1. Conduct a thorough medical evaluation and obtain physician clearance due to his high risk status.
2. Begin with a low-intensity walking program and slowly progress the duration over weeks to minimize risk.
3. Closely monitor Spencer's symptoms and vital signs during exercise for safety.
4. Reassess his risk profile regularly and adjust the program under medical supervision.
Ergogenic aids for exercise and sports performancewilleycoyote
This document discusses various ergogenic aids (performance-enhancing substances), including anabolic steroids, human growth hormone, and erythropoietin. It describes the physiological effects of each substance, such as increased muscle growth, strength, and red blood cell count. It also identifies sports that may benefit from these effects, like sprinting, bodybuilding, and endurance sports. However, the document warns that long-term use of these banned substances can have serious health implications, including organ damage, cardiovascular disease, blood clots, and stroke.
Sports nutrition is the study and practice of nutrition and diet as it relates to athletic performance. It is a science that provides and maintains food necessary for health, growth and physical performance.
Researchers suggests that athletes can benefit from nutrition education – increasing KAP i.e. knowledge, Attitude and practices (Abood et al, 2006).
The document discusses human energy transfer during exercise and rest. It explains that exercise is a stressor that disrupts homeostasis and causes oxygen consumption to rise slowly over 1-4 minutes, creating an oxygen deficit that relies on anaerobic metabolism. This oxygen deficit ends when steady-state aerobic metabolism is reached. After exercise, excess post-exercise oxygen consumption (EPOC) occurs as oxygen consumption remains elevated for minutes to days to restore homeostasis. The document reviews evidence that higher intensity exercise, shorter rest periods between sets, and more frequent daily exercise sessions result in greater EPOC and could impact body composition through increased calorie expenditure.
This document discusses several age-related changes in older adults and athletes including decreases in bone mineral density and muscle mass as well as increased risk of arthritis. It also covers how exercise can help maintain flexibility, range of motion, metabolic rate, and cardiovascular and respiratory function in older age. The benefits of exercise include improved strength, endurance, psychological well-being and social interaction. Proper training should account for individual abilities and health conditions.
Aim, Objectives and Principles of Sports TrainingMAHABOOBJAN A
Sports training involves conditioning, technique, tactics, and psychological training to systematically prepare athletes for competition based on scientific principles. The main aims are to improve physical fitness, motor skills, technical/tactical efficiency, and mental capabilities. Objectives include enhancing sports skills, physical/tactical abilities, and mental performance. Training follows principles like specificity, overload, progression, and reversibility and considers factors like the coach, athlete abilities, facilities, and competition. Warming up prepares athletes physically and mentally, while cooling down allows physiological recovery like normalized heart rate and relaxation.
Week 7 anaerobic and aerobic energy systemsravostulp
This document discusses the aerobic and anaerobic energy systems in the body. It explains that muscles need ATP and PCr for energy and contraction. When these run low, the body produces more ATP through anaerobic glycolysis using glycogen or through the aerobic system using carbohydrates and oxygen. The anaerobic system produces lactic acid as a byproduct and is important for short, intense exercise. The aerobic system is more efficient and uses oxygen to break down glucose and fat in the mitochondria. Different types of training can improve anaerobic threshold, aerobic capacity, and other cardiovascular and respiratory adaptations to meet the energy demands of various sports.
Ergogenic aids for exercise and sports performancewilleycoyote
This document discusses various ergogenic aids (performance-enhancing substances), including anabolic steroids, human growth hormone, and erythropoietin. It describes the physiological effects of each substance, such as increased muscle growth, strength, and red blood cell count. It also identifies sports that may benefit from these effects, like sprinting, bodybuilding, and endurance sports. However, the document warns that long-term use of these banned substances can have serious health implications, including organ damage, cardiovascular disease, blood clots, and stroke.
Sports nutrition is the study and practice of nutrition and diet as it relates to athletic performance. It is a science that provides and maintains food necessary for health, growth and physical performance.
Researchers suggests that athletes can benefit from nutrition education – increasing KAP i.e. knowledge, Attitude and practices (Abood et al, 2006).
The document discusses human energy transfer during exercise and rest. It explains that exercise is a stressor that disrupts homeostasis and causes oxygen consumption to rise slowly over 1-4 minutes, creating an oxygen deficit that relies on anaerobic metabolism. This oxygen deficit ends when steady-state aerobic metabolism is reached. After exercise, excess post-exercise oxygen consumption (EPOC) occurs as oxygen consumption remains elevated for minutes to days to restore homeostasis. The document reviews evidence that higher intensity exercise, shorter rest periods between sets, and more frequent daily exercise sessions result in greater EPOC and could impact body composition through increased calorie expenditure.
This document discusses several age-related changes in older adults and athletes including decreases in bone mineral density and muscle mass as well as increased risk of arthritis. It also covers how exercise can help maintain flexibility, range of motion, metabolic rate, and cardiovascular and respiratory function in older age. The benefits of exercise include improved strength, endurance, psychological well-being and social interaction. Proper training should account for individual abilities and health conditions.
Aim, Objectives and Principles of Sports TrainingMAHABOOBJAN A
Sports training involves conditioning, technique, tactics, and psychological training to systematically prepare athletes for competition based on scientific principles. The main aims are to improve physical fitness, motor skills, technical/tactical efficiency, and mental capabilities. Objectives include enhancing sports skills, physical/tactical abilities, and mental performance. Training follows principles like specificity, overload, progression, and reversibility and considers factors like the coach, athlete abilities, facilities, and competition. Warming up prepares athletes physically and mentally, while cooling down allows physiological recovery like normalized heart rate and relaxation.
Week 7 anaerobic and aerobic energy systemsravostulp
This document discusses the aerobic and anaerobic energy systems in the body. It explains that muscles need ATP and PCr for energy and contraction. When these run low, the body produces more ATP through anaerobic glycolysis using glycogen or through the aerobic system using carbohydrates and oxygen. The anaerobic system produces lactic acid as a byproduct and is important for short, intense exercise. The aerobic system is more efficient and uses oxygen to break down glucose and fat in the mitochondria. Different types of training can improve anaerobic threshold, aerobic capacity, and other cardiovascular and respiratory adaptations to meet the energy demands of various sports.
Biomechanics is the study of the structure and function of biological systems through mechanics. Sports biomechanics analyzes sport movements to improve performance and prevent injuries. It applies principles of mechanics like forces, motion, momentum and balance to understand athletic performance through modeling and measurement. Some key concepts are center of gravity, friction, axes/planes of movement and running biomechanics analyzes major muscles, gait cycles and phases of stance.
The document discusses physical fitness assessments. It defines physical fitness as the body's ability to function efficiently and effectively, consisting of health-related and skill-related components. A fitness assessment measures 5 areas: cardiovascular endurance, body composition, muscular endurance, muscular strength, and flexibility. Assessments provide a baseline to design effective exercise programs and evaluate progress. Common tests include VO2 max, pushups, situps, flexibility tests, body mass index, skin folds, and strength tests. Assessments help develop fitness goals and motivate individuals.
