Content -
1.Types of Muscles
2. Types of muscle work/ contraction
3.Muscle Action - Agonist, antagonist, fixators, synergist
4. Active and passive insufficency
5. Range of muscle work, Angle of pull
Describes the action potential occuring in the muscle. It includes the cellular and molecular organization of the muscle particularly on the myosin and actin myofilaments. Describes likewise the steps of muscle contraction.
Content -
1.Types of Muscles
2. Types of muscle work/ contraction
3.Muscle Action - Agonist, antagonist, fixators, synergist
4. Active and passive insufficency
5. Range of muscle work, Angle of pull
Describes the action potential occuring in the muscle. It includes the cellular and molecular organization of the muscle particularly on the myosin and actin myofilaments. Describes likewise the steps of muscle contraction.
Describes the overview of the skeletal muscles, its description, functons, and properties. It also inccludes the gross organization of the skeletal system.
In this presentation we have tried about to exercise cycle and advantages of it. If you are looking best manufacturers of exercise cycle then you can visit at web portal of tradeindia.
Describes the overview of the skeletal muscles, its description, functons, and properties. It also inccludes the gross organization of the skeletal system.
In this presentation we have tried about to exercise cycle and advantages of it. If you are looking best manufacturers of exercise cycle then you can visit at web portal of tradeindia.
Anatomy and Physiology 2e - Chapter 10: Muscle Tissuedmarantz81
Lecture slide presentation for Anatomy and Physiology topic of muscle tissue. Based on the OpenStax text.
Sections Include:
10.1 Overview of Muscle Tissues
10.2 Skeletal Muscle
10.3 Muscle Fiber Contraction and Relaxation
10.4 Nervous System Control of Muscle Tension
10.5 Types of Muscle Fibers
10.6 Exercise and Muscle Performance
10.7 Cardiac Muscle Tissue
10.8 Smooth Muscle
10.9 Development and Regeneration of Muscle Tissue
a compiled resources mainly to facilitate learning outcomes
Identify types of muscle tissues
Describe types of skeletal system
Identify human skeletal system
Identify the component of human musculo-skeletal system
Explain how muscle contracts
Describe muscle and bone relationships
These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
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These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar leads (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
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Anti-ulcer drugs are medications used to prevent and treat ulcers in the stomach and upper part of the small intestine (duodenal ulcers). These ulcers are often caused by an imbalance between stomach acid and the mucosal lining, which protects the stomach lining.
||Scope: Overview of various classes of anti-ulcer drugs, their mechanisms of action, indications, side effects, and clinical considerations.
The prostate is an exocrine gland of the male mammalian reproductive system
It is a walnut-sized gland that forms part of the male reproductive system and is located in front of the rectum and just below the urinary bladder
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A healthy human prostate measures (4cm-vertical, by 3cm-horizontal, 2cm ant-post ).
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Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex System Analysis, S...Oleg Kshivets
RESULTS: Overall life span (LS) was 2252.1±1742.5 days and cumulative 5-year survival (5YS) reached 73.2%, 10 years – 64.8%, 20 years – 42.5%. 513 LCP lived more than 5 years (LS=3124.6±1525.6 days), 148 LCP – more than 10 years (LS=5054.4±1504.1 days).199 LCP died because of LC (LS=562.7±374.5 days). 5YS of LCP after bi/lobectomies was significantly superior in comparison with LCP after pneumonectomies (78.1% vs.63.7%, P=0.00001 by log-rank test). AT significantly improved 5YS (66.3% vs. 34.8%) (P=0.00000 by log-rank test) only for LCP with N1-2. Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: phase transition (PT) early-invasive LC in terms of synergetics, PT N0—N12, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells- CC and blood cells subpopulations), G1-3, histology, glucose, AT, blood cell circuit, prothrombin index, heparin tolerance, recalcification time (P=0.000-0.038). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and PT early-invasive LC (rank=1), PT N0—N12 (rank=2), thrombocytes/CC (3), erythrocytes/CC (4), eosinophils/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), segmented neutrophils/CC (8), stick neutrophils/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10); leucocytes/CC (11). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (area under ROC curve=1.0; error=0.0).
CONCLUSIONS: 5YS of LCP after radical procedures significantly depended on: 1) PT early-invasive cancer; 2) PT N0--N12; 3) cell ratio factors; 4) blood cell circuit; 5) biochemical factors; 6) hemostasis system; 7) AT; 8) LC characteristics; 9) LC cell dynamics; 10) surgery type: lobectomy/pneumonectomy; 11) anthropometric data. Optimal diagnosis and treatment strategies for LC are: 1) screening and early detection of LC; 2) availability of experienced thoracic surgeons because of complexity of radical procedures; 3) aggressive en block surgery and adequate lymph node dissection for completeness; 4) precise prediction; 5) adjuvant chemoimmunoradiotherapy for LCP with unfavorable prognosis.
