Electric stimulation works by mimicking the natural way by which the body exercises its muscles. The electrodes attached to the skin deliver impulses that make the muscles contract. It is beneficial in increasing the patient's range of motion and improves the circulation of the body.
This document provides an overview of neuromuscular electrical stimulation (NMES). It discusses how NMES works by sending electrical impulses to nerves that cause muscle contraction. NMES can increase strength, range of motion, and offset disuse effects. The document outlines different electrical waveforms, stimulus parameters, and applications of NMES for conditions like stroke, spinal cord injury, and more. Precautions and contraindications are also reviewed.
Diadynamic currents are a variation of sinusoidal currents that are produced by rectifying alternating current into monophasic pulses. There are two main types - half wave rectification produces pulses with a duration equal to the interpulse interval at the original frequency, while full wave rectification produces continuous pulses at twice the original frequency. The pulses from diadynamic currents have a duration of 10ms, causing sensations from vibration to pain depending on intensity. Different current types like MF, DF, CP and LP are used for pain relief, muscle stimulation, and preventing accommodation effects. Precautions must be taken due to the electrochemical changes and potential skin damage from the currents.
Electrical stimulation involves applying modified electric currents to excitable tissues like nerves and muscles to produce therapeutic benefits. Direct and alternating currents can be used to stimulate tissues. Faradic and interrupted galvanic currents of varying durations and frequencies are used for stimulation of normal and denervated muscles. Electrical stimulation modalities like TENS, NMES, FES and interferential therapy are used for pain management and rehabilitation by stimulating nerves and muscles. Precise electrode placement is important for effective stimulation.
The document provides information on different types of low frequency therapeutic currents, including:
1) Faradic current, which is a short-duration interrupted current ranging from 0.1-1 msec at 50-100 Hz, used to produce near normal muscle contraction and relaxation.
2) Galvanic current, which is a direct current that flows continuously in one direction, and an interrupted form used for denervated muscle stimulation.
3) Sinusoidal currents, which are evenly alternating 50 Hz waves similar to mains current, providing 100 pulses per second.
4) Diadynamic currents, which are variations of sinusoidal currents involving single or double-phase rectification of alternating current produced
The document provides information on the biophysical basics of electrotherapy. It defines electric current as the flow of electric charges from cathode to anode. The three main types of currents are direct current, alternating current, and pulsed current. It describes cathodal and anodal events that occur during current flow and discusses electrolysis, electrolytic dissociation, amplitude, voltage, resistance, waveform, phase, frequency, electrode placement and size. The objective is to explain the underlying biophysical principles of electrotherapy.
Electrical stimulation involves using a medium-frequency current to stimulate nerves and muscles. Specifically, it uses a 2500 Hz sinusoidal alternating current delivered in bursts at 50 Hz intervals of 10 ms on and 10 ms off. This Russian current protocol of 10 seconds on, 50 seconds rest, repeated for 10 cycles over 10 minutes was found to be effective for generating muscle fatigue. The stimulation aims to synchronously depolarize sensory and motor fibers, activate fast motor units, and strengthen muscles through electrically evoked contractions against an external load.
This document discusses interferential therapy (IFT), including its history, principles, instrumentation, applications, effects, and precautions. Some key points:
- IFT was developed in the 1950s and involves applying two medium frequency alternating currents slightly out of phase to produce a low frequency effect for therapeutic purposes.
- The interference of the currents produces an amplitude-modulated frequency that can stimulate tissues in a manner similar to low frequency electrotherapy.
- IFT is used for pain relief, muscle stimulation, increasing blood flow, and reducing edema through its physiological effects on tissues from 10-150 Hz.
- Proper electrode placement and current parameters are important to achieve the intended effects while avoiding contraindic
This document provides an overview of neuromuscular electrical stimulation (NMES). It discusses how NMES works by sending electrical impulses to nerves that cause muscle contraction. NMES can increase strength, range of motion, and offset disuse effects. The document outlines different electrical waveforms, stimulus parameters, and applications of NMES for conditions like stroke, spinal cord injury, and more. Precautions and contraindications are also reviewed.
Diadynamic currents are a variation of sinusoidal currents that are produced by rectifying alternating current into monophasic pulses. There are two main types - half wave rectification produces pulses with a duration equal to the interpulse interval at the original frequency, while full wave rectification produces continuous pulses at twice the original frequency. The pulses from diadynamic currents have a duration of 10ms, causing sensations from vibration to pain depending on intensity. Different current types like MF, DF, CP and LP are used for pain relief, muscle stimulation, and preventing accommodation effects. Precautions must be taken due to the electrochemical changes and potential skin damage from the currents.
Electrical stimulation involves applying modified electric currents to excitable tissues like nerves and muscles to produce therapeutic benefits. Direct and alternating currents can be used to stimulate tissues. Faradic and interrupted galvanic currents of varying durations and frequencies are used for stimulation of normal and denervated muscles. Electrical stimulation modalities like TENS, NMES, FES and interferential therapy are used for pain management and rehabilitation by stimulating nerves and muscles. Precise electrode placement is important for effective stimulation.
The document provides information on different types of low frequency therapeutic currents, including:
1) Faradic current, which is a short-duration interrupted current ranging from 0.1-1 msec at 50-100 Hz, used to produce near normal muscle contraction and relaxation.
2) Galvanic current, which is a direct current that flows continuously in one direction, and an interrupted form used for denervated muscle stimulation.
3) Sinusoidal currents, which are evenly alternating 50 Hz waves similar to mains current, providing 100 pulses per second.
4) Diadynamic currents, which are variations of sinusoidal currents involving single or double-phase rectification of alternating current produced
The document provides information on the biophysical basics of electrotherapy. It defines electric current as the flow of electric charges from cathode to anode. The three main types of currents are direct current, alternating current, and pulsed current. It describes cathodal and anodal events that occur during current flow and discusses electrolysis, electrolytic dissociation, amplitude, voltage, resistance, waveform, phase, frequency, electrode placement and size. The objective is to explain the underlying biophysical principles of electrotherapy.
Electrical stimulation involves using a medium-frequency current to stimulate nerves and muscles. Specifically, it uses a 2500 Hz sinusoidal alternating current delivered in bursts at 50 Hz intervals of 10 ms on and 10 ms off. This Russian current protocol of 10 seconds on, 50 seconds rest, repeated for 10 cycles over 10 minutes was found to be effective for generating muscle fatigue. The stimulation aims to synchronously depolarize sensory and motor fibers, activate fast motor units, and strengthen muscles through electrically evoked contractions against an external load.