This document discusses nutrition guidelines for exercise and sport. It covers nutrient needs for active individuals, including dietary reference intakes and recommendations for carbohydrate, protein, fat, fluid and pre-workout meal intake. Guidelines are provided for different types of sports and phases of training, including carbohydrate loading. The needs for weight gain and muscle building are also outlined. Nutrient timing for resistance training is discussed.
Cardiovascular fitness is the most important aspect of physical fitness because it is crucial for health and physical performance. A strong heart and circulatory system developed through regular physical activity can improve cardiovascular health. Cardiovascular fitness provides numerous benefits such as reduced risk of diseases, enhanced ability to perform tasks, improved functioning, and increased well-being. Achieving and maintaining cardiovascular fitness involves engaging in aerobic exercise 3 or more times per week, keeping heart rate in the target zone for a minimum of 15 minutes per session.
This document discusses VO2max, which is a measurement of the maximum amount of oxygen the body can use during exercise. It defines VO2max and explains that it is the best indicator of cardiovascular endurance. The document outlines normal VO2max values and discusses factors that can affect VO2max levels, such as gender, training, aging, altitude, and smoking. It also describes methods used to measure VO2max both directly and indirectly.
- Growth hormone secretion increases with exercise intensity and peaks during recovery, stimulating anabolic processes. Higher intensity exercise leads to greater growth hormone production.
- Prolactin and thyroid hormone levels also increase with exercise intensity and return to baseline within 45 minutes of stopping. Luteinizing hormone peaks during recovery.
- Catecholamine and cortisol secretion increases with exercise intensity and duration. Testosterone increases with moderate exercise but decreases with longer, more intense exercise.
- Posterior pituitary hormones like antidiuretic hormone and oxytocin levels fluctuate with exercise but training adaptations decrease some hormone responses to submaximal exercise. Aldosterone is not affected by training.
This document discusses sport nutrition and the dietary guidelines for athletes. It explains that athletes require balanced diets with slightly higher carbohydrate and lower fat intake compared to non-athletes. The document outlines questions about factors affecting athlete diets and differences between athlete and average intake. It provides guidelines for athlete diets including increasing complex carbs and hydration while decreasing fat, salt, and alcohol. Strategies for carbohydrate loading before and replenishing carbs and protein after exercise are also summarized.
Body composition describes the relative proportions of fat, bone, and muscle mass in the human body. There are several methods to assess body composition, including direct methods like chemical analysis and physical dissection, as well as indirect methods like bioelectrical impedance analysis, hydrodensitometry, air displacement plethysmography, skin fold measurements, girth measurements, and dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. Understanding body composition provides information on fat percentage, fat distribution, and lean body mass, which is important for athletic performance, injury risk assessment, and health monitoring.
Science & Practice of Elite Speed DevelopmentMike Young
The document discusses determinants of speed and principles of elite speed development. It covers muscular, mechanical, kinetic, and neuromuscular factors that influence speed. Some key points include:
- Sprinting requires complex interactions between eccentric, isometric, and concentric muscle contractions under extreme time constraints.
- Mechanical factors like ground contact time, stride length and frequency differentiate acceleration from maximum velocity.
- Faster sprinters apply more mass-specific force to the ground in a shorter period of time.
- Training should target the force-velocity continuum from maximum strength to maximum speed. Both horizontal and vertical strength are important for acceleration and top speed respectively.
Exercise physiology classification of work by energy expenditureDr Usha (Physio)
This document discusses factors that influence energy expenditure during physical activity. It defines total daily energy expenditure and classifies activities based on intensity and duration. Activities are rated on a scale of metabolic equivalents (METs) relative to resting energy expenditure. Factors like body mass, fitness level, technique and speed can impact energy efficiency. The economy of walking is also examined, noting how terrain, footwear, speed and weights affect the energy cost of walking.
Speed is the quickness of movement in sports and can be expressed as maximum speed, power, or speed endurance. Speed is influenced by factors like muscle structure, strength, technique, and energy systems. There are different types of speed like reaction speed, speed of movement, acceleration speed, sprinting speed, and speed endurance. Speed training involves drills, sprints of various distances, uphill and downhill running, and overcoming the speed barrier through indirect training when direct speed work plateaus. A sample speed training week alternates weight training, short speed workouts, and long speed workouts.
The document discusses nutrition strategies for athletes before, during, and after intense exercise. It recommends that the pre-competition meal should be high in carbohydrates (150-300g), consumed 3-4 hours before exercise to replenish glycogen stores. During exercise, consuming about 60g of carbohydrates per hour benefits performance for long duration or high intensity exercise by sparing glycogen and stabilizing blood glucose. The strategies aim to provide steady fuel without large insulin responses that could impair performance.
The document discusses the differences between aerobic and anaerobic exercise and respiration. Aerobic respiration uses oxygen to produce energy through a slower process, while anaerobic respiration produces energy faster without oxygen. Aerobic exercise relies on the aerobic system and includes moderate to hard continuous activities like long-distance running. Anaerobic exercise is very short and intense, like sprints, using fast bursts that outpace the body's oxygen delivery. The recovery period after anaerobic exercise allows the body to pay back its oxygen debt from lactic acid buildup.
Body composition analysis provides information about percentages of body fat, fat distribution, and body measurements that are useful for athletic performance and health. There are direct and indirect methods of analyzing body composition, with indirect methods including hydrostatic weighing, bioelectrical impedance, air displacement plethysmography, and skin fold measurements. Each method has advantages and limitations regarding accuracy, reliability, required equipment and cost.
Carbohydrate and fat utilization during exercise 24 july 16Usman Khan
Carbohydrates and fats provide energy through exercise, with carbohydrates being the preferred fuel for intense exercise. The type of fuel utilized depends on exercise intensity and duration. At low intensities, fat is the primary fuel from peripheral and intramuscular stores. At medium intensities, intramuscular triglycerides supplement fat. High intensities exceed fat utilization rates, requiring carbohydrates from glycogen and glucose. Very high intensities exceed aerobic capacity, relying on anaerobic carbohydrate breakdown. Fuel utilization shifts between fat and carbohydrate stores over different exercise phases and intensities.
The document discusses the importance of recovery for athletes. It states that recovery is needed after training for the body to adapt and improve. It also notes that monitoring training responses through daily logs can help identify signs of overtraining. The document provides various recovery strategies for athletes including rest, sleep, hydration, nutrition, massage, and relaxation techniques to promote recovery and prevent fatigue.
Strength is the ability to overcome resistance through muscle contractions and depends on the energy liberation process in muscles. There are different types of strength abilities important for sports. Maximum strength is the ability to generate maximum force against resistance. Explosive strength combines strength and speed to overcome resistance quickly. Strength endurance is the ability to exert force against resistance while fatigued. The type of strength required depends on the specific demands of the sport.