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TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
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2. THE MUSCULAR SYSTEM
• Muscles are responsible for all types of body
movement – they contract or shorten and are the
machine of the body
• Three basic muscle types are found in the body
• Skeletal muscle
• Cardiac muscle
• Smooth muscle
3.
4. FUNCTION OF MUSCLES
• 1. Support the body
• 2. Allow for movement by making
bones and other body parts move
• 3. Maintain constant body
temperature
5. • 4. Assist in movement of
cardiovascular veins and lymph
• 5. Protect internal organs and
stabilize joints
6. ORGANIZATION OF SKELETAL
MUSCLE
Muscle
belly
Fascicle:
a bundle of
muscle fibers
Muscle
Fiber:
muscle cell
Sarcomere:
units of
myofibrils
responsible for
the striated
appearance
Myofibrils:
structures
that make
up a muscle
fiber
Myofilament:
protein
filaments that
make up a
sarcomere
Myosin:
thick
filaments
Actin: thin
filaments
7.
8.
9. COVERINGS OF A
SKELETAL MUSCLE
• Skeletal muscles are organs
• They contain muscle fibers, nerves, and blood
vessels
• Connective tissue membranes separate each
muscle structure
• Fascia – layer of fibrous tissue that separates
muscles from each other and from the skin
10. COVERINGS FROM LARGEST TO
SMALLEST
• Epimysium – covers the entire
skeletal muscle
• Perimysium – surrounds a bundle
of muscle fibers (fascicle)
• Endomysium – surrounds a single
muscle fiber (cell)
11. SKELETAL MUSCLE
ATTACHMENTS
• Epimysium blends into a connective tissue attachment
• Tendon – cord-like structure
• Sites of muscle attachment
• Bones
• Cartilages
• Connective tissue coverings
14. • Myofibril
• Bundles of myofilaments
• Myofibrils are aligned to give distinct bands
• Light band = “I band”
• Dark band = “A band”
15. • Sarcomere
• Contractile unit of a muscle fiber
• Organization of the sarcomere
• Thick filaments = myosin protein
• Thin filaments = actin protein
16. • Myosin and actin overlap somewhat
in the sarcomere
• Myosin filaments have heads
(extensions) that can ‘grab’ onto
actin forming a crossbridge
20. • Step 2: Neurotransmitter causes the muscle cell membrane gates to open
• Step 3: Ions (Na+ & K+) exchange places causing the sarcoplasmic reticulum
to release Ca2+
• Step 4: This release of Ca+ starts the muscle contraction as the actin
slide past the myosin filaments
21. THE SLIDING FILAMENT
THEORY OF MUSCLE
CONTRACTION
• Sliding Filament Model - a muscle contracts when the thin filament in the
muscle fiber slides over the thick filament
• Activated by ATP and calcium (Ca+) ions
22. THE SLIDING FILAMENT THEORY
OF MUSCLE CONTRACTION
• 1) An influx of Ca2+ causes thick myosin filaments to
form crossbridges with the thin actin filament by
exposing the binding site on actin
23. THE SLIDING FILAMENT
THEORY OF MUSCLE
CONTRACTION
• 2) The crossbridges change shape as it pulls on filaments which slides towards the
center of the sacromere in the power stroke
• The distance between the Z line decreases, shortening the muscle.
24. • 3) The crossbridges detach from the actin filament when ATP bonds to
myosin head.