This document discusses interferential therapy (IFT), including its history, principles, instrumentation, applications, effects, and precautions. Some key points:
- IFT was developed in the 1950s and involves applying two medium frequency alternating currents slightly out of phase to produce a low frequency effect for therapeutic purposes.
- The interference of the currents produces an amplitude-modulated frequency that can stimulate tissues in a manner similar to low frequency electrotherapy.
- IFT is used for pain relief, muscle stimulation, increasing blood flow, and reducing edema through its physiological effects on tissues from 10-150 Hz.
- Proper electrode placement and current parameters are important to achieve the intended effects while avoiding contraindic
Dr. Shweta Panchbudhe provides a lesson on iontophoresis. The key points are:
1. Iontophoresis is the transfer of ions through the skin using direct current. Positively charged ions migrate to the negative electrode and vice versa.
2. Different ions can be used to treat various conditions like salicylate for pain, chlorine for softening scars, and acetic acid for calcium deposits.
3. Proper application involves cleaning the skin, placing moistened electrodes on the treatment area and indifferent site, and applying a mild current for 15 minutes.
The Faradic Galvanic (FG) test assesses lower motor neuron problems by stimulating muscles with different electric currents. A brief tetanic contraction indicates intact innervation, while a sluggish response suggests denervation. The test involves using faradic current to search for motor points and elicit fast contractions in innervated muscles. Galvanic current then produces slow contractions in denervated muscles. However, the FG test is inaccurate and unreliable, correctly interpreting muscle reactions in only 50% of cases.
The high voltage pulsed galvanic stimulator (HVPGS) delivers a high voltage, low amperage, short duration electrical current as a twin-peak monophasic waveform up to 300 volts to produce both mechanical muscle contractions and chemical changes in the body. It has been used clinically for over 45 years to treat various musculoskeletal conditions through analgesia, muscle stimulation, and wound healing. The high voltage allows for deep tissue penetration without risk of tissue damage due to its low total current. Typical treatments last 30-40 minutes, 3 times per day.
Therapeutic Ultrasound for Physiotherapy studentsSaurab Sharma
This lecture intends to provide general outline about the uses, parameters, precautions and contraindications of therapeutic ultrasound for undergraduate physiotherapy students at Kathmandu University School of Medical Sciences, Nepal. After the lecture, students will explore the evidences about current practices of therapeutic ultrasound in various musculoskeletal pain conditions, critically appraise them and present the evidences to the class.
The document discusses electrotherapy and faradic current. Faradic current is a type of pulsed current used in electrotherapy, with pulse durations between 0.1-1 msec and frequencies of 50-100 Hz. It stimulates motor nerves, causing contraction of muscles supplied by the nerve. Faradic current is used to facilitate muscle contraction inhibited by pain, for muscle re-education after injury or disuse, and to prevent or loosen adhesions after injury. The document outlines the physiological effects and proper application of faradic current, including identifying motor points and using small electrodes over muscles.
Transcutaneous Electrical Nerve Stimulation (TENS) SRSSreeraj S R
Transcutaneous Electrical Nerve Stimulation (TENS) is a method of electrical stimulation that aims to provide pain relief by exciting sensory nerves and stimulating the pain gate mechanism and/or opioid system. TENS works through several mechanisms including activation of pain-gating mechanisms in the spinal cord and stimulation of the descending pain suppression system and endogenous opioid release. Different TENS waveforms, frequencies, pulse widths and intensities can be used depending on the type of pain and desired effects. Common types of TENS include conventional high frequency TENS and acupuncture-like low frequency TENS. Care must be taken with electrode placement and TENS is generally contraindicated for those with pacemakers or heart conditions.
This document discusses various forms of electrotherapy used to treat musculoskeletal disorders. It describes galvanic current, diadynamic current, interferential therapy, and TENS. Galvanic current directly stimulates muscle without activating nerves. Diadynamic current comes in various forms that can stimulate muscles or affect the autonomic nervous system. Interferential therapy uses two medium frequency currents to produce a low frequency effect for pain relief and muscle stimulation. TENS is a form of electrical stimulation that decreases pain by activating sensory nerves via surface electrodes.
This document discusses galvanic current and its use in stimulating denervated muscles. It defines galvanic current as a direct, unidirectional current that can cause pain due to its unidirectional nature. Interrupted galvanic current is introduced to overcome this by providing regular pauses in stimulation. Stimulating denervated muscles with galvanic current can help limit atrophy and edema until reinnervation occurs. Precautions must be taken when applying galvanic current due to potential dangers like burns or electric shock.
a detailed description on theory behind Strength duration curve, along with procedure for plotting SD Curve and measuring the Rheobase and Chronaxie of the plotted graph.
Electrical stimulation is used both diagnostically and therapeutically for muscles and nerves. Diagnostic tests measure the rheobase, chronaxie, and create strength-duration curves to determine if a muscle is innervated, denervated, or partially denervated. Therapeutically, neuromuscular electrical stimulation is used to prevent muscle atrophy and decrease spasms by causing asynchronous muscle contractions, though it must be supplemented with voluntary strength training. The optimal stimulation parameters vary but generally include a pulse duration of 300-400 microseconds, frequency of 20-100 Hz, and a duty cycle sufficient to generate force without causing fatigue.
Rebox electrotherapeutic method is based on non-invasive transcutaneous application of specific electric currents to a living tissue. Main indications for using the Rebox include treatment of acute and chronic pain, immobility, musculoskeletal and neurological disorders and oedema.
This document discusses T.E.N.S. (Transcutaneous Electrical Nerve Stimulation), a non-invasive pain management technique. It stimulates nerves under the skin to reduce pain signals according to the gate control theory. T.E.N.S. has efficacy rates of 50-80% for controlling chronic and acute pain, such as post-surgical or injury pain. Different T.E.N.S. techniques like high frequency, low frequency, and brief intense stimulation are described along with their parameters and applications. Placement of electrodes and contraindications are also covered.
The document discusses Mitchell's relaxation technique, which uses diaphragmatic breathing and isotonic muscle contractions based on reciprocal inhibition. It can be used to treat respiratory, orthopedic, post-natal, and psychiatric conditions. The technique promotes relaxation and reduces muscle tension and pain perception. It is effective for pre-labor Braxton Hicks contractions and realigning stress-related postures by moving to a new position and increasing awareness of body position. Mitchell's relaxation technique can also help conditions involving a high tone pelvic floor like painful bladder syndrome.