Treadmill testing principles and protocols are discussed. The document outlines the objectives, indications, contraindications, and preparations for treadmill testing. It describes various treadmill testing protocols including the Bruce, Balke, Naughton, and Cornell protocols. Key points about metabolic equivalents, Borg scale, and complications are provided. Exercise testing is used to detect cardiovascular disease, reproduce symptoms, screen for exercise programs, and monitor therapeutic responses.
Regular physical activity provides significant health benefits for those with diabetes, including improved blood glucose control, lipid profile, blood pressure, and weight management. The Canadian Diabetes Association recommends a minimum of 150 minutes per week of aerobic exercise and 3 sessions per week of resistance exercise. However, most people with diabetes do not meet these targets. Healthcare professionals play an important role in promoting physical activity by assessing patients' current activity levels, advising on exercise prescriptions, and assisting with goal setting and follow up to help patients adopt and maintain regular physical activity.
Biomechanics is the study of the structure and function of biological systems through mechanics. Sports biomechanics analyzes sport movements to improve performance and prevent injuries. It applies principles of mechanics like forces, motion, momentum and balance to understand athletic performance through modeling and measurement. Some key concepts are center of gravity, friction, axes/planes of movement and running biomechanics analyzes major muscles, gait cycles and phases of stance.
The document discusses physical fitness assessments. It defines physical fitness as the body's ability to function efficiently and effectively, consisting of health-related and skill-related components. A fitness assessment measures 5 areas: cardiovascular endurance, body composition, muscular endurance, muscular strength, and flexibility. Assessments provide a baseline to design effective exercise programs and evaluate progress. Common tests include VO2 max, pushups, situps, flexibility tests, body mass index, skin folds, and strength tests. Assessments help develop fitness goals and motivate individuals.
This document discusses nutrition guidelines for exercise and sport. It covers nutrient needs for active individuals, including dietary reference intakes and recommendations for carbohydrate, protein, fat, fluid and pre-workout meal intake. Guidelines are provided for different types of sports and phases of training, including carbohydrate loading. The needs for weight gain and muscle building are also outlined. Nutrient timing for resistance training is discussed.
Cardiovascular fitness is the most important aspect of physical fitness because it is crucial for health and physical performance. A strong heart and circulatory system developed through regular physical activity can improve cardiovascular health. Cardiovascular fitness provides numerous benefits such as reduced risk of diseases, enhanced ability to perform tasks, improved functioning, and increased well-being. Achieving and maintaining cardiovascular fitness involves engaging in aerobic exercise 3 or more times per week, keeping heart rate in the target zone for a minimum of 15 minutes per session.
This document discusses VO2max, which is a measurement of the maximum amount of oxygen the body can use during exercise. It defines VO2max and explains that it is the best indicator of cardiovascular endurance. The document outlines normal VO2max values and discusses factors that can affect VO2max levels, such as gender, training, aging, altitude, and smoking. It also describes methods used to measure VO2max both directly and indirectly.
- Growth hormone secretion increases with exercise intensity and peaks during recovery, stimulating anabolic processes. Higher intensity exercise leads to greater growth hormone production.
- Prolactin and thyroid hormone levels also increase with exercise intensity and return to baseline within 45 minutes of stopping. Luteinizing hormone peaks during recovery.
- Catecholamine and cortisol secretion increases with exercise intensity and duration. Testosterone increases with moderate exercise but decreases with longer, more intense exercise.
- Posterior pituitary hormones like antidiuretic hormone and oxytocin levels fluctuate with exercise but training adaptations decrease some hormone responses to submaximal exercise. Aldosterone is not affected by training.
This document discusses sport nutrition and the dietary guidelines for athletes. It explains that athletes require balanced diets with slightly higher carbohydrate and lower fat intake compared to non-athletes. The document outlines questions about factors affecting athlete diets and differences between athlete and average intake. It provides guidelines for athlete diets including increasing complex carbs and hydration while decreasing fat, salt, and alcohol. Strategies for carbohydrate loading before and replenishing carbs and protein after exercise are also summarized.
Body composition describes the relative proportions of fat, bone, and muscle mass in the human body. There are several methods to assess body composition, including direct methods like chemical analysis and physical dissection, as well as indirect methods like bioelectrical impedance analysis, hydrodensitometry, air displacement plethysmography, skin fold measurements, girth measurements, and dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. Understanding body composition provides information on fat percentage, fat distribution, and lean body mass, which is important for athletic performance, injury risk assessment, and health monitoring.
Science & Practice of Elite Speed DevelopmentMike Young
The document discusses determinants of speed and principles of elite speed development. It covers muscular, mechanical, kinetic, and neuromuscular factors that influence speed. Some key points include:
- Sprinting requires complex interactions between eccentric, isometric, and concentric muscle contractions under extreme time constraints.
- Mechanical factors like ground contact time, stride length and frequency differentiate acceleration from maximum velocity.
- Faster sprinters apply more mass-specific force to the ground in a shorter period of time.
- Training should target the force-velocity continuum from maximum strength to maximum speed. Both horizontal and vertical strength are important for acceleration and top speed respectively.
Exercise physiology classification of work by energy expenditureDr Usha (Physio)
This document discusses factors that influence energy expenditure during physical activity. It defines total daily energy expenditure and classifies activities based on intensity and duration. Activities are rated on a scale of metabolic equivalents (METs) relative to resting energy expenditure. Factors like body mass, fitness level, technique and speed can impact energy efficiency. The economy of walking is also examined, noting how terrain, footwear, speed and weights affect the energy cost of walking.
Speed is the quickness of movement in sports and can be expressed as maximum speed, power, or speed endurance. Speed is influenced by factors like muscle structure, strength, technique, and energy systems. There are different types of speed like reaction speed, speed of movement, acceleration speed, sprinting speed, and speed endurance. Speed training involves drills, sprints of various distances, uphill and downhill running, and overcoming the speed barrier through indirect training when direct speed work plateaus. A sample speed training week alternates weight training, short speed workouts, and long speed workouts.
The document discusses nutrition strategies for athletes before, during, and after intense exercise. It recommends that the pre-competition meal should be high in carbohydrates (150-300g), consumed 3-4 hours before exercise to replenish glycogen stores. During exercise, consuming about 60g of carbohydrates per hour benefits performance for long duration or high intensity exercise by sparing glycogen and stabilizing blood glucose. The strategies aim to provide steady fuel without large insulin responses that could impair performance.
The document discusses the differences between aerobic and anaerobic exercise and respiration. Aerobic respiration uses oxygen to produce energy through a slower process, while anaerobic respiration produces energy faster without oxygen. Aerobic exercise relies on the aerobic system and includes moderate to hard continuous activities like long-distance running. Anaerobic exercise is very short and intense, like sprints, using fast bursts that outpace the body's oxygen delivery. The recovery period after anaerobic exercise allows the body to pay back its oxygen debt from lactic acid buildup.
