The activities which are performed by opposing the mechanical or manual resistance is called as a resisted exercise.
This presentation includes all the required information that a first year BPT student should know.
Hope it helps to whosoever refers these slides.
I hope this content helps you in understanding this condition. Thank You for sparing your precious time and going through this PowerPoint presentation.
it is very useful content for the basic knowledge of motor units .
Dedicated to my father shri satyaveer singh , my mother bateri devi and the entire lnipe family .
Electric stimulation works by mimicking the natural way by which the body exercises its muscles. The electrodes attached to the skin deliver impulses that make the muscles contract. It is beneficial in increasing the patient's range of motion and improves the circulation of the body.
The Biomechanics of Human Bone Growthand DevelopmentMuhammadasif909
stress/strain in a loaded material; stress divided by the relative amount of change in shape)
What is compressive strength?
(ability to resist compression
The activities which are performed by opposing the mechanical or manual resistance is called as a resisted exercise.
This presentation includes all the required information that a first year BPT student should know.
Hope it helps to whosoever refers these slides.
I hope this content helps you in understanding this condition. Thank You for sparing your precious time and going through this PowerPoint presentation.
it is very useful content for the basic knowledge of motor units .
Dedicated to my father shri satyaveer singh , my mother bateri devi and the entire lnipe family .
Electric stimulation works by mimicking the natural way by which the body exercises its muscles. The electrodes attached to the skin deliver impulses that make the muscles contract. It is beneficial in increasing the patient's range of motion and improves the circulation of the body.
The Biomechanics of Human Bone Growthand DevelopmentMuhammadasif909
stress/strain in a loaded material; stress divided by the relative amount of change in shape)
What is compressive strength?
(ability to resist compression
Types of electrotherapeutic current (unit 6)
1. Types of electrotherapeutic current :- There are three types of current used in electrotherapeutic purpose:-
Direct current.
Alternating current.
Pulsed current/ pulsatile current.
2. Characteristic features of electrotherapeutic current:- Wave Form:-
The shape of the single pulse or cycle phases as they appear on the graph of current (voltage) versus time is called wave form.
Mainly two types of characteristics are used to describe pulsed and alternating current wave forms:-
Descriptive (qualitative) characteristics.
Quantitative Characteristics.
3. Current modulations:- Changes in current characteristics may be sequential, intermittent or variable in nature and are referred to as modulations.
Amplitude modulation:- Variations in peak amplitude of a series of pulses.
4. Burst Current:- A finite series of pulses, a finite interval of alternation current delivered at a specific frequency over a specific time interval.
Burst duration (with interruption).
Inter burst interval (without interruption).
Continuous mode (without interruption).
Introduction to muscle energy techniques (METs)Fared Alkordi
The use of Muscle Energy Techniques (METs) to reduce muscle pain and improve muscle length. Types, physiological mechanisms and practical techniques in clinical settings.
Types of electrotherapeutic current (unit 6)
1. Types of electrotherapeutic current :- There are three types of current used in electrotherapeutic purpose:-
Direct current.
Alternating current.
Pulsed current/ pulsatile current.
2. Characteristic features of electrotherapeutic current:- Wave Form:-
The shape of the single pulse or cycle phases as they appear on the graph of current (voltage) versus time is called wave form.
Mainly two types of characteristics are used to describe pulsed and alternating current wave forms:-
Descriptive (qualitative) characteristics.
Quantitative Characteristics.
3. Current modulations:- Changes in current characteristics may be sequential, intermittent or variable in nature and are referred to as modulations.
Amplitude modulation:- Variations in peak amplitude of a series of pulses.
4. Burst Current:- A finite series of pulses, a finite interval of alternation current delivered at a specific frequency over a specific time interval.
Burst duration (with interruption).
Inter burst interval (without interruption).
Continuous mode (without interruption).
