all bonds
between protein’s amino acids, reducing the protein
to individual amino acids that can be used in the
body.
• The cells in the human body cannot detect if a
gene or protein is “natural” or from a GMO during
digestion because the protein is completely
unbound from the original plant 53

54. GENETIC ENGINEERING APPRAISAL
COMMITTEE (GEAC)
• Under the control of Ministry of environment and
forest affairs
• Regulates the use , storage , import and export of
genetically engineered crops in india
IMPORT PERMIT FOR TRANSGENICS
• Import permit before importing any material
• Phytosanitary certificate from country of origin
• NBPGR-Authority
54

55. AUTHORITIES FOR DEALING
WITH GMO
• RDAC-Recombinant DNA Advisory Committee
• RCGM-Review Committee on Genetic Manipulation
• IBSC-Institutional Biosafety Committee
• SBCC-State Biotechnolgy Approval Committee
• DLC-District Level Committe
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56. PROS OF GM FOODS
• It improves production and raise farmer's income.
Indian farmers are still practicing traditional process
of seeding and cultivation, which required scientific
moves for raising their production. Hence, it is one
of the moves to enhance the farm production.
• 2. It reduces the use of pesticide and insecticide
during farming that might be great moves for the
betterment of thefoodsupply.
56

57. CONT…
• 3. It can feed a rapidly increasing population
because it shows dramatically increased
yields.
• 4. It can produce more in small area of land.
• 5. India introduced Bt cotton seeds in 2002. It
has greatly reduced the use of toxic
pesticides.
57

58. • GM crops emit less greenhouse gases than
conventional agriculture; in 2016, farming these
crops aided in decreasing carbon dioxide emissions
equal to removing 16.7 million cars off roads for a
year.
• Furthermore, GM crops reduce the number of
pesticides sprayed, simultaneously increasing the
quantity of crops that can be consumed or sold.
According to a study, the decline in the use of
pesticides can lead to the conservation of insects.
58

59. CONT…
• Moreover, GM crops do not require tillage
and enable conservation tillage practices
which decreases soil erosion whilst
simultaneously preserving soil moisture
which is vital in order to conserve the
appropriate amount needed for agriculture
59

60. CONS OF GM
• 1. The production imposes high risks to the
disruption of ecosystem and biodiversity
because the “better” traits produced from
engineering genes can result in the
favouring of one organism. Hence, it can
eventually disrupt the natural process of
gene flow.
• 2. It increases the cost of cultivation and
more inclined towards marketization of
farming that work on immoral profits. 60

61. CONT…
• 3. The transgenic crops
endanger not only farmers
but also the trade, and the
environment as well.
• 4. It is biologically altered.
Hence, biotech foods may
pose a human health risk.
• 5. The excessive production
of genetically modified foods
will be rendered ineffective
over time because the pests
that these toxins used to
deter might eventually
develop resistance towards
them.
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62. ACCORDING TO THEIR USAGE
OF GM
• Food is genetically modified ( Potato,
tomato,soya,maize,sunflowers,rice,pumpkin
s,melons)
• Food contains components of genetically
modified plants
(starch,oil,sugar,aminoacids,vitamins,vitami
ns)
• Food contain genetically modified
organisms
62

63. CONCLUSION
• GMF have enormous potential to save money ,
eliminate proverty,reduce malnutrition and promote
innovative practices.
• But believing that GMO causes effects on the
environment and human health.
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