Body composition analysis provides information about percentages of body fat, fat distribution, and body measurements that are useful for athletic performance and health. There are direct and indirect methods of analyzing body composition, with indirect methods including hydrostatic weighing, bioelectrical impedance, air displacement plethysmography, and skin fold measurements. Each method has advantages and limitations regarding accuracy, reliability, required equipment and cost.
Carbohydrate and fat utilization during exercise 24 july 16Usman Khan
Carbohydrates and fats provide energy through exercise, with carbohydrates being the preferred fuel for intense exercise. The type of fuel utilized depends on exercise intensity and duration. At low intensities, fat is the primary fuel from peripheral and intramuscular stores. At medium intensities, intramuscular triglycerides supplement fat. High intensities exceed fat utilization rates, requiring carbohydrates from glycogen and glucose. Very high intensities exceed aerobic capacity, relying on anaerobic carbohydrate breakdown. Fuel utilization shifts between fat and carbohydrate stores over different exercise phases and intensities.
The document discusses the importance of recovery for athletes. It states that recovery is needed after training for the body to adapt and improve. It also notes that monitoring training responses through daily logs can help identify signs of overtraining. The document provides various recovery strategies for athletes including rest, sleep, hydration, nutrition, massage, and relaxation techniques to promote recovery and prevent fatigue.
Strength is the ability to overcome resistance through muscle contractions and depends on the energy liberation process in muscles. There are different types of strength abilities important for sports. Maximum strength is the ability to generate maximum force against resistance. Explosive strength combines strength and speed to overcome resistance quickly. Strength endurance is the ability to exert force against resistance while fatigued. The type of strength required depends on the specific demands of the sport.
Treadmill testing principles and protocols are discussed. The document outlines the objectives, indications, contraindications, and preparations for treadmill testing. It describes various treadmill testing protocols including the Bruce, Balke, Naughton, and Cornell protocols. Key points about metabolic equivalents, Borg scale, and complications are provided. Exercise testing is used to detect cardiovascular disease, reproduce symptoms, screen for exercise programs, and monitor therapeutic responses.
Regular physical activity provides significant health benefits for those with diabetes, including improved blood glucose control, lipid profile, blood pressure, and weight management. The Canadian Diabetes Association recommends a minimum of 150 minutes per week of aerobic exercise and 3 sessions per week of resistance exercise. However, most people with diabetes do not meet these targets. Healthcare professionals play an important role in promoting physical activity by assessing patients' current activity levels, advising on exercise prescriptions, and assisting with goal setting and follow up to help patients adopt and maintain regular physical activity.
Cardiac rehabilitation is a comprehensive program that helps patients restore and maintain optimal health after a cardiac event through exercise, education, and lifestyle changes. It includes nutritional counseling, weight management, managing blood pressure and cholesterol, stress management, and physical activity under medical supervision. The goals are to improve heart health, reduce the risk of future cardiac issues, and help patients resume normal activities. Benefits include reduced health complications and mortality, improved exercise tolerance, and a healthier lifestyle.
Sample Table.pdfTopic RatingPatients Goal Able to walk .docxagnesdcarey33086
This document provides information about assessing body composition and circumference measurements. It discusses calculating BMI from height and weight measurements and interpreting the results. Abdominal circumference is highlighted as an important indicator of health risk. Standard procedures for measuring circumferences at various body sites are outlined. The waist-to-hip ratio is also described as a method for assessing body fat distribution and health risk. Cut-off values for high health risk based on waist-to-hip ratio and age/gender are provided.
The document outlines the American College of Sports Medicine (ACSM) recommendations for preparticipation health screening. It recommends that all individuals be screened minimally using a self-reported medical history questionnaire to determine need for follow-up. Those with 2 or more cardiovascular risk factors should consult a doctor before high-intensity exercise but can begin low-to-moderate intensity exercise. Those with symptoms or known disease should consult a doctor before starting an exercise program. Exercise testing is only recommended for those at high risk including those with cardiovascular disease or additional risk factors/diseases. Supervision of exercise testing depends on risk level and supervisor training. The recommendations aim to reduce barriers to physical activity adoption which has low overall risk when done progressively.
This document provides guidelines for screening, diagnosing, and managing diabetes and its complications. It recommends:
- Screening everyone over 40 every 3 years for diabetes using HbA1c, fasting plasma glucose, or oral glucose tolerance tests. Screen more often for those at high risk.
- Targeting an HbA1c of less than 7% for most patients. Consider a target of 7.1-8.5% for those with comorbidities or risk of hypoglycemia.
- Treating diabetes with lifestyle changes like nutrition therapy and exercise. If needed, add metformin and/or additional medications based on individual factors.
- Prescribing statins, ACE inhibitors or ARBs, and
The document discusses approaches to preventing cardiovascular disease, including primary and secondary prevention. It outlines various risk factors and strategies for prevention at both the population level and for high-risk individuals. These include promoting smoking cessation, controlling blood pressure and lipids, increasing physical activity, maintaining a healthy diet and weight, and using medication like aspirin to reduce the risk of cardiovascular events.
This document provides information on health screening procedures for personal trainers. It discusses the reasons for health screening such as identifying risks, ensuring safety, and fulfilling legal requirements. It then describes typical forms used for health screening including informed consent forms, liability waivers, health history questionnaires, PAR-Q forms, and physician release forms. The document gives examples of some of these forms and provides details on how they are used and their limitations.
Basic principles of Exercise designs for healthy and special populations, based on American College of Sports Medicine Guidelines. Target audience: Fitness trainers and health professionals. This lecture was delivered at Chennai in February 2014 in an international seminar organized by Madras Diabetes Research Foundation and Florida International University.
This document discusses medical nutrition therapy and exercise recommendations for diabetes. It outlines the basic objectives of nutrition therapy as achieving ideal body weight, preventing hypoglycemia, and managing comorbidities. It then describes the steps for individualized diet planning, including assessing food habits, calculating calorie needs, distributing calories among meals, and developing a menu. Exercise guidelines emphasize aerobic and resistance training to improve insulin sensitivity. The document provides guidance on exercise intensity, duration, and types of exercise appropriate for diabetes management.
This document discusses physical fitness assessment and management. It defines physical fitness and physical activity. It describes the benefits of physical activity such as improved cardiovascular health and reduced disease risk. It also outlines some risks of high intensity exercise. The document discusses various energy systems approaches and current public health recommendations for physical activity. It describes the purposes and stages of physical fitness assessment, including screening, pre-exercise evaluation, and fitness testing of components like cardiovascular endurance and muscular strength. Risk stratification and informed consent for assessments are also covered.
After this presentation, you should be able to:
Critically evaluate the scientific rationale regarding dietary Na+, P, K+, and fluid restrictions in HD patients, and why these restrictions may be misguided.
Better communicate with HD patients and clinic staff the nuances of these dietary restrictions.
