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Green Book 3
1. The document covers biochemical concepts including characteristics of living things, chemistry of life, water, and pH. It discusses atoms, chemical bonds, the periodic table, properties of water including its polarity, and the pH scale.
2. Key aspects of chemistry covered are that atoms are made of protons, neutrons, and electrons; chemical bonds can be ionic or covalent; and water is a polar covalent molecule that can form hydrogen bonds.
3. The pH scale measures the concentration of hydrogen ions, with values below 7 indicating acids and above 7 indicating bases.
Section 7 - Cell Energy
Cellular energy is stored in ATP, which is composed of adenine, ribose, and three phosphate groups. ATP breaks down into ADP and a phosphate group, releasing energy. Cellular respiration uses oxygen to break down glucose into carbon dioxide, water, and ATP through three stages: glycolysis, the Krebs cycle in mitochondria, and the electron transport chain on mitochondrial membranes. Without oxygen, some cells perform anaerobic respiration through lactic acid fermentation or alcoholic fermentation. Photosynthesis uses sunlight, carbon dioxide, and water to produce glucose and oxygen through light-dependent and light-independent reactions. Photosynthesis and cellular respiration are essentially reverse processes.
Karyotype lab
This document outlines the steps for a karyotype lab, including objectives, materials, methods, data collection and analysis. Students are asked to cut out and paste chromosomes to create karyotypes, including a normal male and female along with abnormalities like Down syndrome, Klinefelter syndrome and Turner syndrome. The analysis requires explaining the karyotypes and abnormalities, as well as how it would be to explain chromosomal abnormalities to parents as a doctor.
Chapter 37
The document discusses various topics relating to communities and ecosystems, including interactions between species like predation, competition, and symbiosis. It describes how organisms within a community depend on one another through food webs and trophic levels. The text also examines how ecosystems function through processes like nutrient cycling, energy flow, and primary production, and how human activities can disrupt these natural systems.
Recommended
Green Book 3
1. The document covers biochemical concepts including characteristics of living things, chemistry of life, water, and pH. It discusses atoms, chemical bonds, the periodic table, properties of water including its polarity, and the pH scale.
2. Key aspects of chemistry covered are that atoms are made of protons, neutrons, and electrons; chemical bonds can be ionic or covalent; and water is a polar covalent molecule that can form hydrogen bonds.
3. The pH scale measures the concentration of hydrogen ions, with values below 7 indicating acids and above 7 indicating bases.
Section 7 - Cell Energy
Cellular energy is stored in ATP, which is composed of adenine, ribose, and three phosphate groups. ATP breaks down into ADP and a phosphate group, releasing energy. Cellular respiration uses oxygen to break down glucose into carbon dioxide, water, and ATP through three stages: glycolysis, the Krebs cycle in mitochondria, and the electron transport chain on mitochondrial membranes. Without oxygen, some cells perform anaerobic respiration through lactic acid fermentation or alcoholic fermentation. Photosynthesis uses sunlight, carbon dioxide, and water to produce glucose and oxygen through light-dependent and light-independent reactions. Photosynthesis and cellular respiration are essentially reverse processes.
Karyotype lab
This document outlines the steps for a karyotype lab, including objectives, materials, methods, data collection and analysis. Students are asked to cut out and paste chromosomes to create karyotypes, including a normal male and female along with abnormalities like Down syndrome, Klinefelter syndrome and Turner syndrome. The analysis requires explaining the karyotypes and abnormalities, as well as how it would be to explain chromosomal abnormalities to parents as a doctor.
Chapter 37
The document discusses various topics relating to communities and ecosystems, including interactions between species like predation, competition, and symbiosis. It describes how organisms within a community depend on one another through food webs and trophic levels. The text also examines how ecosystems function through processes like nutrient cycling, energy flow, and primary production, and how human activities can disrupt these natural systems.