Introduction to muscle energy techniques (METs)Fared Alkordi
The use of Muscle Energy Techniques (METs) to reduce muscle pain and improve muscle length. Types, physiological mechanisms and practical techniques in clinical settings.
Learn about how our muscle functioning everyday. And check out the muscle roles!! Simple notes, Simple slides for the beginner person who's attracted to science.
skeletal, cardiac & smooth Muscles by Thiru Murugan.pptxthiru murugan
Unit III – The Muscular System - Anatomy
Types and structure of muscles
Muscle groups
Alterations in disease
Applications and implications in nursing
Muscle:
Muscle is a soft tissue and it is one of the 4 basic tissues, along with nervous tissue, epithelium, and connective tissue.
Muscles helps in movement, support and protection of internal organs.
Muscles can perform variety of functions
Muscles tissue is made up of cells called “MYOCYTES” or muscle fibers.
There are more than 600 muscles in the human body. A kind of elastic tissue makes up each muscle, which consists of thousands, or tens of thousands, of small muscle fibers.
Types of Muscles: There are 3 main types of muscles
Skeletal muscle
Cardiac muscle
Smooth muscle
Skeletal muscle:
These are having close relationship to the bone or skeleton, so called Skeletal muscles
It present in limbs and related body parts & It form about 40% of body weight.
Under microscope the skeletal muscles fibers shows prominent striations, so called “Striated Muscles” & It is also known as “Voluntary Muscles” (movements are under our control)
Structure of Skeletal muscle:
Muscle fibers shows transverse striations under light microscope so it is called “striated muscles”
The nucleus is located peripherally.
Each skeletal muscle is an organ that consists of numerous cells called muscle fibers.
Each muscle fibers surrounded by “ Endomysium”
Inside each skeletal muscle, muscle fibers are organized into bundles, called fascicles, each fascicle surrounded by perimysium.
The whole muscle is covered by “epimysium”
Each skeletal muscle has three layers: endomysium, perimysium and epimysium
Muscle fibers:
Muscle is composed of many long cylindrical-shaped elongated fibres called muscle fibers
Length varies according to the size and shape of the muscles.
The actual arrangement of the fibres depending on the function of the muscle.
Each muscle fibers covered by a membrane is called the sarcolemma.
The cytoplasm of a muscle fiber is called Sarcoplasm
In sarcoplasm there are many mitochondria and bundles of fine longitudinal thread like part is called “myofibrils”
Microscopic structure of myofibrils:
A myofibril (also known as a muscle fibril or sarcostyle) is a basic rod-like part of a muscle cell.
Muscles are composed of tubular cells called myocytes, known as muscle fibres in striated muscle, and these cells in turn contain many chains of myofibrils.
They are created during embryonic development in a process known as myogenesis.
Under light microscope each myofibril consist of 2 bands:
Light band or “I” Band and Dark band or “A” Band
The alternating pattern of these bands results in the striated appearance of skeletal muscle.
Light band or “I” Band:
The I-bands (isotropic in polarized light) appear light in color.
I band divided into 2 portions by a narrow dark line called “Z” line or “Z” Disc.
This “Z” line is formed by protein which does not permit the light.
The part in between 2 “Z” lines called “sarc
2. Unit - 7-Muscles Anatomy, Thiru Murugan, Msc Professorthiru murugan
The Muscular System
By Thiru murugan. M
The Muscular system:
Types and structure of muscles
Muscle groups: muscles of the head, neck, thorax, abdomen, pelvis, upper limb and lower limbs
Principal muscles: deltoid, biceps, triceps, respiratory, abdominal, pelvic floor, pelvic floor muscles, gluteal muscles and vastus lateralis
Major muscles involved in nursing procedures
Muscle:
Muscle is a soft tissue and it is one of the 4 basic tissues, along with nervous tissue, epithelium, and connective tissue.
Muscles helps in movement, support and protection of internal organs.
Muscles can perform variety of functions
Muscles tissue is made up of cells called “MYOCYTES” or muscle fibers.