Promote efficacious physical activity programs for hemodialysis patients.
Components of Physical Fitness BSC 6 SEm Fit & Exs Mgt.pptxChandanRaj58
This document discusses the importance of measuring different components of physical fitness, including cardiorespiratory fitness, body composition, muscle fitness, and flexibility. It describes the health benefits of improved cardiorespiratory fitness and the health risks of obesity and eating disorders. The purposes of fitness testing are also outlined, including diagnosis of strengths/weaknesses, monitoring training progress, and program evaluation. Principles of fitness development like overload and individuality are also covered.
Exam 1 will consist of 55 multiple choice, matching, and fill-in-the-blank questions worth 2 points each, and 10 short answer questions worth 4 points each. Students will also be tested on patient positioning, protocols, and how to evaluate results as outlined in the "Recommendations for Blood Pressure Measurement in Humans and Experimental Animals" article.
Deborah Bade Horn presented on physical activity prescription for patients with obesity. She reviewed general guidelines for physical activity and discussed case-based application. For a patient needing bilateral knee replacements, Horn prescribed an initial focus on pool exercises and personal training before progressing to physical therapy and a presurgical exercise plan. The long-term goal was for the patient to maintain over 250 minutes of physical activity per week at a vigorous intensity and potentially return to doubles tennis. Through obesity treatment, the patient had both knee replacements and maintained over 120 pounds of weight loss long-term with minimal pain.
Non insulin glucose-lowering therapy in type 2 DMMohsen Eledrisi
This document provides guidance on approaching and managing type 2 diabetes through non-insulin glucose-lowering therapy. It discusses evaluating patients, setting individualized A1C targets, implementing lifestyle changes, and initiating metformin as first-line treatment. If metformin alone does not control blood sugar, the document reviews additional options like sulfonylureas, DPP-4 inhibitors, GLP-1 receptor agonists, and SGLT2 inhibitors; comparing their mechanisms of action, dosing, side effects, and pros/cons. The overall approach emphasizes a treatment plan tailored to each patient's history, comorbidities, and goals of care.
Cardiac rehabilitation aims to restore patients with cardiovascular disease to their optimal physiological and psychosocial status through a multiphase process. It focuses on exercise training, education, and risk factor reduction to improve outcomes such as exercise tolerance, symptoms, and quality of life while reducing mortality. Exercise begins conservatively in the inpatient phase and progresses in intensity through outpatient phases focused on maintenance.
The key points of exercise testing include manually measuring systolic blood pressure for safety, adjusting the protocol based on patient history, using the BORG scale to assess exertion rather than age-predicted heart rates, focusing on METs rather than exercise duration, using a ramp protocol when possible, avoiding hyperventilation and a cool down walk, using standard ECG analysis and a 3 minute recovery period, and considering heart rate recovery. The most important prognostic measurement is exercise capacity in METs. The most appropriate indicator of a maximal effort is the BORG scale.
Should We Be Measuring Omega 3? Results of an N=1 Experiment.James McCarter
Do you get enough omega 3 in your diet? These slides are from my January 21, 2014 presentation to the first meeting of the Quantified Self St. Louis Group (www.quantifiedstl.com) at Washington University School of Medicine. Omega 3 are essential PUFA underrepresented in western diets. Increasing omega 3 by diet or supplementation may have cardiovascular benefits. As a simple n=1 Quantified Self experiment, I measured blood levels of omega 3 before and after supplementation with DHA and EPA. I found a rise in blood levels along with other favorable health markers. The current expense of omega 3 supplementation and testing presents barriers to wider adoption.
Similar to Principles of fitness assessment student (20)
This document provides photos and descriptions of various static and dynamic stretching techniques. It includes over 20 static stretching exercises that focus on different muscle groups, such as the legs, back, shoulders, and hips. Additionally, it outlines several dynamic stretching movements, such as arm swings, lunges, and heel-to-toe walks, which gently move the joints through their range of motion.
This document summarizes two studies on aging research at Tufts University. The first study found that high-intensity strength training significantly increased muscle strength in nonagenarians (people in their 90s) living in a long-term care facility, with some participants showing functional improvements. The second study found that leg extensor power, a measure of muscle strength and speed, predicted performance on tasks like chair rising, stair climbing, and walking in very old adults, and identified gender differences and thresholds related to independence. Both studies demonstrated the feasibility and benefits of resistance training for frail elderly populations.
The document discusses bioenergetics and the three biological energy systems that replenish ATP in human skeletal muscle during exercise: (1) the phosphagen system provides ATP primarily for short-term, high-intensity activities; (2) glycolysis breaks down carbohydrates to resynthesize ATP; (3) the oxidative system uses primarily carbohydrates and fats as substrates to provide ATP at rest and during low-intensity activities. The extent to which each system contributes depends on the intensity and duration of muscular activity, with the phosphagen system supplying ATP for short, high-intensity activities and the oxidative system for long, low-intensity activities.
Chapter 1 structure and function of the muscular, neuromuscular, cardiovasc...Leesah Mapa
The document provides an overview of the structure and function of the muscular, neuromuscular, cardiovascular, and respiratory systems. It describes the macrostructure and microstructure of muscle and the sliding filament theory of muscle contraction. It discusses the characteristics of different muscle fiber types and the activation of muscles via motor neurons. It also summarizes the structure and function of the cardiovascular system, including the heart, blood vessels, and blood, as well as the conduction system and electrocardiogram.
Theories of aging include psychological, sociological, and biological perspectives. Psychological theories focus on personal development and success, like Erikson's stages of psychosocial development. Sociological theories emphasize engagement through activities, relationships, and experiences. Biological theories propose that aging results from damage accumulation over time, such as from free radicals, genetic factors like telomere shortening, or gradual imbalance between systems. While no single theory explains all aspects of aging, maintaining overall wellness through nutrition, exercise, social engagement and calorie restriction may help optimize health and function in late life.
The document discusses guidelines for exercise during pregnancy. It recommends cardiorespiratory exercise 3-4 days per week at a moderate intensity for at least 15 minutes, increasing up to 30 minutes per day. Resistance training 2-3 days per week focusing on large muscle groups is also recommended. Exercise should be low impact and avoid activities in a supine position. Intensity should allow for conversation and progression should occur after the first trimester.
The document discusses the anatomy of the leg, ankle, and foot. It describes several muscles and their origins, insertions, actions, and locations, including the popliteus, plantaris, gastrocnemius, soleus, tibialis anterior, peroneus longus, peroneus brevis, tibialis posterior, flexor digitorum longus, extensor digitorum longus, and extensor hallucis longus muscles. It also briefly discusses shin splints and muscles involved in foot eversion.
The document discusses the thigh adductors and knee joint. It names five thigh adductors - pectineus, adductor brevis, adductor longus, adductor magnus, and gracilis - and provides details on their origins, insertions, locations and actions. It then reviews the bones and bony landmarks of the knee joint, its movements, supporting ligaments including the ACL and PCL, and surrounding musculature.