This document discusses interferential therapy (IFT), a type of electrical stimulation treatment. IFT involves applying two medium frequency currents to generate a low frequency interference current in the tissues for therapeutic effects. It provides pain relief and motor stimulation while avoiding skin irritation experienced with other currents. IFT is indicated for various painful conditions and edema and uses specific frequencies for different treatments, like 1-10Hz rhythmic mode for reducing swelling. Precautions include avoiding direct electrode contact and proper placement to ensure current passes through tissues as intended.
Dr. James Cyriax developed Cyriax techniques in the early 1900s as a systematic approach to soft tissue injuries. The techniques involve selective tissue tension testing to diagnose lesions, followed by treatments like deep friction massage, passive movements, and active exercises. Deep friction massage uses longitudinal or transverse forces to separate tissue fibers and relieve pain. Passive movements can be graded from low-force range-of-motion to high-velocity small-amplitude thrusts. Active exercises prevent immobilization effects and maintain tissue integrity. Together, Cyriax techniques aim to accurately diagnose and beneficially treat soft tissue disorders.
This document discusses high volt pulsed galvanic stimulation (HVPGS), a type of neuromuscular stimulator that uses high voltage, low amperage, short pulses to penetrate deep tissues. HVPGS can produce muscle contractions and chemical changes, and is used for analgesia, wound healing, and other clinical applications. It allows for deep penetration without risk of tissue damage. Physiological effects include increased range of motion, edema reduction, and accelerated wound healing. Common indications are adhesive capsulitis, bursitis, cervical sprain, and post-operative conditions. Treatment involves 30-40 minute sessions 3 times per day.
Russian current is a form of electrical stimulation using alternating current delivered in 2.5kHz bursts with a 50Hz burst frequency and 50% duty cycle. It was developed by Russian scientist Kots who found it improved strength in athletes. As a result, this stimulation pattern became known as Russian current. It is used clinically to contract and strengthen muscles, typically with 10 seconds on, 50 seconds off bursts to avoid fatigue. The main effects are increased muscle force through central nervous system adaptation and physical muscle growth.
The document summarizes key aspects of human walking (gait) including:
- The gait cycle is divided into stance and swing periods, with distinct functional tasks in each.
- Gait parameters like velocity, cadence, stride length are described.
- Determinants of gait like pelvic rotation, knee flexion, and foot/ankle mechanics help minimize vertical displacement of the center of gravity and increase efficiency.
- Gait analysis methods including observational, quantitative techniques like kinetics, electromyography, motion capture are outlined.
Different pathological gaits like amputee, ataxic, and spastic gaits are also briefly discussed.
This document discusses ultrasound, including its physics, production, effects, and therapeutic uses. It defines ultrasound and discusses how it is produced using the piezoelectric effect. The main physical effects of ultrasound are heating, cavitation, acoustic streaming, and microstreaming. Thermally, ultrasound can increase tissue extensibility and reduce pain and muscle spasm. Non-thermally, it can increase membrane permeability and ion diffusion through cavitation. The document outlines appropriate ultrasound parameters and treatment techniques to maximize benefits and minimize risks.
Microwave diathermy involves irradiating tissues with electromagnetic radiation between 300-30000 MHz. It can heat tissues effectively to a depth of around 3-4 cm due to strong absorption by water molecules. Common frequencies used are 2450, 915, and 433.9 MHz. Therapeutic effects include pain relief, reduced muscle spasm, and increased tissue extensibility. Treatment involves 20 minutes of mild, comfortable warmth applied daily or every other day. Contraindications include malignant tissues, metal implants, and pregnancy.
Different types of low frequency currents.pdfeyobkaseye
Electrotherapy uses low-frequency electric currents to stimulate the peripheral nervous system and control pain or cause muscle contraction. There are three main types of currents used: direct current, alternating current, and pulsed current. Direct current flows in one direction, alternating current changes direction continuously, and pulsed current consists of short bursts of current separated by intervals. The effects of electric currents depend on their characteristics like amplitude, frequency, pulse width, and rate of rise. Lower amplitudes preferentially stimulate sensory nerves while higher amplitudes can recruit motor nerves and cause muscle contraction or pain. Short pulse widths allow selective stimulation of motor and sensory fibers.
This document provides an outline for a course on electrical stimulation modalities. It discusses various types of currents including low frequency currents like Faradic and high frequency currents like shortwave diathermy. It describes different waveform shapes and characteristics of pulses used in electrical stimulation like frequency, duration, and modulation. Application techniques for different current types are outlined along with their physiological effects and therapeutic uses. Electrical reaction testing is also covered to evaluate nerve and muscle function.
Dr. Shweta Panchbudhe provides a lesson on iontophoresis. The key points are:
1. Iontophoresis is the transfer of ions through the skin using direct current. Positively charged ions migrate to the negative electrode and vice versa.
2. Different ions can be used to treat various conditions like salicylate for pain, chlorine for softening scars, and acetic acid for calcium deposits.
3. Proper application involves cleaning the skin, placing moistened electrodes on the treatment area and indifferent site, and applying a mild current for 15 minutes.
The Faradic Galvanic (FG) test assesses lower motor neuron problems by stimulating muscles with different electric currents. A brief tetanic contraction indicates intact innervation, while a sluggish response suggests denervation. The test involves using faradic current to search for motor points and elicit fast contractions in innervated muscles. Galvanic current then produces slow contractions in denervated muscles. However, the FG test is inaccurate and unreliable, correctly interpreting muscle reactions in only 50% of cases.
The high voltage pulsed galvanic stimulator (HVPGS) delivers a high voltage, low amperage, short duration electrical current as a twin-peak monophasic waveform up to 300 volts to produce both mechanical muscle contractions and chemical changes in the body. It has been used clinically for over 45 years to treat various musculoskeletal conditions through analgesia, muscle stimulation, and wound healing. The high voltage allows for deep tissue penetration without risk of tissue damage due to its low total current. Typical treatments last 30-40 minutes, 3 times per day.
Therapeutic Ultrasound for Physiotherapy studentsSaurab Sharma
This lecture intends to provide general outline about the uses, parameters, precautions and contraindications of therapeutic ultrasound for undergraduate physiotherapy students at Kathmandu University School of Medical Sciences, Nepal. After the lecture, students will explore the evidences about current practices of therapeutic ultrasound in various musculoskeletal pain conditions, critically appraise them and present the evidences to the class.