There are more than 600 muscles in the human body. A kind of elastic tissue makes up each muscle, which consists of thousands, or tens of thousands, of small muscle fibers.
Types of Muscles: There are 3 main types of muscles
Skeletal muscle
Cardiac muscle
Smooth muscle
Skeletal muscle:
These are having close relationship to the bone or skeleton, so called Skeletal muscles
It present in limbs and related body parts & It form about 40% of body weight.
Under microscope the skeletal muscles fibers shows prominent striations, so called “Striated Muscles” & It is also known as “Voluntary Muscles” (movements are under our control)
Structure of Skeletal muscle:
Muscle fibers shows transverse striations under light microscope so it is called “striated muscles”
The nucleus is located peripherally.
Each skeletal muscle is an organ that consists of numerous cells called muscle fibers.
Each muscle fibers surrounded by “ Endomysium”
Inside each skeletal muscle, muscle fibers are organized into bundles, called fascicles, each fascicle surrounded by perimysium.
The whole muscle is covered by “epimysium”
Each skeletal muscle has three layers: endomysium, perimysium and epimysium
Muscle fibers:
Muscle is composed of many long cylindrical-shaped elongated fibres called muscle fibers
Length varies according to the size and shape of the muscles.
The actual arrangement of the fibres depending on the function of the muscle.
Each muscle fibers covered by a membrane is called the sarcolemma.
The cytoplasm of a muscle fiber is called Sarcoplasm
In sarcoplasm there are many mitochondria and bundles of fine longitudinal thread like part is called “myofibrils”
Microscopic structure of myofibrils:
A myofibril (also known as a muscle fibril or sarcostyle) is a basic rod-like part of a muscle cell.
Muscles are composed of tubular cells called myocytes, known as muscle fibres in striated muscle, and these cells in turn contain many chains of myofibrils.
They are created during embryonic development in a process known as myogenesis.
Under light microscope each myofibril consist of 2 bands:
Light band or “I” Band & Dark band or “A” Band
The alternating pattern of these bands results in the striated appearance of skeletal muscle.
Light band or “I” Band:
The I-bands (isotropic in polarize
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Narrated Business Proposal for the Philadelphia Eaglescamrynascott12
Slide 1:
Welcome, and thank you for joining me today. We will explore a strategic proposal to enhance parking and traffic management at Lincoln Financial Field, aiming to improve the overall fan experience and operational efficiency. This comprehensive plan addresses existing challenges and leverages innovative solutions to create a smoother and more enjoyable experience for our fans.
Slide 2:
Picture this: It’s a crisp fall afternoon, driving towards Lincoln Financial Field. The atmosphere is electric—tailgaters grilling, fans in Eagles jerseys creating a sea of green and white. The air buzzes with camaraderie and anticipation. You park, join the throng, and make your way to your seat. The stadium roars as the Eagles take the field, sending chills down your spine. Each play is a thrilling dance of strategy and skill. This is what being an Eagles fan is all about—the joy, the pride, and the shared experience.
Slide 3:
But now, the day is marred by frustration. The excitement wanes as you struggle to find a parking spot. The congestion is overwhelming, and tempers flare. The delays mean you miss the pre-game excitement, the tailgate camaraderie, and even the opening kick-off. After the game, the joy of victory or the shared solace of defeat is overshadowed by the stress of navigating out of the parking lot. The gridlock, honking horns, and endless waiting drain the energy and joy from what should have been an unforgettable experience.
Our proposal aims to eliminate these frustrations, ensuring that from arrival to departure, your experience is extraordinary. Efficient parking and smooth traffic flow are key to maintaining the high spirits and excitement that make game days special.
Slide 4:
The Philadelphia Eagles are not just a premier NFL team; they are an integral part of the community, hosting games, concerts, and various events at Lincoln Financial Field. Our state-of-the-art stadium is designed to provide a world-class experience for every attendee. Whether it's the thrill of game day, the excitement of a live concert, or the camaraderie of community events, we pride ourselves on delivering a fan-first experience and maintaining operational excellence across all our activities. Our commitment to our fans and community is unwavering, and we continuously strive to enhance every aspect of their experience, ensuring they leave with unforgettable memories.