The document discusses the anatomy and biomechanics of the pelvis and hip. It describes muscles like the transverse abdominis, iliopsoas, and external hip rotators. It also covers common injuries to the pelvis like tendinitis, bursitis, and sciatica. The sciatic nerve is defined as the longest single nerve in the body. Total hip replacement surgery is briefly mentioned.
The document discusses the muscles involved in hip and knee flexion and extension. It provides details on the origin, insertion, action and how to strengthen key muscles like the gluteus maximus, quadriceps, and hamstrings. The two most powerful external rotators of the hip are identified as the piriformis and gemellus superior muscles. Stretching exercises are recommended for both the knee extensors and flexors.
This document discusses the muscles involved in ventilation and respiration. It describes the diaphragm and external intercostals as the primary muscles of resting ventilation that expand the thoracic cavity to drive air into the lungs. Expiration is a passive process when these muscles relax and the thoracic cavity recoils. Additional muscles assist inspiration during exercise, including the scalenes, sternocleidomastoid, trapezius, and serratus anterior to lift the ribs and clavicle. The abdominal muscles, internal intercostals, and relaxation of the diaphragm facilitate expiration during exercise.
The document describes the anatomy and movement of the pelvis and hip joint. It discusses the bones that make up the pelvis, including the ilium, ischium, pubis and sacrum. It then describes the major ligaments and joints of the pelvis and hip, including the sacroiliac, pubic symphysis and hip joints. It outlines the movements that occur at the pelvis and hip, such as flexion, extension, abduction and rotation. Key muscles that act on the pelvis and hip like the psoas major, iliacus and gluteus maximus are also identified.
This document discusses various topics related to the structure and function of the vertebral column and associated muscles. It describes the intervertebral discs, ribs, muscles of the back like the erector spinae, and cervical spine joints. It also lists common injuries such as strains, sprains, tendinitis, and herniated discs. Conditions affecting the spine like scoliosis, kyphosis, lordosis, and spinal stenosis are defined.
This document provides information about muscles of the shoulder girdle, back, abdomen, and vertebral column. It describes the origin, insertion, location, and movements of muscles like the trapezius, rhomboid major and minor, levator scapulae, erector spinae, rectus abdominis, external and internal obliques. It also discusses bony landmarks, curves of the vertebral column, cervical and lumbar joints, and layers of intrinsic back muscles.
This document provides information about muscles of the shoulder girdle, back, abdomen, and vertebral column. It describes the origin, insertion, location, and movements of muscles like the trapezius, rhomboid major and minor, levator scapulae, erector spinae, rectus abdominis, external and internal obliques. It also discusses bony landmarks, curves of the vertebral column, cervical and lumbar joints, and layers of intrinsic back muscles.
This document provides information about the shoulder and related kinesiology topics. It discusses the bones and joints of the shoulder, including the humerus, scapula, clavicle, glenohumeral joint, and shoulder girdle joints. The document outlines the major muscles involved in shoulder movement, organizing them by location and action. Plane movements of the shoulder are defined along with examples of prime mover muscles. Examples like the barbell press are provided to demonstrate muscle actions.
The document describes the bones, joints, muscles, and motions of the elbow, forearm, wrist, and hand. It notes that the elbow is a hinge joint that allows flexion and extension. The radioulnar joint allows rotation of the radius around the ulna during pronation and supination. The wrist is a condyloid joint that flexes, extends, abducts, and adducts. Key muscles that act on these areas are also outlined.
The document describes the bones and muscles of the upper limb, with a focus on the humerus, elbow, forearm, wrist, and hand. It details the bones that make up each region, including the humerus, radius, ulna, carpals, metacarpals, and phalanges. The major muscles that flex and extend the elbow, pronate and supinate the forearm, flex and extend the wrist, and flex and extend the fingers are identified. Key movements like elbow flexion/extension, forearm pronation/supination, wrist flexion/extension, and finger flexion/extension are also summarized.
This document contains definitions and descriptions of important concepts in structural kinesiology including:
- The three types of muscle contractions: isometric, isotonic, and isokinetic. Isotonic contractions can be both concentric and eccentric.
- The four properties of skeletal muscle: excitability, contractility, extensibility and elasticity. Elasticity allows muscles to return to their original length after contraction while plasticity results in a permanent change in length.
- The three types of synovial joints that allow varying degrees of movement: synarthrosis (no movement), amphiarthrosis (little movement) and diarthrosis (free movement).
- The structural components that make up skeletal muscle:
1. The document discusses planes of motion, axes of rotation, and the cardinal planes which are the three basic planes used to describe human movement.
2. It also covers muscle terminology including names based on appearance, location, function, and fiber arrangement of muscles.
3. The types of muscle contractions - isometric, concentric, and eccentric - and the roles of agonist, antagonist, synergist and other muscles are defined.
share - Lions, tigers, AI and health misinformation, oh my!.pptxTina Purnat
• Pitfalls and pivots needed to use AI effectively in public health
• Evidence-based strategies to address health misinformation effectively
• Building trust with communities online and offline
• Equipping health professionals to address questions, concerns and health misinformation
• Assessing risk and mitigating harm from adverse health narratives in communities, health workforce and health system
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Muktapishti is a traditional Ayurvedic preparation made from Shoditha Mukta (Purified Pearl), is believed to help regulate thyroid function and reduce symptoms of hyperthyroidism due to its cooling and balancing properties. Clinical evidence on its efficacy remains limited, necessitating further research to validate its therapeutic benefits.
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of the physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar lead (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
6. Describe the flow of current around the heart during the cardiac cycle
7. Discuss the placement and polarity of the leads of electrocardiograph
8. Describe the normal electrocardiograms recorded from the limb leads and explain the physiological basis of the different records that are obtained
9. Define mean electrical vector (axis) of the heart and give the normal range
10. Define the mean QRS vector
11. Describe the axes of leads (hexagonal reference system)
12. Comprehend the vectorial analysis of the normal ECG
13. Determine the mean electrical axis of the ventricular QRS and appreciate the mean axis deviation
14. Explain the concepts of current of injury, J point, and their significance
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. Chapter 3, Cardiology Explained, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK2214/
7. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
Here is the updated list of Top Best Ayurvedic medicine for Gas and Indigestion and those are Gas-O-Go Syp for Dyspepsia | Lavizyme Syrup for Acidity | Yumzyme Hepatoprotective Capsules etc
Basavarajeeyam is a Sreshta Sangraha grantha (Compiled book ), written by Neelkanta kotturu Basavaraja Virachita. It contains 25 Prakaranas, First 24 Chapters related to Rogas& 25th to Rasadravyas.