Reproduction in organism 2014 mohanbio
This document discusses reproduction in organisms. It begins by defining the life span of organisms and noting that reproduction enables continuity of species across generations. The main types of reproduction are asexual, which produces genetically identical offspring via budding or binary fission, and sexual, which involves the fusion of male and female gametes. In plants, asexual reproduction includes vegetative processes like stolons and rhizomes, while sexual reproduction uses pollination and fertilization to produce seeds. The zygote develops into an embryo through embryogenesis. Reproduction can be external or internal, and offspring may be oviparous, viviparous, or ovoviviparous.
Section 9 - Genetics
Gregor Mendel was an Austrian monk who conducted early experiments with pea plants that formed the basis of genetics. Through his experiments, he discovered that traits are passed from parents to offspring through discrete units (now known as genes) and that some traits are dominant over others. He developed the laws of segregation and independent assortment to describe inheritance patterns. Mendel's work established genetics as a science and he is considered the father of genetics.
Section 8 - Cell Reproduction
The document summarizes key facts about cellular reproduction and the cell cycle. It explains that the cell cycle consists of interphase (G1, S, G2 phases) and mitosis (M phase including prophase, metaphase, anaphase and telophase). During interphase, the cell grows and DNA is replicated. Mitosis divides the cell into two identical daughter cells. Meiosis produces gametes through two cell divisions and reduces chromosome number by half to produce haploid cells. Fertilization fuses gametes to form a diploid zygote and restart the cell cycle.
Chromosome number and karyotype
This document discusses human chromosomes and karyotypes. It begins by explaining that each species has a specific number of chromosomes, and that humans do not have the greatest number. It then provides details on human chromosomes, including that humans have 46 total chromosomes composed of 23 pairs, with 22 pairs being autosomes and 1 pair being sex chromosomes that determine gender as either XX or XY. The document explains how to read a karyotype, including identifying the numbered chromosome pairs and whether it represents a male or female. It concludes with assigning a karyotype lab for students to complete.
Section 3 - Chemistry
The document outlines various facts about chemistry and biology. It discusses that all living things must adapt, get energy, reproduce and be made of cells. It also explains that atoms are made up of protons, neutrons and electrons and that protons and neutrons are in the nucleus while electrons orbit. Additionally, it notes the three types of bonds - hydrogen, ionic and covalent - and provides facts about water chemistry including its chemical formula and polarity.
Sexual reproduction flowering plants_PUC_II
1) The document discusses the reproductive structures of flowering plants, including flowers, stamens, anthers, pistils, ovules, and the processes of pollination and fertilization.
2) It describes the development of male gametophytes (pollen grains) from microspores in the anther and female gametophytes (embryo sacs) from megaspores in the ovule.
3) After pollination and germination of the pollen tube, double fertilization occurs where two sperm cells fuse with the egg and central cells, forming the zygote and endosperm respectively.
Evolution by mohan bio
The document summarizes the origin and evolution of life on Earth. It describes how the Big Bang led to the formation of the universe and early Earth. The first life forms were single-celled organisms that evolved into more complex multicellular life over billions of years, including early humans. Key events were the origin of eukaryotic cells, emergence of land plants and animals, dinosaur extinction, early human ancestors like Homo habilis and Homo erectus, and modern Homo sapiens developing around 200,000 years ago.
Genetics chapter 4 part 1
- Gene interactions refer to how genes collaborate or interact to influence phenotypes. There are several types of interactions including interactions between alleles, pleiotropy, sex-limited traits, and gene-environment interactions.
- Dominance relationships can be complete, incomplete, or codominant. Incomplete dominance results in intermediate phenotypes, while codominance allows both alleles to be expressed. Multiple alleles can form allelic series with different dominance hierarchies.
- Penetrance and expressivity describe how consistently and intensely a genotype is expressed as a phenotype, which can be influenced by environment and other genes. Gene-environment interactions are important, as the environment can modify gene expression and phenotypes.
