Here are the key points about the female reproductive system: - Ovaries are the site of ovum (egg) production - Ovaries are also the site of estrogen and progesterone hormone production - Fallopian tubes connect the ovaries to the uterus and allow the ovum to move towards the uterus - The uterus provides a nourishing environment for embryo development if fertilization occurs - The cervix connects the uterus to the vagina - The vagina is the site of intercourse and menstrual flow exits through it - The ovum consists of 23 haploid chromosomes (22 autosomes + X chromosome) - Estrogen brings about changes seen in girls during puberty like breast development -

9.  If the information is
changed, different proteins
will be made. Different
proteins will eventually lead
to altered body designs.

11.  This creates two copies of
the DNA in a reproducing
cell, and they will need to
be separated from each
other.

12.  Effectively, a cell divides to
give rise to two cells.

14.  As a result, the DNA copies
generated will be similar, but
may not be identical to the
original.

15.  Some of these variations
might be so drastic that the
new DNA copy cannot work
with the cellular apparatus it
inherits. Such a newborn cell
will simply die.

16.  This inbuilt tendency for
variation during reproduction
is the basis for evolution.

17.  A basic event in reproduction is the creation of a
DNA copy which bring variation.
 Creation of DNA copy brings variation

18.  1. What is the importance of DNA copying in
reproduction?
 2. Why is variation beneficial to the species but
not necessarily for the individual?

20.  Effectively, a cell divides to
give rise to two cells.

22.  This inbuilt tendency for
variation during reproduction
is the basis for evolution.

26.  Maintenance of body design
features that allow the
organism to use that particular
niche.

27.  If there were a population of bacteria
living in temperate waters, and if the
water temperature were to be
increased by global warming, most of
these bacteria would die, but the few
variants resistant to heat would
survive and grow further.
 Note: Global Warming takes long time
to come in to effect. (may be 30 years)
 So, surviving bacteria must have
passed through successive variations
over generations.

29.  Next generation bacteria passed
through variations in such a way
that, they will be able to cope up
with increased temperature
because, they have inherited
changed body design during the
process of DNA copying over
generations.

30.  Change in environmental conditions is a long term procedure.
So, variation is not compulsory for the survival of an
individual.
 But to survive with the changed environmental conditions an
organism have to pass through successive variations over
generations at its’ species level.
 Slowly they inherit some changes in the body design during
the process of DNA copying over generations.
 Finally able to survive as a vitiated species.

31.  Reproduction is linked to the stability of
populations of species.
 Variation is useful for the survival of
species over time.

32.  1. What is the importance of DNA copying in
reproduction?
 2. Write the importance of variation.

33. In case of animals
In case of plants

38. Asexual Reproduction
Sexual Reproduction

39. In case of Monera
Protista, Fungi and in plants

40.  A type of reproduction in which
Fission
only a single parent is involved
Fragmentation
Regeneration Vegetative propagation
Budding Spore formation

42.  Unicellular organism reproduces by
dividing into two individuals.
 Example: Amoeba

43. Leishmania

44.  Unicellular organism reproduces by
divide into many daughter cells.
 Example: Plasmodium

46.  Simply breaks up into smaller
pieces upon maturation. These
pieces or fragments grow into
new individuals.
 Examples: Spirogyra

48.  The individual is somehow cut
or broken up into many
pieces, many of these pieces
grow into separate individuals.
 Example: Planaria

49.  These cells multiply and make
large numbers of cells.
 From this mass of
cells, different cells undergo
changes to become various cell
types and tissues.

50.  Fission in the unicellular organisms
 Fragmentation in the simple undifferentiated
multicellular organisms
 Regeneration in the simple differentiated
multicellular organisms

51.  1. How does binary fission differ from multiple
fission?
 2. Can you think of reasons why more complex
organisms cannot give rise to new individuals
through regeneration?

52. ? ?
? ?
? Asexual
Reproduction ?

53. Regeneration Budding
Vegetative
Fragmentation
propagation
Fission
Asexual Spore
Reproduction formation

59.  In Hydra, a bud develops as an
outgrowth due to repeated cell
division at one specific site.
 These buds develop into tiny
individuals and when fully
mature, detach from the parent
body and become new
independent individuals.