The document discusses electrotherapy and faradic current. Faradic current is a type of pulsed current used in electrotherapy, with pulse durations between 0.1-1 msec and frequencies of 50-100 Hz. It stimulates motor nerves, causing contraction of muscles supplied by the nerve. Faradic current is used to facilitate muscle contraction inhibited by pain, for muscle re-education after injury or disuse, and to prevent or loosen adhesions after injury. The document outlines the physiological effects and proper application of faradic current, including identifying motor points and using small electrodes over muscles.
Transcutaneous Electrical Nerve Stimulation (TENS) SRSSreeraj S R
Transcutaneous Electrical Nerve Stimulation (TENS) is a method of electrical stimulation that aims to provide pain relief by exciting sensory nerves and stimulating the pain gate mechanism and/or opioid system. TENS works through several mechanisms including activation of pain-gating mechanisms in the spinal cord and stimulation of the descending pain suppression system and endogenous opioid release. Different TENS waveforms, frequencies, pulse widths and intensities can be used depending on the type of pain and desired effects. Common types of TENS include conventional high frequency TENS and acupuncture-like low frequency TENS. Care must be taken with electrode placement and TENS is generally contraindicated for those with pacemakers or heart conditions.
This document discusses various forms of electrotherapy used to treat musculoskeletal disorders. It describes galvanic current, diadynamic current, interferential therapy, and TENS. Galvanic current directly stimulates muscle without activating nerves. Diadynamic current comes in various forms that can stimulate muscles or affect the autonomic nervous system. Interferential therapy uses two medium frequency currents to produce a low frequency effect for pain relief and muscle stimulation. TENS is a form of electrical stimulation that decreases pain by activating sensory nerves via surface electrodes.
This document discusses galvanic current and its use in stimulating denervated muscles. It defines galvanic current as a direct, unidirectional current that can cause pain due to its unidirectional nature. Interrupted galvanic current is introduced to overcome this by providing regular pauses in stimulation. Stimulating denervated muscles with galvanic current can help limit atrophy and edema until reinnervation occurs. Precautions must be taken when applying galvanic current due to potential dangers like burns or electric shock.
a detailed description on theory behind Strength duration curve, along with procedure for plotting SD Curve and measuring the Rheobase and Chronaxie of the plotted graph.
Electrical stimulation is used both diagnostically and therapeutically for muscles and nerves. Diagnostic tests measure the rheobase, chronaxie, and create strength-duration curves to determine if a muscle is innervated, denervated, or partially denervated. Therapeutically, neuromuscular electrical stimulation is used to prevent muscle atrophy and decrease spasms by causing asynchronous muscle contractions, though it must be supplemented with voluntary strength training. The optimal stimulation parameters vary but generally include a pulse duration of 300-400 microseconds, frequency of 20-100 Hz, and a duty cycle sufficient to generate force without causing fatigue.
Rebox electrotherapeutic method is based on non-invasive transcutaneous application of specific electric currents to a living tissue. Main indications for using the Rebox include treatment of acute and chronic pain, immobility, musculoskeletal and neurological disorders and oedema.
This document discusses T.E.N.S. (Transcutaneous Electrical Nerve Stimulation), a non-invasive pain management technique. It stimulates nerves under the skin to reduce pain signals according to the gate control theory. T.E.N.S. has efficacy rates of 50-80% for controlling chronic and acute pain, such as post-surgical or injury pain. Different T.E.N.S. techniques like high frequency, low frequency, and brief intense stimulation are described along with their parameters and applications. Placement of electrodes and contraindications are also covered.
The document discusses Mitchell's relaxation technique, which uses diaphragmatic breathing and isotonic muscle contractions based on reciprocal inhibition. It can be used to treat respiratory, orthopedic, post-natal, and psychiatric conditions. The technique promotes relaxation and reduces muscle tension and pain perception. It is effective for pre-labor Braxton Hicks contractions and realigning stress-related postures by moving to a new position and increasing awareness of body position. Mitchell's relaxation technique can also help conditions involving a high tone pelvic floor like painful bladder syndrome.
This document discusses interferential therapy (IFT), a type of electrical stimulation treatment. IFT involves applying two medium frequency currents to generate a low frequency interference current in the tissues for therapeutic effects. It provides pain relief and motor stimulation while avoiding skin irritation experienced with other currents. IFT is indicated for various painful conditions and edema and uses specific frequencies for different treatments, like 1-10Hz rhythmic mode for reducing swelling. Precautions include avoiding direct electrode contact and proper placement to ensure current passes through tissues as intended.
Dr. James Cyriax developed Cyriax techniques in the early 1900s as a systematic approach to soft tissue injuries. The techniques involve selective tissue tension testing to diagnose lesions, followed by treatments like deep friction massage, passive movements, and active exercises. Deep friction massage uses longitudinal or transverse forces to separate tissue fibers and relieve pain. Passive movements can be graded from low-force range-of-motion to high-velocity small-amplitude thrusts. Active exercises prevent immobilization effects and maintain tissue integrity. Together, Cyriax techniques aim to accurately diagnose and beneficially treat soft tissue disorders.
This document discusses high volt pulsed galvanic stimulation (HVPGS), a type of neuromuscular stimulator that uses high voltage, low amperage, short pulses to penetrate deep tissues. HVPGS can produce muscle contractions and chemical changes, and is used for analgesia, wound healing, and other clinical applications. It allows for deep penetration without risk of tissue damage. Physiological effects include increased range of motion, edema reduction, and accelerated wound healing. Common indications are adhesive capsulitis, bursitis, cervical sprain, and post-operative conditions. Treatment involves 30-40 minute sessions 3 times per day.
Russian current is a form of electrical stimulation using alternating current delivered in 2.5kHz bursts with a 50Hz burst frequency and 50% duty cycle. It was developed by Russian scientist Kots who found it improved strength in athletes. As a result, this stimulation pattern became known as Russian current. It is used clinically to contract and strengthen muscles, typically with 10 seconds on, 50 seconds off bursts to avoid fatigue. The main effects are increased muscle force through central nervous system adaptation and physical muscle growth.
The document summarizes key aspects of human walking (gait) including:
- The gait cycle is divided into stance and swing periods, with distinct functional tasks in each.
- Gait parameters like velocity, cadence, stride length are described.
- Determinants of gait like pelvic rotation, knee flexion, and foot/ankle mechanics help minimize vertical displacement of the center of gravity and increase efficiency.