25. THE SLIDING FILAMENT THEORY
• 4) The myosin head gets ready to bond to actin again
using ATP energy
• The cycle is repeated on another site of actin filament
using the stored ATP energy
29. CONTRACTION OF A SKELETAL
MUSCLE
• Muscle fiber contraction is “all or none”
• Within a skeletal muscle, not all fibers may be
stimulated during the same interval
• Different combinations of muscle fiber contractions
may give differing responses
• Graded responses – different degrees of skeletal
muscle shortening
• Rapid stimulus = constant contraction or tetanus
30. • Muscle force depends upon the number of fibers stimulated
• More fibers contracting results in greater muscle tension
• Muscles can continue to contract unless they run out of ATP
or Ca2+
• One molecule of ATP supplies enough energy for one actin and
myosin cross-bridge
31. ENERGY FOR MUSCLE
CONTRACTION
• Muscles use stored ATP for energy
• Bonds of ATP are broken to release energy
• Only 4-6 seconds worth of ATP is stored by muscles
• Three ways for muscle to make energy (ATP)
ATP production
for Muscle
Contraction
Creatine
Phosphate
Cellular
Respiration
Fermentation
(Anaerobic
Respiration)
32. 1. CREATINE PHOSPHATE
• Creatine phosphate is a high-energy compound and is
the fastest way to make ATP available for muscles
• Used for activities lasting < 15 seconds
• Anaerobic (no oxygen needed)
• Reaction:
• Creatine phosphate + ADP ↔ creatine + ATP
• Creatine phosphate is made when a muscle is at rest
33. 2. CELLULAR RESPIRATION
• Mitochondria use glucose molecules to make ATP in
the presence of oxygen
• Provides most of a muscle’s ATP
• Aerobic (needs oxygen)
• Used for activities lasting hours
• Reaction
• C6H12O6 + 6O2 6CO2 + 6H2O + ATP energy
• 1 glucose = 36 ATP
34. 3. ANAEROBIC
RESPIRATION/
FERMENTATION
• Reaction that breaks down glucose without oxygen
• Used for activities lasting 30 – 60 seconds
• Anaerobic (no oxygen)
• Reaction
• Glucose pyruvic acid + 2 ATP lactic acid
• Lactic acid is also produced and causes pain in the
muscle
35. • Heavy breathing after exercise is a sign of
oxygen deficiency
• A marathon runner is exhausted after
crossing the finish line because they have
depleted not only their oxygen but their
glucose as well
• It takes up to two days to replace all of the
glucose in the muscles and glycogen in the
liver
36. MUSCLES AND BODY
MOVEMENTS
• Movement is attained due to a muscle
moving an attached bone
• Muscles are attached to at least two
points
• Insertion – attachment to a moveable
bone
• Origin – attachment to an immovable
bone
37. TYPES OF ORDINARY BODY
MOVEMENTS
• Flexion – decreases angle of joint
and brings two bones closer
together
• Extension- increases angle of
joint
38. • Rotation- movement of a bone in longitudinal
axis, shaking head “no”
• Abduction – moving away from the midline
• Adduction - moving toward the midline
• Circumduction - cone-shaped movement,
proximal end doesn’t move, while distal end
moves in a circle.
39. TYPES OF MUSCLES
• Muscles work in opposing pairs
• Ex. Biceps (flexion of arm) and Triceps (extension of arm)
• Prime mover – muscle that does most of the work
• Synergist – muscle that helps a prime mover in a
movement
• Antagonist – muscle that opposes or reverses a prime
mover
40. NAMING OF SKELETAL MUSCLES
• Direction of muscle fibers
• Example: rectus (straight), orbicularis (circular)
• Relative size of the muscle
• Example: maximus (largest), minimus (smallest), longus (long), brevis (short)
• Location of the muscle
• Example: pectoralis (chest), external (outside), frontalis (frontal)
• Number of origins
• Example: triceps (three heads)
41. • Location of the muscles origin and insertion
• Example: sterno (on the sternum)
• Shape of the muscle
• Example: deltoid (triangular)
• Action of the muscle
• Example: flexor and extensor (flexes or extends a bone)
42. AFFECTS OF AGING ON
MUSCLES
1. Muscles that are not used are replaced by
connective tissue then by fat
2. With age comes degeneration of mitochondria
due to exposure to oxygen and free radicals
3. Changes in the nervous system and endocrine
system also effect structure and function of
muscles
4. Muscles become weaker as we age but exercise
can stimulate muscle build-up
43. • She is 86 years young and a body builder.
• He is 80, and the oldest Iron man triathlon participant.
(1.2 mile swim, a 56-mile bike and a 13.1 mile run = 70.3
miles.)
44. DISORDERS RELATING TO THE
MUSCULAR SYSTEM
• Muscular Dystrophy: inherited, muscle enlarge due
to increased fat and connective tissue, but fibers
degenerate and atrophy
• Duchenne MD: lacking a protein to maintain the
sarcolemma
• Myasthemia Gravis: progressive weakness due to a
shortage of acetylcholine receptors
45. SPRAIN VERSES STRAIN
• Strain – overstretching of a
muscle near a joint
• Sprain – twisting of a joint
leading to swelling and injury
to ligaments, tendons, blood
vessels and nerves
46. MYALGIA AND TENDINITIS
• Myalgia – inflammation of
muscle tissue (arthritis on
previous slide)
• Tendinitis – inflammation
of the tendon due to
strain of repeated activity