62.  Development of new plant
body from the existing buds
along with maturity.
 Example: Potato
eyes, Germinating BUD

68.  Layering or grafting to grow many
plants for agricultural purposes.
 can bear flowers and fruits earlier
than those produced from seeds.
 Such methods also make possible
the propagation of plants have lost
the capacity to produce seeds.
 all plants produced are genetically
similar enough to the parent plant

70.  Formation and germination of
tiny spores in the sporangium
lead to production of new
plant body under some
conditions.
 Example: Rhizopus

71. Sporangium
Sporongiospores
Sporongiophore
Hyphae.
Rhizoids

72.  Budding in the lower differentiated
multicellular organisms
 Vegetative Propagation in complex
multicellular plants and importance
 Spore Formation in simple multicellular organisms

73.  1. How will an organism be benefited if it
reproduces through spores?
 2. Can you think of reasons why more complex
organisms cannot give rise to new individuals
through regeneration?
 3. Why is vegetative propagation practised for
growing some types of plants?
 4. Explain the process of spore formation .

74. ?
?

75. Asexual Reproduction
Sexual Reproduction

78.  It is a type of reproduction in
which a male gamete fuses a
female gamete to produce
zygote which develop to form
a new individual.

80.  This inbuilt tendency for
variation during reproduction
is the basis for evolution.

82.  Variation is useful for the
survival of species over time.

84.  It would therefore make
sense if organisms came up
with sexual reproductive
modes that allowed more
and more variation to be
generated.

88.  It results in re-establishment
of the number of chromosomes
and the DNA content in the
new generation.

92.  One germ-cell is large and
contains the food-stores is
called the female gamete or
Ovum .
 While the other is smaller and
likely to be motile is called the
male gamete or Sperm.

93.  It is a type of reproduction in which a male
gamete fuses a female gamete to produce zygote
which develop to form a new individual.
 Sexual reproduction brings variations
 Two variants combine to form new variation
 Specialized Germinating cells or gametes in
complex organisms.

94.  1. What are the advantages of sexual reproduction
over asexual reproduction?
 2. How are the modes for reproduction different in
unicellular and multicellular organisms?
 3. How does reproduction help in providing stability
to populations of species?

95. In case of plants

99.  Petals have bright colour
and help attracts insects
for pollination.
 Sepals is a leaf life
structure and protect
flower at its immature
state.

100. Pollens are
Anther inside the
anther, which
contain two
male gamete
Filament

101. Stigma
Ovule is inside
the
Style Ovary, which
contain one
female gamete
Ovary

103.  The flower may be unisexual
(papaya, watermelon) when
it contains either stamens or
pistil.

104.  The flower may be bisexual
(Hibiscus, mustard) when it
contains both stamens and
Pistil.

106.  If this transfer of pollen
occurs in the same flower,
it is referred to as self-
pollination.
 It takes place in bi sexual
plant

107.  if the pollens are
transferred from one
flower to another of same
kind, it is known as
crosspollination.
 It is possible in both
unisexual and bi sexual
flower.

116.  Parts of flower and their role
 Types of flower, unisexual and bi sexual
 Cross and Self pollination
 Agents of cross pollination

117.  Read NCERT page No 132 to 134
 Draw the section of a flower and identify
Sepal, Petals, Stamen and Carpel.

119. ? Where are
sperms found?
?

120. Pollens are
Anther inside the
anther, which
contain two
male gamete
Filament

121. ?
? Where is ovum
found?
?

122. Stigma
Ovule is inside
the
Style Ovary, which
contain one
female gamete
Ovary

125.  The flower may be unisexual
(papaya, watermelon) when
it contains either stamens or
pistil.

127.  The flower may be bisexual
(Hibiscus, mustard) when it
contains both stamens and
Pistil.

131.  After the pollen lands on a
suitable stigma, a tube
grows out of the pollen
grain and travels through
the style to reach the ovary.

132.  Male gametes travel
through the tube and
reaches to the ovule where
female gamete is waiting.
 Male gamete fuses female
gamete to form zygote.

134.  Zygote divides several times to
form an embryo within the ovule.
 Embryo gradually develop within
the ovule.

136.  The ovule develops a tough
coat and is gradually converted
into a seed.
 The ovary grows rapidly and
ripens to form a fruit.
 Meanwhile, the
petals, sepals, stamens, style
and stigma may shrivel and fall
off.

138.  The seed contains the future
plant or embryo which
develops into a seedling
under appropriate conditions.
This process is known as
germination.