- Gait analysis methods including observational, quantitative techniques like kinetics, electromyography, motion capture are outlined.
Different pathological gaits like amputee, ataxic, and spastic gaits are also briefly discussed.
This document discusses ultrasound, including its physics, production, effects, and therapeutic uses. It defines ultrasound and discusses how it is produced using the piezoelectric effect. The main physical effects of ultrasound are heating, cavitation, acoustic streaming, and microstreaming. Thermally, ultrasound can increase tissue extensibility and reduce pain and muscle spasm. Non-thermally, it can increase membrane permeability and ion diffusion through cavitation. The document outlines appropriate ultrasound parameters and treatment techniques to maximize benefits and minimize risks.
Microwave diathermy involves irradiating tissues with electromagnetic radiation between 300-30000 MHz. It can heat tissues effectively to a depth of around 3-4 cm due to strong absorption by water molecules. Common frequencies used are 2450, 915, and 433.9 MHz. Therapeutic effects include pain relief, reduced muscle spasm, and increased tissue extensibility. Treatment involves 20 minutes of mild, comfortable warmth applied daily or every other day. Contraindications include malignant tissues, metal implants, and pregnancy.
Different types of low frequency currents.pdfeyobkaseye
Electrotherapy uses low-frequency electric currents to stimulate the peripheral nervous system and control pain or cause muscle contraction. There are three main types of currents used: direct current, alternating current, and pulsed current. Direct current flows in one direction, alternating current changes direction continuously, and pulsed current consists of short bursts of current separated by intervals. The effects of electric currents depend on their characteristics like amplitude, frequency, pulse width, and rate of rise. Lower amplitudes preferentially stimulate sensory nerves while higher amplitudes can recruit motor nerves and cause muscle contraction or pain. Short pulse widths allow selective stimulation of motor and sensory fibers.
This document provides an outline for a course on electrical stimulation modalities. It discusses various types of currents including low frequency currents like Faradic and high frequency currents like shortwave diathermy. It describes different waveform shapes and characteristics of pulses used in electrical stimulation like frequency, duration, and modulation. Application techniques for different current types are outlined along with their physiological effects and therapeutic uses. Electrical reaction testing is also covered to evaluate nerve and muscle function.
Modified galvanic current, or interrupted direct current, is a type of electrical stimulation where a direct current is pulsed on and off at regular intervals. The document discusses how this current is produced using a source, transistors, and a timer circuit. It describes the physiological effects of interrupted direct current such as sensory stimulation, hyperemia, electrotonus, pain relief, and accelerated healing. The document also provides guidelines for administering interrupted direct current and lists contraindications.
This document provides information about electrosurgical units (ESUs). It begins with a brief history of electrosurgery, which was developed in the 1920s. It then discusses the principles of how ESUs work using high frequency alternating current. Different types of ESUs are described, including spark gap generators, solid state generators, grounded systems, and isolated systems. The effects of ESUs on tissue are explained for cutting, coagulation, and blending. Factors that impact tissue effects and various electrosurgical applications are also summarized.
This document discusses the basic physics and parameters of electrical currents used in electrotherapy. It explains that electrical currents are carried by the movement of electrons and ions through conductive materials. The key parameters that determine a current's physiological effects are its waveform, amplitude, pulse duration, frequency, and modulation. Sinusoidal, rectangular, and triangular waveforms are described. Currents can cause muscle contraction, alter tissue healing, and relieve pain by interacting with nerves and tissue on the segmental, systemic and cellular levels. The type of response depends on the current parameters and tissue stimulated.
Interferential therapy involves applying medium frequency alternating currents between 1000-10,000 Hz to the body. It is produced by the interference of two medium frequency currents, creating a beat frequency current that can penetrate tissues more easily than direct or low frequency currents. The beat frequency current flows maximally along diagonal paths through the tissues. Interferential therapy can be used to reduce pain, increase blood flow and reduce edema. It has various applications for pain relief, muscle stimulation and stress incontinence. Care must be taken with proper electrode placement and settings to avoid potential dangers like burns. Research studies have shown interferential therapy can help reduce fibromyalgia pain and improve sleep quality.
Electrosurgery uses high-frequency alternating electrical current to cut, coagulate, or vaporize tissue. It allows for precise cuts with limited blood loss. The current is delivered via an electrosurgery generator to an active electrode and returns through the patient to a neutral electrode. Different waveforms and modes, such as cut, coagulate, and blend, are used depending on the desired tissue effect. Safety features monitor for excess heat buildup and electrode detachment to prevent patient injury.
60Click to edit Master title style467.pptFahmiOlayah
This document provides an overview of electrosurgery and managing safety in flexible endoscopy. It discusses the thin wall thickness of the colon and small bowel, types of polyps, and techniques for hemostasis. It reviews the electrical principles of electrosurgery and different types of generators. Various electrosurgical tools and techniques are examined, including sphincterotomy, polypectomy, coagulation and bipolar electrosurgery. Submucosal injection and argon plasma coagulation are also discussed. The document provides references on clinical applications and studies on the efficacy and safety of various electrosurgical methods.
This document discusses neuromuscular monitoring during anesthesia. It introduces the history and objectives of neuromuscular monitoring, and describes different techniques used including train of four (TOF), single twitch, tetanic and post-tetanic count stimulation. Sites for nerve stimulation like the ulnar nerve are outlined. Factors influencing neuromuscular blockade like prolonged infusions are discussed. The document emphasizes the importance of monitoring to avoid residual paralysis.
Interferential therapy involves applying two medium frequency alternating currents intersecting in the body to produce a low frequency interference current. This current is able to penetrate deeper into tissues than direct current, allowing for pain relief and muscle stimulation. The interference current is modulated to create a beat frequency effect. Different electrode types and application methods exist to target specific areas. Physiological effects include reducing pain, increasing blood flow and muscle stimulation. Treatment parameters like frequency, duration and method of application are chosen based on the condition and treatment goals.
The neuromuscular junction is where a motor neuron synapses with a muscle fiber. When an action potential reaches the motor neuron terminus, acetylcholine is released into the synaptic cleft, binding to nicotinic receptors on the muscle fiber and triggering an end plate potential that generates an action potential if it exceeds threshold. Electrical stimulation can target different tissue types by manipulating parameters like phase duration and pulse frequency. It is used to induce motor contractions, control pain and edema, and enhance fracture healing. Precautions must be taken with certain health conditions and implant locations.