Local Advanced Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex Sys...Oleg Kshivets
Overall life span (LS) was 1671.7±1721.6 days and cumulative 5YS reached 62.4%, 10 years – 50.4%, 20 years – 44.6%. 94 LCP lived more than 5 years without cancer (LS=2958.6±1723.6 days), 22 – more than 10 years (LS=5571±1841.8 days). 67 LCP died because of LC (LS=471.9±344 days). AT significantly improved 5YS (68% vs. 53.7%) (P=0.028 by log-rank test). Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: N0-N12, T3-4, blood cell circuit, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells-CC and blood cells subpopulations), LC cell dynamics, recalcification time, heparin tolerance, prothrombin index, protein, AT, procedure type (P=0.000-0.031). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and N0-12 (rank=1), thrombocytes/CC (rank=2), segmented neutrophils/CC (3), eosinophils/CC (4), erythrocytes/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), stick neutrophils/CC (8), leucocytes/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (error=0.000; area under ROC curve=1.0).
3. Fitness/Wellness Specialist Responsibilities
• Educate clients
• Conduct pretest health evaluationsConduct pretest health evaluations
• Select, administer, interpret tests to assessSelect, administer, interpret tests to assess
components of physical fitnesscomponents of physical fitness
• Design exercise prescriptionsDesign exercise prescriptions
• Lead classes/Give presentations
• Analyze client exercise performance and correct errors
• Motivate clients
• Reassess clients/athletes – be dynamic!
4. The Exercise “Science Artist”
“….exercise prescription is the
successful integration of exercise
science with behavioral techniques
that result in long term program
compliance and attainment of the
individual’s goals.”
ACSM Guidelines for Exercise Testing and
Prescription, 2000, pg 140
8. Factors To Consider When Designing
An Exercise Prescription
• Health status
• Risk factor profile
• Medical evaluation
• Individual’s goals
• Baseline values
• Exercise preferences
• Program design principles
• Adherence factors
9. Why do we care about health
screening and risk stratification?
10. Health Screenings
• Par – Q
• Medical History
Questionnaire
• Coronary Risk factor
analysis
• Disease Risk Classification
• Informed Consent
• Physical Exam
• Lipid Panel and Glucose
Levels
• Blood Pressure
• 12-Lead ECG
• Graded Exercise Test
Clinical Tests
11. Self-Guided Screening
• PAR-Q and You
▫ Physical Activity Readiness Form
Figure 2.1, p. 24 (ACSM)
For pregnancy, p. 196 (ACSM)
• AHA/ACSM Health/Fitness Facility Pre-
participation Screening Questionnaire
▫ Figure 2.2, p. 25 (ACSM)
12. Professionally Guided Screening
• Health fitness/clinical assessment and activity
programming conducted and supervised by
appropriately trained personnel
• Professionally guided screening includes:
▫ Coronary Risk factor analysis
▫ Review more detailed health/medical hx info and
risk stratification
▫ Detailed recommendations for PA/exercise,
medical exam, exercise testing, physician
supervision
13. CVD Risk Factor Thresholds for
Use with ACSM Risk Stratification
•Positive and Negative Risk
Factors
(Table 2.2, p. 27, ACSM)
14. CVD Risk Factor Thresholds for Use with ACSM Risk
Stratification
Positive Risk Factors (Table 2.2, p. 27, ACSM)
15.
16. CVD Risk Factor Thresholds for Use with ACSM Risk
Stratification
Positive Risk Factors (Table 2.2, p. 27, ACSM)
17. Calculating BMI
• BMI = weight in kg. / height in meters2
Weight: 180 lbs
Height 5 ft. 8 in.
What is the client’s BMI classification?
Weight: 257 lb
Height 5 ft. 9 in.
What is the client’s BMI classification?
25. Case Study #1
• Bob Marley
▫ 54 year old male
▫ Cigarette smoker
▫ Brother died of MI age 55
▫ BP: 130/82
▫ HDL-C: 44 mg/dL
▫ TC: 188 mg/dl
▫ Fasting glucose: 112 mg/dl (verified 2x)
▫ Height: 5’7.5”; Weight: 160 lbs
▫ Light activity 3 days/week, 30 min (last 3 years)
▫ Medications: ACE-inhibitor, diuretic
26. • Jane is a 46 year old female. She has a family
history of breast cancer (mom was diagnosed at 47
and sister at 36). She quit smoking when she was 21.
She has been walking briskly (mod) for 45 minutes,
3 days per week, for the last 6 months. Her height is
5’2” and she is 130 lbs and her waist circumference
is 33”. Her cholesterol and glucose levels are all
within normal range, though her HDLs are 62mg/dl.
Her blood pressure is 126/88.
30. Table 2.1 ACSM Risk Stratification Categories for
Atherosclerotic CVD (Figure 2.4 ACSM p. 28)
31. • CVD, pulmonary, or metabolic disease
▫ CVD: Coronary, peripheral vascular, or
cerebrovascular disease
▫ Pulmonary: COPD, asthma, interstitial lung
disease, cystic fibrosis
▫ Metabolic: diabetes (I or II), thyroid disorders,
renal, or liver disease
Cardiovascular, Pulmonary, and
Metabolic Disease - - HIGH RISK!
32. Major symptoms or signs suggestive of cardiopulmonary or metabolic
disease.*
___________________________________________________
1. Pain, discomfort (or other anginal equivalent) in the chest, neck, jaw,
arms, or other areas that may be ischemic in nature
2. Shortness of breath at rest or with mild exertion
3. Dizziness or syncope (fainting)
4. Orthopnea/paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea (labored breathing;
discomfort in breathing in any but erect position)
5. Ankle edema
6. Palpitations or tachycardia
7. Intermittent claudication
8. Known heart murmur
9. Unusual fatigue or shortness of breath with usual activities
___________________________________________________
*These symptoms must be interpreted in the clinical context in which they
appear, since they are not all specific for cardiopulmonary or metabolic
disease. See description of each in ACSM Guidelines.
___________________________________________________
Figure 2.3 ACSM p. 26
34. Case Study
• Lolo Jones
▫ 26 years old, non-smoker
▫ BMI: 24.6 kg/m2
▫ Asthmatic, normal cholesterol and BP
▫ Fasting glucose: 85 mg/dl
▫ Sprint athlete – works out 6 days/week 2+ hours per
day (vigorous activity) for last 2 years
▫ No family history of heart disease
▫ Sister, 22, has Type 2 diabetes
35. Exercise Testing and Participation
Recommendation Based on Risk
• Once risk classification established,
appropriate recommendations may be made
regarding:
36.
37.
38. Maximal Graded Exercise Test (GXT),
Reasons for Max. Testing in the Clinical Setting:
To find the true max. HR for exercise prescription
To measure or estimate VO2 max.
To determine baseline aerobic fitness level
To help plan a safe and effective exercise program
To aid in the diagnosis of CVD in the mod. risk or in
those who are symptomatic (*with ECG*)
To follow the progress of known disease (*with ECG)
40. • Sheri is a low risk client. She was told by her
previous trainer that she should not have a GXT
done because according to ACSM GXTs are only
for moderate to high risk clients.