05 Lecture Ppt
The document summarizes key concepts about cellular energy and transport mechanisms. It discusses how ATP provides energy for cellular reactions and how enzymes speed up reactions by lowering their activation energy. It also describes the structure and functions of the plasma membrane, including the different mechanisms of transport such as simple diffusion, facilitated diffusion, osmosis, active transport, and bulk transport. Malfunctions of membrane proteins can cause human diseases such as diabetes, color blindness, and cystic fibrosis.
Genetic mutations
Genetic mutations can occur through changes in DNA base sequences or large chromosomal alterations. There are two main types of mutations - chromosomal mutations, which involve changes in large chromosome structures like translocations or deletions, and gene mutations, such as point mutations that change single DNA bases. Point mutations can be further divided into nonsense, missense, silent, and frameshift subtypes depending on their effects on protein sequences. Frameshift mutations caused by insertion or deletion of bases can alter reading frames and change all subsequent amino acids. Suppressor mutations in tRNA molecules allow decoding of altered codons to suppress effects of mutations. Mutations provide a mechanism for genetic change and often result in beneficial new genes and functions that enable organism adaptation
02 Lecture Ppt
This document provides an overview of basic chemistry concepts relevant to understanding cells and life processes. It discusses the six main elements that make up living things, the structure of atoms including subatomic particles, ionic and covalent bonding, the properties of water, acids and bases, and pH. Key points covered include that atoms are made up of protons, neutrons and electrons; water's unique properties are due to hydrogen bonding; and acids and bases affect the pH that cells require to function properly.
Conquering Parkinson's One Micron at a Time
The document proposes using nanotechnology to design biocomputers called nanites to treat Parkinson's disease. The nanites would be less than 10 micrometers in size and target the neuromuscular junction to restore muscle function in Parkinson's patients. The goals are to control muscle function, determine how to program and power the nanites, and evaluate them safely through clinical trials to drastically improve the lives of Parkinson's patients without side effects.
Bio 140 lab discussion 2010 ex 1 to 3
This document discusses concepts related to genetics and inheritance from three exercises:
1. It reviews the cell cycle and stages of mitosis and meiosis.
2. It defines important genetic terms like genotypes, phenotypes, monohybrid crosses, and uses examples to explain Mendelian inheritance and probability concepts.
3. It describes different types of gene interactions like incomplete dominance, codominance, dominant and recessive lethals, and examples of epistasis and other non-allelic gene interactions.
03 Lecture Ppt
This document provides an overview of organic molecules and macromolecules that are essential for life. It discusses how carbon allows for diverse organic molecules through bonding properties. Functional groups and isomers add to molecular diversity. Macromolecules like carbohydrates, lipids, proteins and nucleic acids are polymers formed from linking molecular subunits. Carbohydrates store and provide energy. Lipids provide storage and structure. Proteins have many vital functions. Nucleic acids carry genetic information and are made of nucleotides. The shape and structure of molecules determines their function in organisms.
Allelic frequency
The document discusses factors that can alter allelic frequencies in a population. It describes six main factors: 1) Mutation introduces new alleles, 2) Genetic drift like bottle neck effects can change frequencies randomly, 3) Migration through gene flow affects frequencies, 4) Natural selection increases frequencies of beneficial alleles and decreases unfavorable ones, 5) Non-random mating influences which individuals reproduce more, and 6) Inbreeding increases homozygosity. These genetic and evolutionary factors all impact the proportion of alleles in a population over time.
06 Lecture Ppt
Photosynthesis converts solar energy into chemical energy through two main stages. In the light reactions, solar energy is absorbed by chloroplasts and used to produce ATP and NADPH. In the Calvin cycle, ATP and NADPH fuel the reduction of carbon dioxide into carbohydrates like glucose. Plants use different pathways like C3, C4, and CAM to optimize photosynthesis under different conditions. Deforestation reduces carbon dioxide absorption from the atmosphere, contributing to global warming.