This document provides an overview of basics of electrosurgery. It discusses the differences between cauterization and electrosurgery, as well as monopolar and bipolar electrosurgery. Key aspects of electricity such as current, voltage, resistance and power are explained. The document also covers tissue effects of different electrosurgery modes like cut, coagulation, and fulguration. Safety issues including pad burns and fire risks are reviewed. The document provides a concise yet comprehensive primer on fundamentals of electrosurgery.
Dr. Yamini V S presented on the basics of peripheral nerve stimulation. Key points include:
1. Electrical nerve stimulation uses controlled electrical currents to locate nerves through eliciting motor responses or paraesthesia.
2. Modern nerve stimulators use constant current outputs to maintain stimulation strength despite tissue impedance changes.
3. Advances in stimulating needles, catheters, equipment, and techniques like transcutaneous nerve mapping have improved accuracy and reduced risk of nerve injury during peripheral nerve blocks.
4. Proper understanding of nerve physiology and anatomy remains essential for safe and effective use of peripheral nerve stimulation.
Faradic current is a short duration, interrupted electrical current used for muscle stimulation. It produces asymmetrical, biphasic waveforms. Faradic currents are surged to produce near-normal tetanic muscle contractions and relaxations. They are produced via a circuit consisting of two parallel triode valves. Faradic currents stimulate motor nerves to cause muscle contraction if the intensity is high enough. They are used diagnostically and therapeutically for conditions like muscle weakness and nerve damage. Proper application and parameters are important to achieve benefits while avoiding dangers like burns.
This document provides information about electromyography (EMG). EMG is a test that evaluates the health and function of muscles and the nerve cells that control them. It involves inserting a needle electrode into a muscle to record electrical activity from muscle fibers and nerves. Abnormal spontaneous electrical activities in muscles can indicate neurological or muscular disorders. EMG is useful for diagnosing conditions like amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, myasthenia gravis, and muscular dystrophy. It provides information about the location and severity of nerve or muscle damage.
This document discusses electrosurgery and provides information on:
1. The history and development of electrosurgery, beginning with Becquerel's use of electrocautery in the 19th century and Bovie's development of the first electrosurgical unit in 1926.
2. Key aspects of electrosurgery including different current types, modes (monopolar vs bipolar), electrodes, and safety considerations.
3. Uses of bipolar electrosurgery for procedures like resection of fibroids and advantages over monopolar techniques.
This document discusses different power sources used in surgery including electrosurgery, argon beam coagulation, cryotherapy, and ultrasound dissection. It explains that electrosurgery uses high frequency electromagnetic waves to heat and destroy tissue in a localized area depending on whether cutting or coagulation is needed. Argon beam coagulation uses an inert argon gas to conduct monopolar radiofrequency current to tissues to achieve hemostasis without direct electrode contact. Cryotherapy uses freezing temperatures to cause cell death by mechanisms like cold shock injury and destruction of tumor vasculature. Ultrasound dissection uses high frequency mechanical vibrations to fragment tissues.
Cardiothoracic surgery is the field of medicine involved in surgical treatment of organs inside the thoracic cavity — generally treatment of conditions of the heart, lungs, and other pleural or mediastinal
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A paraffin wax unit is a machine that heats and holds paraffin wax, a type of wax used for candles. The wax is intended to completely cover the hand (or other body parts such as the feet). Its warm temperature is meant to provide relief from arthritis pain, sore joints or sore muscles.
Iontophoresis is a process of transdermal drug delivery by use of a voltage gradient on the skin. Molecules are transported across the stratum corneum by electrophoresis and electroosmosis and the electric field can also increase the permeability of the skin.
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Diadynamic currents are also called Bernard's currents based on a sine wave with a frequency of 50Hz. Due to the ease of generation of this current shape, they have been known almost from the beginning of electrotherapy, and their influence on the human body has been thoroughly studied.
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Airway clearance techniques (ACTs) loosen thick, sticky mucus so it can be cleared from your lungs by coughing or huffing. Clearing the airways may help decrease lung infections and improve lung function.
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Fitness testing is a way of gaining information about the health-related and skill related components of an athletes fitness. Testing can take place in a number of environments, with laboratory testing being the most accurate.
A group of lung diseases that block airflow and make it difficult to breathe.
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Low-level laser therapy is a form of medicine that applies low-level lasers or light-emitting diodes to the surface of the body. Whereas high-power lasers are used in laser medicine to cut or destroy tissue, it is claimed that application of low-power lasers relieves pain or stimulates and enhances cell function. There are 4 type of LASER and it’s use in acute and chronic conditions.
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Cryotherapy refers to the use of local or general body cooling for therapeutic purposes. It is commonly used to treat acute trauma and subacute injuries. The magnitude of cooling and heat loss from tissues depends on factors like the temperature difference between the coolant and tissue, duration of exposure, thermal conductivity of tissues, and size of area cooled. Common cryotherapy methods include ice massage, ice towels, immersion in cold water or cold whirlpools, ice packs, and vapocoolant sprays. Cryotherapy provides benefits like pain relief through vasoconstriction and reduced metabolic rate, reduced edema formation after injuries or surgery, and increased or decreased muscle tone for conditions like spasticity.
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Rasamanikya is a excellent preparation in the field of Rasashastra, it is used in various Kushtha Roga, Shwasa, Vicharchika, Bhagandara, Vatarakta, and Phiranga Roga. In this article Preparation& Comparative analytical profile for both Formulationon i.e Rasamanikya prepared by Kushmanda swarasa & Churnodhaka Shodita Haratala. The study aims to provide insights into the comparative efficacy and analytical aspects of these formulations for enhanced therapeutic outcomes.
Here is the updated list of Top Best Ayurvedic medicine for Gas and Indigestion and those are Gas-O-Go Syp for Dyspepsia | Lavizyme Syrup for Acidity | Yumzyme Hepatoprotective Capsules etc
share - Lions, tigers, AI and health misinformation, oh my!.pptxTina Purnat
• Pitfalls and pivots needed to use AI effectively in public health
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Basavarajeeyam is a Sreshta Sangraha grantha (Compiled book ), written by Neelkanta kotturu Basavaraja Virachita. It contains 25 Prakaranas, First 24 Chapters related to Rogas& 25th to Rasadravyas.
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/kqbnxVAZs-0
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/SINlygW1Mpc
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
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TEST BANK For Basic and Clinical Pharmacology, 14th Edition by Bertram G. Kat...rightmanforbloodline
TEST BANK For Basic and Clinical Pharmacology, 14th Edition by Bertram G. Katzung, Verified Chapters 1 - 66, Complete Newest Version.
TEST BANK For Basic and Clinical Pharmacology, 14th Edition by Bertram G. Katzung, Verified Chapters 1 - 66, Complete Newest Version.
TEST BANK For Basic and Clinical Pharmacology, 14th Edition by Bertram G. Katzung, Verified Chapters 1 - 66, Complete Newest Version.
TEST BANK For Basic and Clinical Pharmacology, 14th Edition by Bertram G. Katzung, Verified Chapters 1 - 66, Complete Newest Version.
2. How movement
is produced?
1
• STIMULUS
(Brain)
2
• TRANSMISSION
(Nervous system)
3
• RESPONSE
(Muscle)
ELECTRICAL STIMULATION 2
3. VARIANTS OF DIRECT CURRENT
ELECTRICAL STIMULATION 3
Continuous Direct Current Interrupted Direct Current
Depolarized Direct Current Intermittent Depolarized Direct Current
5. PARAMETERS OF ELECTRIC CURRENT
Continuous or uninterrupted alternating current:
• It is bidirectional flow of alternating current without interruption.
Pulsed or pulsatile or interrupted alternating current:
• It is flow of alternating current with periodic ceases for definite
period of time.
Monophasic pulsed current:
• In this type, flow of alternating current is unidirectional.
Biphasic pulsed current:
• In this type, flow of alternating current is bidirectional.
ELECTRICAL STIMULATION 5
6. PARAMETERS OF ELECTRIC CURRENT
Pulse and Phase:
• It is an isolated electrical event separated by definite time from
next electrical event. Pulse includes flow of electric current on both
directions. Phase is a part of pulse which indicates flow of electric
current in only one direction. One pulse has either one or two
phases.
Pulse duration:
• It is the time between onset of pulse and termination of same pulse
to complete one complete cycle of bidirectional flow of alternating
current.
Phase duration:
• It is the time between onset of phase and termination of same
phase to complete unidirectional flow of alternating current.
ELECTRICAL STIMULATION 6
7. PARAMETERS OF ELECTRIC CURRENT
Intensity or amplitude or magnitude:
• It is the amount of maximum current reached in one phase.
Rise time:
• It is the time taken by phase to rise from zero intensity to maximum
intensity.
Decay time:
• It is the time taken by pulse to decrease from maximum intensity to
zero intensity.
Interpulse interval:
• It is time between termination of one pulse and onset of next
successive pulse.
ELECTRICAL STIMULATION 7
8. PARAMETERS OF ELECTRIC CURRENT
Frequency:
• It is number of complete pulses passes through a fixed
point in space in a unit time.
Unit:
• For general purpose: Hertz (Hz)
• For continuous alternating current: cycles per second (cps)
• For pulsed alternating current: pulses per second (pps)
Classification of current according to frequency:
• Low frequency current: Up to 1,000 Hz
• Medium frequency current: 1,000 Hz to 10,000 Hz
• High frequency current: More than 10,000 Hz
ELECTRICAL STIMULATION 8
9. PARAMETERS OF ELECTRIC CURRENT
Waveform: It is geometric shape of the pulse or phase as they
appear on the graph of current or voltage versus time graph.
ELECTRICAL STIMULATION 9
10. •Surface electrodes: Electrodes are attached to
skin
•Invasive or indwelling electrodes: Electrodes
are implanted near the nerves or bones
•Internal electrodes: Electrodes are inside the
body cavities
Physiotherapists are using surface electrodes only
so our discussion will be for surface electrodes
only in detail.
CLASSIFICATION OF ELECTRODE ACCORDING TO
ITS PLACEMENT SITE IN BODY
10
ELECTRICAL STIMULATION
11. In different clinical settings different types of
electrodes are used depending on individual
preference. Each type has its merits and demerits.
Rubber electrodes
Metal electrodes
Vacuum electrodes
Self-adhesive electrodes
TYPES OF SURFACE ELECTRODES
11
ELECTRICAL STIMULATION
12. RUBBER ELECTRODES
They are made up of carbon and silicone. These electrodes are used most
commonly. Their color is mostly black. They have hole to connect it with
lead on one side. By shape they are rectangular, square or circular
depending on manufacturer.
Advantages:
• They are user friendly.
• They can be adjusted
according to body contour
making firm contact.
Disadvantages:
• They need gel or water to
make contact between skin and
electrode. Without this
conducting medium current
will not enter to patient’s skin.
• They become very dirty and
less flexible to make firm
contact with patients’ body
with more use. They must be
disinfected with sterilizing
material after every use.
• They may crack in between
after sometime.
• They need stabilization with
strap or adhesive tape on the
skin.
12
ELECTRICAL STIMULATION
13. Advantage:
•They are also easy to use.
•They are not breakable.
•They do not need conducting
gel but lint pad should be dipped
in water.
METAL ELECTRODE
They are made up of metals as the name suggests. They are
used less frequently. Disadvantages:
•They need wet lint pad made
up of cloth that surrounds
electrode on each side as direct
contact of electrode with skin
leads to skin chemical burn.
•They are not flexible to body
contour.
•They also need stabilization
with strap of adhesive tape.
13
ELECTRICAL STIMULATION
14. VACUUM ELECTRODES
Advantages:
• They do not need
stabilization by strap of tap.
• It can be placed over the
body’s irregular body part.
• They also do not need
conducting gel.
They are cup like structure made up of plastic. Inside this
cup like structure, there will be electrode. Vacuum will be
created by machine between cup and body so electrode will
be held over the body part.
Disadvantages:
• Cost of machine will be
higher because of extra
vacuum component.
14
ELECTRICAL STIMULATION
15. SELF-ADHESIVE
ELECTRODES
They are adhered to patients’ body by sticky material on
it. These are most recent advance used now-a-days.
Advantages:
•They are very easy to use.
•They do not need any type of
stabilization material.
Disadvantages:
•They tend to wear after
repeated use.
15
ELECTRICAL STIMULATION
16. TYPES OF STIMULATORS
Constant current or Regulated
current type
• Intensity is in Current.
• Unit:- Ampere
• Accurate
• Mostly used for diagnosis
purpose
Constant voltage or Regulated
voltage type
• Intensity is in Voltage
• Unit:- Volt
• Comfortable
• Mostly used for treatment
purpose
ELECTRICAL STIMULATION 16
18. ACCOMODATION
• When current is applied at constant intensity
nerve declines to response.
• Sudden rise or fall in current is LESS effective
than gradual rise or fall in current.
18
ELECTRICAL STIMULATION
19. EFFECT OF FREQUENCY OF STIMULATION
0 to 20 Hz – No Tetany (Complete contraction
followed by complete relaxation of muscle)
20 to 60 Hz – Partial Tetany (Complete
contraction followed by incomplete relaxation
of muscle)
More than 60 Hz – Tetany (Complete
contraction without relaxation of muscle)
19
ELECTRICAL STIMULATION
20. STRENGTH OF CONTRACTION
It depends on…
No. of motor units activated (which depends
on intensity)
Rate of change of current i.e. waveform
e.g. with gradually increasing intensity type of
waveform, intensity needed is more and with
sudden increasing intensity type of waveform,
intensity needed is less.
20
ELECTRICAL STIMULATION
21. EFFECTS OF ELECTRICAL STIMULATION
• Chemical effects
• Physical effects
• Thermal effects
ELECTRICAL STIMULATION 21
22. TYPES OF PULSE DURATION
PULSE
DURATION
Short
(<10 ms)
Long
(>10 ms)
ELECTRICAL STIMULATION 22
23. FARADIC CURRENT
• It is short duration interrupted current with a
pulse duration of 0.1-1 ms and a frequency of
50-100 Hz.
• It was produced by faradic coil, type of
induction coil.
• Now faradic coils are replaced by modern
electronic stimulators.
• They both have same physiological effects
though they differ considerably.
23
ELECTRICAL STIMULATION
24. DIFFERENCE BETWEEN ORIGINAL FARADIC
AND MODERN ELECTRIC STIMULATOR
Original Faradic Current Modern Electric Stimulator
24
ELECTRICAL STIMULATION
25. MODIFIED FARADIC CURRENTS
• Faradic type currents are surged for treatment
pulse.
• In original faradic coil, current was surged by
hand but now it happens automatically.
• It is desirable that duration of surges and
interval between them should be decided by
separate knobs.
ELECTRICAL STIMULATION 25
26. EFFECT OF NERVE STIMULATION
• Bell-Magendie’s law
• Effect on sensory nerves
Prickling sensation and erythema formation
• Effect on motor nerves
Muscle contraction
• Effect on motor nerve trunk
26
ELECTRICAL STIMULATION
27. PHYSIOLOGICAL EFFECTS
• Body tissue is conductor for electric current as
it contains fluid with ions
• Epidermis has high resistance i.e. 1000 Ω or
more…
• Good conductor has more blood supply (e.g.
Muscle)
• Poor conductor has less blood supply (e.g. Fat)
27
ELECTRICAL STIMULATION
28. PHYSIOLOGICAL EFFECTS
• Stimulation of sensory nerve
• Stimulation of motor nerve
• Effects of muscle contraction
• Stimulation of denervated muscle
• Chemical effects
28
ELECTRICAL STIMULATION
29. INDICATIONS
• Facilitation of muscle contraction
• Re-education of muscle
• Training a new muscle action
• Neurapraxia of motor nerve
• Severed motor nerve
• Improved venous and lymphatic drainage
• Prevention and loosening of adhesions
29
ELECTRICAL STIMULATION
31. SMART-BRISTOW COIL
• Pulses of electric current as used in faradic treatment
in physiotherapy departments are usually generated by
electronic apparatus with facilities for pulsating the
bursts of electric pulses.
• In older machines a faraday coil is used which
generates the pulses by the interruption of current to
an inductor (similar to a car ignition coil).
• The Smart Bristow faradic coil used in physiotherapy
apparatus has a retractable iron core which is moved in
and out of the coil to change the strength of the
pulses.
31
ELECTRICAL STIMULATION
32. MODE OF TREATMENT
• Motor point stimulation
For individual muscle
• Group muscle stimulation
For quadriceps, pelvic floor muscles etc.
• Faradic foot-bath
For interrossei, lumbricals and abductor hallucis
• Faradism under pressure
For upper limb and lower limb
32
ELECTRICAL STIMULATION
33. MOTOR POINTS
Definition:
• Anatomically: It is point where nerve enters
into the muscle.
• Physiologically: It is point where one can get
maximum contraction with minimum intensity
of current.
Location:
• It is situated at junction of proximal 1/3 and
distal 2/3
ELECTRICAL STIMULATION 33
34. INTERMITTENT GALVANIC CURRENT
• It is by most usual modification of direct current,
the flow of current commencing and ceasing at
regular intervals.
• Selective impulses – Used for stimulation of
denervated muscles
• Duration may be increased up to 300 to 600 ms.
More the duration, more the effective
contraction.
• If pulse duration increases, frequency must be
decreased.
ELECTRICAL STIMULATION 34
35. INTERMITTENT GALVANIC CURRENT
• Mostly depolarized impulses are used so there
are less chances of chemical burns.
• Depending on different knobs adjustment,
definite parameters of electric current may be
availed for treatment purpose.
• Current is always applied to the patient via
potentiometer as this allows the intensity of
current to be turned up from zero.
ELECTRICAL STIMULATION 35
36. PHYSIOLOGICAL EFFECTS
• Stimulation of denervated muscle (If pulse
duration and intensity are sufficient.)
• Stimulation of sensory nerves
• Stimulation of motor nerves
Contraction with slowly rising current is more
effective than suddenly rising current for
denervated muscle as there is no
accommodation in denervated muscle.
ELECTRICAL STIMULATION 36
37. INDICATIONS
MAIN INDICATION IS…
• Stimulation of denervated muscle
• It may slow down process of loss in muscle
properties like irritability, contractibility,
extensibility and elasticity.
• In early stage of regeneration of muscle..
Note:- Stimulation must be strong enough to
produce muscle contraction.
ELECTRICAL STIMULATION 37
38. FOR THERAPEUTIC PURPOSE
Intermittent Galvanic Current/
Modified Direct Current
• Pulse duration more than
10 ms (Long duration pulse)
• Frequency 30/min
• It is used for stimulation of
denervated muscle.
• It is variant of direct current
• For electrical stimulation,
cathode or anode can be
active.
• It gives stabbing sensation
Surge Faradic Current
• Pulse duration less than 10
ms (Short duration pulse)
• Frequency 50-100 Hz
• It is used for stimulation of
denervated or innervated
muscle.
• It is variant of alternating
current.
• For electrical stimulation,
cathode is active.
• It gives prickling sensation.
ELECTRICAL STIMULATION 38