• Do you agree or disagree with her previous
trainer? Why?
43. Factors To Consider When Designing
An Exercise Prescription
• Health status
• Risk factor profile
• Medical Evaluation
• Individual’s goals
• Baseline Values
• Exercise preferences
• Program Design Principles
• Adherence factors
44. Purpose of Health Related Fitness
Testing
• Educate participants about present health-
related fitness status relative to standards and
age and gender norms
• Provide data helpful in development of exercise
prescriptions
▫ Address all fitness components
▫ Baseline data and follow – up
▫ Motivate participants
▫ Stratify risk
45. Components of Health Related Fitness
1. Body weight and body composition
2. Cardiorespiratory Endurance (Fitness)
3. Muscular Endurance
4. Muscular Strength
5. Flexibility
48. Cardiorespiratory Endurance (CRE) /
Cardiorespiratory Fitness (CRF)
• Ability of heart, lungs, and circulatory system to
supply O2 and nutrients effectively to working
muscles
• Typically expressed as VO2max
• Clinical submaximal and maximal tests
▫ Field tests
52. Components of Health Related Fitness
1. Body weight and body composition
2. Cardiorespiratory Endurance (Fitness)
3. Muscular Endurance
4. Muscular Strength
5. Flexibility
54. Prediction equations
• To whom is equation applicable?
▫ Population specific vs. general
• How were variables measured by the researchers
who developed equation?
57. What should be the
proper order of testing?
• Flexibility
• Body composition
• Muscular fitness
• HHQ/Risk stratification
• CRE / CRF
• Resting BP and HR
58. Give client specific instructions as
to what to wear, what to bring, and
what to expect on testing day!
59. Always have your supplies
and equipment ready
before the client arrives!
62. Test Interpretation
• Calculate necessary values
• Classify client results by comparing to
established norms or percentile rank
• Discuss results with clients
▫ Provide hard copy of results to client
▫ Keep a copy for your records!
63. Factors To Consider When Designing
An Exercise Prescription
• Health status
• Risk factor profile
• Medical Evaluation
• Individual’s goals
• Baseline Values
• Program Design Principles
• Exercise preferences
• Adherence factors
75. Case Study
• Sonia Sotomayor
▫ 44 year old female with BMI of 23 kg/m2;
▫ WC = 35inches
▫ BP: 134/82; does not smoke
▫ HDL-C: 42 mg/dl
▫ Father had MI age 42, Sister MI age 50
▫ Brother has T2DM, diagnosed age 35
▫ Fasting glucose: 95 mg/dl
▫ Mod exercises 5 days per week, 30 min (last 2 months)
▫ Meds: aspirin for knee pain from a sporting injury
76. Case Study
• Mike Magiske
▫ 62 year old, sedentary male
▫ Quit smoking 5 months ago
▫ Impaired fasting glucose (Pre-diabetes/insulin
resistance)
▫ Obese --Low HDLs
▫ Normal Triglycerides
▫ Mother died of CVD age 57
77. • You have determined that Spencer is a high risk
client. Spencer wants to begin a moderate
walking program.
Editor's Notes
If you come into my office, and I have never met or spoken with you, I have no idea what you need, want, in terms of activity, exercise or fitness. To do this I need to learn more about you, your health, goals,
Purpose of an exercise prescription
Intensity more problematic than liking exercise equipment/machine/mode
Pros cons
Age: Men > 45 y.o.; Female > 55 y.o. 2. Cigarette smoking: Current cigarette smoker, OR those who quit within the previous 6 months, OR exposure to environmental tobacco smoke 3. Obesity: BMI of > 30 kg/m 2 , OR Waist girth of: > 102 cm (40 in) for men & > 88 cm (35 in) for women 4. Dyslipidemia: LDL-C > 130 mg/dL OR HDL < 40 mg/dl OR on lipid lowering medications If TC only measure available: TC > 200 mg/dL Family History: MI, coronary revascularization, or sudden death < 55 years of age in father or other male first-degree relative (brother or son), OR < 65 years of age in mother or other female first-degree relative (sister or daughter) 6.Impaired glucose (pre-diabetes): Impaired fasting glucose: > 100mg/dL but < 126 mg/dL OR Impaired glucose tolerance: > 140 mg/dL but <200mg/dL *both confirmed by measurements on at least 2 separate occasions 7. Sedentary lifestyle: Not participating in at least 30 minutes of moderate intensity physical activity on at least 3 days/week for at least 3 months 8. Hypertension: Blood pressure ≥140/90 mmHg, confirmed by measurements on at least 2 separate occasions, OR on antihypertensive medication
A CODFISH
Low Risk: Asymptomatic men and women who have < 1 CVD risk factor from Table 2.3 Moderate Risk Asymptomatic men and women who have > 2 CVD risk factors from Table 2.3 High Risk Individuals who have know CVD, pulmonary, or metabolic disease OR 1 or more signs and symptoms listed in Table 2.2
Girth measurements : Useful for obese people who may be uncomfortable with skinfold measurements or underwater weighing. Pattern of BF distribution imp. predictor of health risks of obesity
Estimated vs. actual Submaximal and maximal Graded exercise tests (GXTs) Field tests Maximal testing in clinical setting To aid in the diagnosis of CVD in moderate risk individuals or in those who are symptomatic To determine the safety of an exercise program To follow the progress of known disease To find the true max. HR for exercise prescription To measure or estimate VO2 max. To help plan a safe and effective exercise program Submax Evaluate progress and provide feedback. Use as a basis for educating clients about concepts of fitness. MAY provide a basis for exercise prescription. Sub-max. cycle ergometer test (Astrand-Rhyming or YMCA Protocol): Used to estimate VO 2 max. from heart rate at a sub-max. workload. 2. Step test: Can estimate VO 2 max. from heart rate achieved after stepping for 3 minutes. 3. Cooper’s 1.5 mile or 12 minute run Can estimate VO 2 max. from time for 1.5 mile run or distance completed in 12 minutes. 4. Rockport 1 mile walk test: Can estimate VO 2 max. from heart rate after walking 1 mile.
Muscle strength Max force or tension Muscle endurance Maintain submax force over time
Test of trunk flexion, measures low back & hip flexibility, common measure of overall flexibility.
Test may have high reliability but not high validity – sit and reach test – poor validity as a measure of lower back flexibility
Not interested in activities Don’t understand prescription Changes in health status No time! Overweight Smoker Personality factors such as anxiety & low self efficacy No spousal support Inconvenient exercise facilities No social support Not seeing improvement
Support of family & friends Doctor’s recommendation Convenient facilities, parking Non-threatening environment (dress etc.) Individualized program Personal attention Positive feedback (BP, assessments) Presence of successful peer role models Incentives Enjoy activities Improvement in health statu
Work a lot harder for less change as you get closer to genetic ceiling