Slide 5:
Recent trends show an increasing demand for efficient event logistics. Our customer feedback has consistently highlighted frustrations with parking and traffic. Surveys indicate that a significant number of fans are dissatisfied with the current parking situation. Comparisons with other venues like Citizens Bank Park and Wells Fargo Center reveal that we lag in terms of parking efficiency and convenience. These insights underscore the urgent need for innovation to meet and exceed fan expectations.
Slide 6:
As we delve into the intricacies of our operations, one glaring issue emer
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Chapter 1 structure and function of the muscular, neuromuscular, cardiovascular, and respiratory syste
1. chapter
Structure and and Respiratory
Muscular, Neuromuscular,
Cardiovascular,Function of the
Systems
1
Structure and Function
of the Muscular,
Neuromuscular,
Cardiovascular, and
Respiratory Systems
Gary R. Hunter, PhD, CSCS, FACSM
Robert T. Harris, PhD
2. Chapter Objectives
• Describe the macrostructure and microstructure of muscle.
• Describe the sliding-filament theory.
• Describe the characteristics of different
muscle fiber types.
• Describe the characteristics of the cardiovascular and respiratory systems.
• We will focus on the muscular and
neuromuscular systems, review pages 1319 on your own (heart and lungs)
3. The Muscular System
• ....DesktopESS 2600 VideosHuman Body
Pushing The Limits E1 part 2.mp4
4. Muscular System
• Macrostructure and Microstructure
– Each skeletal muscle is an organ that contains
muscle tissue, connective tissue, nerves, and blood
vessels.
– Fibrous connective tissue, or epimysium, covers the
body's more than 430 skeletal muscles.
6. Epimysium
• The epimysium encases the muscle
• All of the various layers of CT
(endomysium, perimysium and the
epimysium blend and are contiguous with
the tendon).
• Tendon: Attaches the muscle to the bone (it
is much stronger than muscle tissue)
7. Fasiculi
• Each fasiculi may consist of up to 150
fibers.
• Each muscle fiber is surrounded by a
connective tissue known as endomysium.
• The fasiculi themselves are surrounded by
connective tissue known as perimysium.
– Think of this as the connective tissue within the
muscle
9. Muscle Fibers
• Muscle fibers (also known as cells) are
about the same diameter as a strand of
human hair and can reach lengths as long
as the muscle itself
• Muscle fibers are made up of many
myofibrils bundled together
• Again, what myofilaments do we find in the
myofibrils?
• Strategically arranged actin and myosin
12. Muscle Contraction
• What is the smallest “contractile unit” of
skeletal muscle?
– The sarcomere
• Sarcomeres are lined up in series along the
length of the myofibril
– (remember: myofibrils make up each muscle fiber,
so simultaneous contraction of the sarcomeres
within all of the myofibrils leads to muscle cell
shortening)
14. Muscular System
• What is the Sliding-Filament Theory of
Muscular Contraction?
– The sliding-filament theory states that the actin
filaments at each end of the sarcomere slide inward
on myosin filaments, pulling the Z-lines toward the
center of the sarcomere and thus shortening the
muscle fiber.
– Sliding Filament Theory
18. Contraction of a Myofibril
– (a) In stretched muscle the I-bands and H-zone are
elongated, and there is low force potential due to
reduced cross-bridge–actin alignment.
– (b) When muscle contracts (here partially), the
I-bands and H-zone are shortened.
– (c) With completely contracted muscle, there is low
force potential due to reduced cross-bridge–actin
alignment.
19. Neuromuscular System
Motor Unit
• The nervous system works via electrical
impulses (action potentials), it signals the
muscle to contract by sending action
potentials to the muscle
• What is a motor unit?