139. Fusion of male and female gametes
Formation and development of zygote
Formation and development of Embryo
Germination/ taking birth of offspring

140.  Fertilization, A process in which sperm fuses ovum
 Post Fertilization Processes, Embryo formation
 Conversion of ovary and ovule in to fruit and seed
 Germination of seed

141.  Draw a diagram of Germination of pollen on stigma
and identify Stigma, Pollen
tube, style, ovary, ovule, male and female gametes.

142. In case of animals

146.  Increase in height and weight.
 Growth of pubic hair.
 Growth of oil gland in face.
 Self conscious of our own bodies.

148.  Development of breast in
girls.
 Menstruation begins in girls.
 Facial hair in boys.
 Voices begin to crack in boys.
 Occasional enlargement and
erection of Penis in boys.

151.  Thus, the rate of general
body growth begins to slow
down, reproductive tissues
begin to mature.

153.  The period of life, when the body
undergoes changes, leading to
reproductive maturity, is called
puberty.
 Boys and girls become capable of
reproduction.

154.  Male sex hormone is
Testosterone
 Female sex hormones are
Estrogen, Progesterone
and Relaxing.

155.  Changes in human body during growth
 Puberty during adolescence

156.  Read NCERT Page No. 135-137

162.  It is a type of reproduction in
which a male gamete fuses a
female gamete to produce
zygote which develop to form
a new individual.

164. Testis which produce Sperms
Vas deferens, Urethra
and Penis.
Seminal vesicles, and
Prostate gland

165.  These are located outside
the abdominal cavity in
scrotum because sperm
formation requires a lower
temperature than the
normal body temperature.

166.  Testosterone brings about
changes in appearance
seen in boys at the time of
puberty.

167.  The urethra thus forms a
common passage for both
the sperms and urine.
 Both urine and sperms
come out through the
muscular penis.

168. Neutralize acidity of the
vaginal tract
Prolonging the lifespan of
sperm in the vagina
Rich sucrose provides
nourishment to the sperm

169.  It has long tail that helps them
to move towards the female
germ-cell.
 The human sperm cell is
haploid, so that its 23
chromosomes (22+ Y) or (22+ X)

170.  Testes are the site of sperm formation
 Testes are the site of Testosterone production
 Vas deferens connects with urethra
 Prostate and the seminal vesicle glands secrets
alkaline fluid semen
 Sperms consist of genetic material.

171.  Draw the diagram of male reproductive system and
identify its parts.

173. Testis which produce Sperms
Vas deferens, Urethra
and Penis.
Seminal vesicles, and
Prostate gland

174.  It has long tail that helps them
to move towards the female
germ-cell.
 The human sperm cell is
haploid, so that its 23
chromosomes (22+ Y) or (22+ X)

176. Two Ovaries which
produce Ovum
Fallopian tubes
Uterus, cervix and Vagina

177.  When a girl is born, the
ovaries already contain
thousands of immature
eggs. On reaching
puberty, some of these start
maturing.
 One egg is produced every
month by one of the ovaries.

178.  To receive a fertilized
egg, uterus walls prepares
itself by becoming more
thicker with rich supply of
blood and mucus.

179.  The two oviducts unite into
an elastic bag-like structure
known as the uterus.
 The uterus opens into the
vagina through the cervix.

180.  Estrogen brings about changes
in appearance seen in boys at
the time of puberty.

181. The acidity retards the
growth of many strains of
dangerous microbes
Due to the degradation of
glycogen to the lactic acid
by enzymes secreted by
the Döderlein's bacillus.

182.  The ovum is one of the largest
cells in the human body.
 The human ovum cell is
haploid, so that its 23
chromosomes (22 + x)

183.  Ovaries are the site of ovum production
 Ovaries are the site of hormone production
 Fallopian tubes or oviducts carry
ovum to the womb
 Normal vaginal pH is 3.8 to 4.5, slightly acidic
 Ovum (Ova) consist of genetic material

184.  Draw the diagram of female reproductive system
and identify its parts.

186. Testis which produce Sperms
Vas deferens, Urethra
and Penis.
Seminal vesicles, and
Prostate gland

189. Two Ovaries which
produce Ovum
Fallopian tubes
Uterus, cervix and Vagina

191.  To receive and nourish
fertilized egg, uterus walls
prepares itself by
becoming more thicker
with rich supply of blood
and mucus.

194.  It is a type of reproduction in
which a male gamete fuses a
female gamete to produce
zygote which develop to form
a new individual.

197.  The acrosome of the sperm
produces enzymes which allow it to
burrow through the outer jelly coat
(plasma membrane) of the egg.