07 Lecture Ppt
Cellular respiration is a redox reaction that breaks down glucose and other substrates to capture energy in the form of ATP. It has four phases: glycolysis, the preparatory reaction, the citric acid cycle, and the electron transport chain. These phases occur both in the cytoplasm and in the mitochondria, and involve the oxidation of substrates and production of NADH and FADH2 to carry electrons through the electron transport chain. This establishes a proton gradient that drives ATP synthase to produce ATP through chemiosmosis. The process fully oxidizes one glucose molecule into 6 CO2, 6 H2O, and produces up to 36-38 ATP.
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Reproduction in organism 2014 mohanbio
This document discusses reproduction in organisms. It begins by defining the life span of organisms and noting that reproduction enables continuity of species across generations. The main types of reproduction are asexual, which produces genetically identical offspring via budding or binary fission, and sexual, which involves the fusion of male and female gametes. In plants, asexual reproduction includes vegetative processes like stolons and rhizomes, while sexual reproduction uses pollination and fertilization to produce seeds. The zygote develops into an embryo through embryogenesis. Reproduction can be external or internal, and offspring may be oviparous, viviparous, or ovoviviparous.
Section 9 - Genetics
Gregor Mendel was an Austrian monk who conducted early experiments with pea plants that formed the basis of genetics. Through his experiments, he discovered that traits are passed from parents to offspring through discrete units (now known as genes) and that some traits are dominant over others. He developed the laws of segregation and independent assortment to describe inheritance patterns. Mendel's work established genetics as a science and he is considered the father of genetics.
Section 8 - Cell Reproduction
The document summarizes key facts about cellular reproduction and the cell cycle. It explains that the cell cycle consists of interphase (G1, S, G2 phases) and mitosis (M phase including prophase, metaphase, anaphase and telophase). During interphase, the cell grows and DNA is replicated. Mitosis divides the cell into two identical daughter cells. Meiosis produces gametes through two cell divisions and reduces chromosome number by half to produce haploid cells. Fertilization fuses gametes to form a diploid zygote and restart the cell cycle.
Chromosome number and karyotype
This document discusses human chromosomes and karyotypes. It begins by explaining that each species has a specific number of chromosomes, and that humans do not have the greatest number. It then provides details on human chromosomes, including that humans have 46 total chromosomes composed of 23 pairs, with 22 pairs being autosomes and 1 pair being sex chromosomes that determine gender as either XX or XY. The document explains how to read a karyotype, including identifying the numbered chromosome pairs and whether it represents a male or female. It concludes with assigning a karyotype lab for students to complete.
Section 3 - Chemistry
The document outlines various facts about chemistry and biology. It discusses that all living things must adapt, get energy, reproduce and be made of cells. It also explains that atoms are made up of protons, neutrons and electrons and that protons and neutrons are in the nucleus while electrons orbit. Additionally, it notes the three types of bonds - hydrogen, ionic and covalent - and provides facts about water chemistry including its chemical formula and polarity.
Sexual reproduction flowering plants_PUC_II
1) The document discusses the reproductive structures of flowering plants, including flowers, stamens, anthers, pistils, ovules, and the processes of pollination and fertilization.
2) It describes the development of male gametophytes (pollen grains) from microspores in the anther and female gametophytes (embryo sacs) from megaspores in the ovule.
3) After pollination and germination of the pollen tube, double fertilization occurs where two sperm cells fuse with the egg and central cells, forming the zygote and endosperm respectively.
Evolution by mohan bio
The document summarizes the origin and evolution of life on Earth. It describes how the Big Bang led to the formation of the universe and early Earth. The first life forms were single-celled organisms that evolved into more complex multicellular life over billions of years, including early humans. Key events were the origin of eukaryotic cells, emergence of land plants and animals, dinosaur extinction, early human ancestors like Homo habilis and Homo erectus, and modern Homo sapiens developing around 200,000 years ago.
Genetics chapter 4 part 1
- Gene interactions refer to how genes collaborate or interact to influence phenotypes. There are several types of interactions including interactions between alleles, pleiotropy, sex-limited traits, and gene-environment interactions.
- Dominance relationships can be complete, incomplete, or codominant. Incomplete dominance results in intermediate phenotypes, while codominance allows both alleles to be expressed. Multiple alleles can form allelic series with different dominance hierarchies.