– A motor unit consists of a motor neuron and the
muscle fibers it innervates.
– There are typically several hundred muscle fibers in
a single motor unit.
22. Key Point
• The discharge of an action potential from a
motor nerve signals the release of calcium
from the sarcoplasmic reticulum into the
myofibril, this allows the “cross bridges” of
the myosin to attach to actin.
• Using the energy from ATP, tension can
now be developed in muscle.
23. Section Outline
• Neuromuscular System
–
–
–
–
–
Activation of Muscles
Muscle Fiber Types
Motor Unit Recruitment Patterns During Exercise
Preloading
Proprioception
• Muscle Spindles
• Golgi Tendon Organs
24. Neuromuscular System
•
•
Activation of Muscles
What chemical is released following an action potential?
– Arrival of the action potential at the nerve terminal causes the release
of acetylcholine. Once a sufficient amount of acetylcholine is
released, an action potential is generated across the sarcolemma, and
the fiber contracts.
– What determines the level of muscular control.
– Hand vs. Thigh
• Muscles that function with great precision may have as
few as one muscle fiber per motor neuron.
• Muscles that require less precision may have several
hundred fibers served by one motor neuron.
26. ACTIVATION OF MUSCLES
(neuromuscular junction)
Once enough acetylcholine
crosses the neuromuscular
junction, the action potential
is transmitted and the
muscle contracts
This occurs because the
sarcolemma (muscle cell
membrane), then T-tubule
depolarizes and the
sarcoplasmic reticula
releases calcium
27. All-or-none principle
• All of the muscle fibers in the motor unit
contract and develop force at the same time.
There is no such thing as a motor neuron
stimulus that causes only some of the fibers to
contract. Similarly, a stronger action potential
cannot produce a stronger contraction.
28. Stimulated Motor Unit
• Twitch, twitch
summation, and
tetanus of a motor
unit:
– a = single twitch
– b = force resulting
from summation of
two twitches
– c = unfused tetanus
– d = fused tetanus
29. Neuromuscular System
• Muscle Fiber Types
– Type I (slow-twitch)
– Type IIa (fast-twitch)
• Type IIab (fast-twitch); now named as Type IIax
• Type IIb (fast-twitch); now named as Type IIx
– Type IIx are “true” fast-twitch fibers and are highly if not
100% glycolytic in nature
– All other Type II fibers are oxidate and glycolytic
hybrids
31. MUSCLE FIBER TYPES
• Postural muscles
are typically
composed of a
higher percentage
of type 1 fibers
• Whereas larger
muscles
(quadriceps) have a
mixed composition
32. Key Point
• Motor units are composed of muscle fibers
with specific morphological and physiological characteristics that determine their
functional capacity.
• Motor neurons, motor units and/or muscle
fibers can be characterized as type .. Motor
units are always the same type (you won’t
find a motor neuron innervating both type I
and type II fibers)
33. Neuromuscular System
• Motor Unit Recruitment Patterns During
Exercise
– The force output of a muscle can be varied through
change in the frequency of activation of individual
motor units or change in the number of activated
motor units.
35. Neuromuscular System
• Preloading
– Occurs when a load is lifted,
since sufficient force must be
developed to overcome the
inertia of the load
• Proprioception
– Information concerning
kinesthetic sense, or conscious
appreciation of the position of
body parts with respect to
gravity
– Processed at subconscious
levels
36. Neuromuscular System
• How Can Athletes Improve Force
Production?
– Recruit large muscles or muscle groups during an
activity.
– Increase the cross-sectional area of muscles
involved in the desired activity.
– Preload a muscle just before a concentric action to
enhance force production during the subsequent
muscle action.
– Use preloading during training to develop strength
early in the range of motion.
37. Key Point
• Proprioceptors are specialized sensory
receptors that provide the central nervous
system with information needed to maintain
muscle tone and perform complex coordinated movements.