199.  The nuclei of the sperm and
the egg fuse to form a single
nucleus, results in the
formation of a fertilized egg
or zygote.

200.  The zygote, gets implanted
in the lining of the
uterus, and starts dividing
to form embryo.
 Note: It was told that every
month uterus wall make
itself thicker with blood
linings to receive zygote.

202. Placenta is a special tissue
embedded in the mother's uterus
It connects the embryo to the
uterus through villi
It provides O2 & Glucose from the
mother to the embryo
It removes CO2 & waste from
embryo to the mother’s blood

203.  The embryo continues to develop in
the uterus. It gradually develops
the body parts such as
hands, legs, head, eyes, ears, etc.
this is known as fetus (foetus).
 It takes 9 months (approximately)
to grow.
Placenta

207. Surgical birth

210.  The sperms enter through the vaginal passage during
sexual intercourse.
 Sperm fuses Ovum to form zygote
 Zygote develops to form Embryo
 Embryo gets nutrition from the mother’s blood
through placenta and begins to grow.
 Fetus the developing embryo

211.  Explain the formation of zygote with diagram.

212.  To receive and nourish
fertilized egg, uterus walls
prepares itself by
becoming more thicker
with rich supply of blood
and mucus.

214.  The acrosome of the sperm
produces enzymes which allow it to
burrow through the outer jelly coat
(plasma membrane) of the egg.

216.  The zygote, gets implanted
in the lining of the
uterus, and starts dividing
to form embryo.

217. Placenta is a special tissue
embedded in the mother's uterus
It connects the embryo to the
uterus through villi
It provides O2 & Glucose from the
mother to the embryo
It removes CO2 & waste from
embryo to the mother’s blood
Placenta

218. Surgical birth

220. May not had any sexual
intercourse
May be Sperms were inactive
May be due to some reasons
virginal acidity increased
May be Sperms did not reach to
the Ovum

223.  Blood lining is not needed any
longer.
 So, the lining slowly breaks
and comes out through the
vagina as blood and mucous.
 This cycle takes place roughly
every month and is known as
menstruation.
 It usually lasts for about two
to eight days.

226. Physical Say “NO”
exercise to Drugs
Personal Stop
Hygiene Adolescent
Pregnancy
Nutritional Reproductive
Safe sex
Needs Health

233.  Menstruation in women and menstrual cycle
 Reproductive health

234.  Read NCERT page No. 137-139
 Write a short note on reproductive health.

235.  The period of life, when the body
undergoes changes, leading to
reproductive maturity, is called
puberty.
 Boys and girls become capable of
reproduction.

236.  Reaching the reproductive age
at puberty does not mean you
have got reproductive maturity.
 Reproductive maturity comes
only when you will become
adult.

238.  Reproductive maturity means
not only development of sex
organs, it also indicates
physical strength to hold a
baby in womb and giving birth
of a fit and healthy child.

239.  Pregnancy will make major
demands on the body and
the mind of the woman, and
if she is not ready for it, her
health will be adversely
affected.

241. Blocking
Using
vas
Copper T
deferens
Changing Blocking
hormonal fallopian
balance tube
Using Contraceptive
Abortion
Condoms Methods

242.  Condoms on the penis or
similar coverings worn in the
vagina can serve this purpose.

243.  so that eggs are not released
and fertilization cannot occur.
 These drugs commonly need
to be taken orally as pills.
 May cause side-effects too.

244.  Copper-T are placed in the
uterus to prevent pregnancy.
 May cause side effects due to
irritation of the uterus.
 It does not give protection
from sexually transmitted
diseases.

245.  If the vas deferens in the male is
blocked through surgery, sperm
transfer will be prevented.
 May cause infections and other
problems if not performed
properly.

246.  If the fallopian tube in the female
is blocked through surgery, the
egg will not be able to reach the
uterus.
 May cause infections and other
problems if not performed
properly. They do not protect
against sexually transmitted
infections, including HIV/AIDS.

247.  Surgery can also be used for
removal of unwanted pregnancies.
These may be misused by people
who do not want a particular child.

251. A Female may not has sexual
maturity but undergoes sexual act
Possibility of HIV-AIDS is maximum
among the Sex workers
Lack of education and unplanned
family construction
Increasing rate of pollution
destroying social balance

252.  Various Contraceptive Methods
 For a healthy society, the female-male sex ratio
must be maintained
 Reasons for adopting various contraceptive
Methods

253.  Read NCERT page No. 139-140
 Complete NCERT Exercise Page No. 140-141