- Penetrance and expressivity describe how consistently and intensely a genotype is expressed as a phenotype, which can be influenced by environment and other genes. Gene-environment interactions are important, as the environment can modify gene expression and phenotypes.
05 Lecture Ppt
The document summarizes key concepts about cellular energy and transport mechanisms. It discusses how ATP provides energy for cellular reactions and how enzymes speed up reactions by lowering their activation energy. It also describes the structure and functions of the plasma membrane, including the different mechanisms of transport such as simple diffusion, facilitated diffusion, osmosis, active transport, and bulk transport. Malfunctions of membrane proteins can cause human diseases such as diabetes, color blindness, and cystic fibrosis.
Genetic mutations
Genetic mutations can occur through changes in DNA base sequences or large chromosomal alterations. There are two main types of mutations - chromosomal mutations, which involve changes in large chromosome structures like translocations or deletions, and gene mutations, such as point mutations that change single DNA bases. Point mutations can be further divided into nonsense, missense, silent, and frameshift subtypes depending on their effects on protein sequences. Frameshift mutations caused by insertion or deletion of bases can alter reading frames and change all subsequent amino acids. Suppressor mutations in tRNA molecules allow decoding of altered codons to suppress effects of mutations. Mutations provide a mechanism for genetic change and often result in beneficial new genes and functions that enable organism adaptation
02 Lecture Ppt
This document provides an overview of basic chemistry concepts relevant to understanding cells and life processes. It discusses the six main elements that make up living things, the structure of atoms including subatomic particles, ionic and covalent bonding, the properties of water, acids and bases, and pH. Key points covered include that atoms are made up of protons, neutrons and electrons; water's unique properties are due to hydrogen bonding; and acids and bases affect the pH that cells require to function properly.
Conquering Parkinson's One Micron at a Time
The document proposes using nanotechnology to design biocomputers called nanites to treat Parkinson's disease. The nanites would be less than 10 micrometers in size and target the neuromuscular junction to restore muscle function in Parkinson's patients. The goals are to control muscle function, determine how to program and power the nanites, and evaluate them safely through clinical trials to drastically improve the lives of Parkinson's patients without side effects.
Bio 140 lab discussion 2010 ex 1 to 3
This document discusses concepts related to genetics and inheritance from three exercises:
1. It reviews the cell cycle and stages of mitosis and meiosis.
2. It defines important genetic terms like genotypes, phenotypes, monohybrid crosses, and uses examples to explain Mendelian inheritance and probability concepts.
3. It describes different types of gene interactions like incomplete dominance, codominance, dominant and recessive lethals, and examples of epistasis and other non-allelic gene interactions.
03 Lecture Ppt
This document provides an overview of organic molecules and macromolecules that are essential for life. It discusses how carbon allows for diverse organic molecules through bonding properties. Functional groups and isomers add to molecular diversity. Macromolecules like carbohydrates, lipids, proteins and nucleic acids are polymers formed from linking molecular subunits. Carbohydrates store and provide energy. Lipids provide storage and structure. Proteins have many vital functions. Nucleic acids carry genetic information and are made of nucleotides. The shape and structure of molecules determines their function in organisms.
Allelic frequency
The document discusses factors that can alter allelic frequencies in a population. It describes six main factors: 1) Mutation introduces new alleles, 2) Genetic drift like bottle neck effects can change frequencies randomly, 3) Migration through gene flow affects frequencies, 4) Natural selection increases frequencies of beneficial alleles and decreases unfavorable ones, 5) Non-random mating influences which individuals reproduce more, and 6) Inbreeding increases homozygosity. These genetic and evolutionary factors all impact the proportion of alleles in a population over time.
06 Lecture Ppt
Photosynthesis converts solar energy into chemical energy through two main stages. In the light reactions, solar energy is absorbed by chloroplasts and used to produce ATP and NADPH. In the Calvin cycle, ATP and NADPH fuel the reduction of carbon dioxide into carbohydrates like glucose. Plants use different pathways like C3, C4, and CAM to optimize photosynthesis under different conditions. Deforestation reduces carbon dioxide absorption from the atmosphere, contributing to global warming.