38. Neuromuscular System
• Proprioception
– Muscle Spindles
• Also known as intrafusal fibers
• Muscle spindles are proprioceptors that consist of several
modified muscle fibers enclosed in a sheath of connective
tissue.
39. Muscle Spindle
• Figure 1.7
– When a muscle is stretched, deformation of the
muscle spindle activates the sensory neuron, which
sends an impulse to the spinal cord, where it
synapses with a motor neuron, causing the muscle
to contract.
• Example: If you are being stretched by your trainer and they
push the muscle a little too far/fast .. What is your natural
reaction?
41. Neuromuscular System
• Proprioception
– Golgi Tendon Organs (GTO)
– Where are GTOs located?
• Golgi tendon organs are proprioceptors located in tendons
near the myotendinous junction.
• They occur in series (i.e., attached end to end) with
extrafusal muscle fibers.
42. Golgi Tendon Organ
• What happens when you lift something that
is far too heavy?
– When an extremely heavy load is placed on the
muscle, discharge of the GTO occurs.
– The sensory neuron of the GTO activates an
inhibitory interneuron in the spinal cord, which in
turn synapses with and inhibits a motor neuron
serving the same muscle.
44. Neuromuscular System
• Older Muscle
– Muscle function is reduced in older adults.
– Reductions in muscle size and strength are
amplified in weight-bearing extensor muscles.
– Muscle atrophy with aging results from losses in
both number and size of muscle fibers, especially
Type II muscle fibers.
– Inactivity plays a major role but cannot account for
all of the age-related loss of muscle and function.
46. Cardiovascular System
• Heart
– The heart is a muscular organ made up of two
interconnected but separate pumps.
• The right ventricle pumps blood to the lungs.
• The left ventricle pumps blood to the rest of the body.
47. Heart and Blood Flow
• Figure 1.9 (next slide)
– Structure of the human heart and course of blood
flow through its chambers
49. Cardiovascular System
• Heart
– Valves
• Tricuspid valve and mitral (bicuspid) valve
• Aortic valve and pulmonary valve
• Valves open and close passively, depending on the
pressure gradient
– Conduction System
• Controls the mechanical contraction of the heart
52. Cardiac Impulse
• Figure 1.11 (next slide)
– Transmission of the cardiac impulse through the
heart, showing the time of appearance (in fractions
of a second) of the impulse in different parts of the
heart
54. Cardiovascular System
• Heart
– Electrocardiogram
• Recorded at the surface of the body
• A graphic representation of the electrical activity of the
heart
57. Cardiovascular System
• Blood Vessels
– Blood vessels operate in a closed-circuit system.
– The arterial system carries blood away from the
heart.
– The venous system returns blood toward the heart.
58. Distribution of Blood
• Figure 1.13 (next slide)
– The slide shows the arterial (right) and venous (left)
components of the circulatory system.
– The percent values indicate the distribution of blood
volume throughout the circulatory system at rest.
61. Cardiovascular System
• Blood
– Hemoglobin transports oxygen and serves as an
acid–base buffer.
– Red blood cells facilitate carbon dioxide removal.
62. Key Point
• The cardiovascular system transports
nutrients and removes waste products while
helping to maintain the environment for all
the body’s functions. The blood transports
oxygen from the lungs to the tissues for use
in cellular metabolism, and it transports
carbon dioxide from the tissues to the
lungs, where it is removed from the body.
66. Respiratory System
• Exchange of Air
– The amount and movement of air and expired gases
in and out of the lungs are controlled by expansion
and recoil of the lungs.
67. Expiration and Inspiration
• Figure 1.15 (next slide)
– The slide shows contraction and expansion of the
thoracic cage during expiration and inspiration,
illustrating diaphragmatic contraction, elevation of
the rib cage, and function of the intercostals.
– The vertical and anteroposterior diameters increase
during inspiration.
69. Respiratory System
• Exchange of Respiratory Gases
– The primary function of the respiratory system is the
basic exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide.