The document discusses the thigh adductors and knee joint. It names five thigh adductors - pectineus, adductor brevis, adductor longus, adductor magnus, and gracilis - and provides details on their origins, insertions, locations and actions. It then reviews the bones and bony landmarks of the knee joint, its movements, supporting ligaments including the ACL and PCL, and surrounding musculature.

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ESS 3092: KINESIOLOGY
Week 12

2. +
Review
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3. +
Name the thigh adductors:
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4. 5

5. +
Pectineus
 Origin
 The superior ramus of the
pubis, between the pubic
tubercle and the iliopubic
eminence
 Insertion
 Pectineal line on the posterior
aspect of the femur
 Location
 Deep
 Action
 Hip adduction
 Hip internal rotation (weak)
 Hip flexion (weak)
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6. +
Adductor Brevis
 Origin
 The body and the inferior ramus of
the pubis
 Insertion
 Pectineal line and the proximal half
of the linea aspera
 Location
 Deep
 Medial
 Posterior to pectineus
 Action
 Hip adduction
 Hip internal rotation (weak)
 Hip flexion (weak)
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7. +
Adductor Longus
 Origin
 The intersection of the pubic
crest and symphysis
 Insertion
 Medial lip of the linea aspera
 Location
 Medial
 Superficial
 Action
 Hip adduction
 Hip flexion
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8. +
Adductor Magnus
 Origin
 Inferior ramus of the pubis
 Insertion
 Linea aspera to the adductor
tubercle
 Location
 Medial
 Deepest of the adductors
 Action
 Hip extension
 Hip adduction (role unknown)
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9. +
Gracilis
 Origin
 Thin aponeurosis from the
medial surface of the inferior
body of the pubis
 Insertion
 Proximal aspect of the medial
surface of the tibia
 Location
 Medial
 Most superficial of the adductors
 Action
 Hip adduction
 Knee flexion
 Knee internal rotation
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10. +
The Knee Joint
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11. + The Knee Joint
Bones & bony landmarks
Joint Structure
 Ligaments & menisci
Movements
Muscles surrounding the joint &
attachments

12. +
Patella

13. Patella
The largest sesamoid bone

14. +
Knee Joint
Vulnerable to injury
Provides stability and mobility
 Extended – joint surfaces congruent
 Flexed – requires capsule, ligaments, muscles
3 articulations
1)Tibiofemoral (knee)
2) Patellofemoral= gliding joint
3) Superior tibiofibular

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Degrees of Freedom
a) Medial/lateral translation
b) Longitudinal rotation
c) Anterior/posterior translation
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d) Tibial and femoral rotation
e) Varus/Valgus
f) Flexion/extension

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Knee Malalignment (Varus ans
Valgus)
 Hip, knee and ankle should remain in line
 Varus moves load medially and increases risk of AO, weight is
a confounder increasing risk of AO 5x
 Valgus moves load laterally. Less risk of AO compared to
varus, but still a factor in AO, minisci, and ligament damage.
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17. +
Knee Joint
 Bursae (>10)
 Absorb shock or prevent friction
 Synovial cavity (capsule)
 Lies under patella & between
surfaces of tibia & femur
 Infrapatellar fat pad
 Posterior to patellar tendon
 Osteoarthritis:
 Breakdown of articular
cartilage– decreased blood
supply so does not self-
regenerate

18. +
Tibiofemoral Joint
 Lateral condyle (c)
 Flatter, larger surface area
 More superior than (b)
 ↑ stability
 Aligned w/ femur
 Medial condyle (b)
 Convex
 Aligned w/ tibia
 Fits snug with tibia (concave)
Posterior Anterior
c b

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Tibiofemoral Joint
Menisci form cushions
between bones
 Attached to tibia
 Enhance stability
 Thicker outside border &
taper
Medial
 Larger & more open C
Lateral
 Closed C configuration

20. +
Tears due to:
 Compression & shear
forces during rotation
while flexing or
extending
 Quick directional
changes in running
Menisectomies ↑ friction 50 % (leads to
osteoarthritis)

21. + Knee Joint Supporting Ligaments
Cruciate ligaments: (2) ACL & PCL
 Cross w/in knee between tibia & femur
 Maintain anterior & posterior stability & rotatory stability

22. +
Cruciate Ligaments
Posterior Cruciate Ligament (PCL)
 From posterior middle tibia to anterior medial femoral condyle.
 Limits posterior movement of tibia on femur
 PCL injury = direct contact injury
Anterior Cruciate Ligament (ACL)
 From (anterior) intercondylar eminences of tibia to lateral femoral condyle
 Limits anterior movement of tibia on femur
 Common injury to knee
 Injury mechanism often involves noncontact rotary forces
 Planting & cutting
 Hyperextension
 Violent quadriceps contraction (pulls tibia forward on femur)

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ACL Injury
Theories why females tear ACLs 2-7x more than
males:
1. ↑ Q-angle in
2. Neurological: when stimulate back of knee, contract
quads, contract hamstrings.
3. Strength differences: is stronger than
4. Hormonal: ↑ Estrogen => ↑ elasticity => ↑ tearing

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 Lateral (fibular) Collateral Ligament (LCL)
 Supports knee against varus forces (medial bending)
 Laterally directed force
 Medial (tibial) Collateral Ligament (MCL)
 supports knee against valgus forces (lateral bending)
 Injuries (contact) are common: more exposed/vulnerable
Knee Joint Supporting Ligaments

25. +
LCL and MCL

26. + Q Angle
Assessment of
 Lower extremity alignment
 Patella position
Most efficient angle for quadriceps
to function is ~10º
 Males: 10-14º
 Females: 15-17º
Genu valgum (knock kneed)
 > 17º = excessive
Genu varus (bowlegged)
 Negative
↑ Q angle => ↑ stress on MCL

27. + Joint Movements
Flexion (145º ROM)
 accompanied by internal rotation
(tibia on femur)
Extension (<180º ROM)
 accompanied by external rotation
(tibia on femur)

28. + Joint Movements
 External rotation
 rotary movement of leg laterally away from
midline
 Internal rotation
 rotary movement of lower leg medially toward
midline
 Knee must be flexed ≥ 20-30º for motion
30º
45º

29. +
Knee Musculature