07 Lecture Ppt
Cellular respiration is a redox reaction that breaks down glucose and other substrates to capture energy in the form of ATP. It has four phases: glycolysis, the preparatory reaction, the citric acid cycle, and the electron transport chain. These phases occur both in the cytoplasm and in the mitochondria, and involve the oxidation of substrates and production of NADH and FADH2 to carry electrons through the electron transport chain. This establishes a proton gradient that drives ATP synthase to produce ATP through chemiosmosis. The process fully oxidizes one glucose molecule into 6 CO2, 6 H2O, and produces up to 36-38 ATP.
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Chapter 5 principles of inheritance and variation
- Mendelian genetics deals with the study of heredity and variation through experiments in pea plants by Gregor Mendel.
- Mendel discovered the laws of inheritance through experiments showing traits are inherited in dominant and recessive patterns.
- His work was later combined with the chromosomal theory of inheritance which showed genes are located on chromosomes and segregate during gamete formation according to Mendel's laws.
Chapter 6. Molecular basis of inheritance.
Nucleic acids like DNA and RNA are the genetic material found in living cells. DNA carries genetic information from one generation to the next and is made up of deoxyribose, phosphate groups, and nitrogenous bases. DNA replication is semi-conservative and produces two identical DNA molecules, each with one old and one new strand. Transcription produces mRNA from a DNA template, and translation reads mRNA to produce proteins according to the central dogma of biology.
Chapter 8. Human health and disease.
This document discusses human health and diseases. It defines health and discusses factors that affect health like genetics, lifestyle, and infectious/non-infectious diseases. It then summarizes several common infectious diseases like typhoid, pneumonia, malaria, and their causes, transmission methods, symptoms, and treatment. It also discusses immunity, describing innate and acquired immunity. Innate immunity includes physical and chemical barriers, while acquired immunity involves T cells, B cells, antibodies, and cellular/humoral responses that provide long-term protection against pathogens.
Chapter 4. Reproductive health
The document discusses reproductive health issues in India. It covers topics like early marriage, lack of knowledge about reproductive health leading to high maternal and infant mortality rates, and population explosion due to lack of family planning programs. It describes various contraceptive methods like natural family planning, barrier methods, IUDs, oral contraceptives, and sterilization. It also discusses infertility treatment methods, sexually transmitted diseases, and strategies to improve awareness about reproductive health issues through various government programs.
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ಅಧ್ಯಾಯ 1 ರಾಸಾಯನಿಕ ಕ್ರಿಯೆಗಳು ಮತ್ತು ಸಮೀಕರಣಗಳು ಪ್ರಶ್ನೆಗಳು.
ಅಧ್ಯಾಯ 1 ರಾಸಾಯನಿಕ ಕ್ರಿಯೆಗಳು ಮತ್ತು ಸಮೀಕರಣಗಳು ಪ್ರಶ್ನೆಗಳು.
ಅಧ್ಯಾಯ 1 ರಾಸಾಯನಿಕ ಕ್ರಿಯೆಗಳು ಮತ್ತು ಸಮೀಕರಣಗಳು ಪ್ರಶ್ನೆಗಳು.
ಅಧ್ಯಾಯ 1 ರಾಸಾಯನಿಕ ಕ್ರಿಯೆಗಳು ಮತ್ತು ಸಮೀಕರಣಗಳು ಪ್ರಶ್ನೆಗಳು.
Flash cards for practising to write mplicular formula.
Flash cards for practising to write mplicular formula.
Chapter 20 control and co-ordination in plants and animals by mohan bio
Chapter 20 control and co-ordination in plants and animals by mohan bio
Chapter 20 control and co-ordination in plants and animals by mohan bio
Chapter 20 control and co-ordination in plants and animals by mohan bio
Chapter 23 human evolution.
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