A motor point is a specific skin area where the targeted muscle is best stimulated with the smallest amount of current amplitude and the shortest pulse duration
Rebox electrotherapeutic method is based on non-invasive transcutaneous application of specific electric currents to a living tissue. Main indications for using the Rebox include treatment of acute and chronic pain, immobility, musculoskeletal and neurological disorders and oedema.
Diadynamic currents are also called Bernard's currents based on a sine wave with a frequency of 50Hz. Due to the ease of generation of this current shape, they have been known almost from the beginning of electrotherapy, and their influence on the human body has been thoroughly studied.
a detailed description on theory behind Strength duration curve, along with procedure for plotting SD Curve and measuring the Rheobase and Chronaxie of the plotted graph.
A motor point is a specific skin area where the targeted muscle is best stimulated with the smallest amount of current amplitude and the shortest pulse duration
Rebox electrotherapeutic method is based on non-invasive transcutaneous application of specific electric currents to a living tissue. Main indications for using the Rebox include treatment of acute and chronic pain, immobility, musculoskeletal and neurological disorders and oedema.
Diadynamic currents are also called Bernard's currents based on a sine wave with a frequency of 50Hz. Due to the ease of generation of this current shape, they have been known almost from the beginning of electrotherapy, and their influence on the human body has been thoroughly studied.
a detailed description on theory behind Strength duration curve, along with procedure for plotting SD Curve and measuring the Rheobase and Chronaxie of the plotted graph.
Knowledge about the faradic current and its physiological effects,indications and its contraindication and the methods of the application of the faradic current,motor point stimulation and its benefit used in physiotherapy
Electric stimulation works by mimicking the natural way by which the body exercises its muscles. The electrodes attached to the skin deliver impulses that make the muscles contract. It is beneficial in increasing the patient's range of motion and improves the circulation of the body.
Debridement is an important component of the wound bed preparation (WBP) management Model.
Cause of the wound and patient-centered concerns, debridement is a necessary step in local wound care.
Debridement is the removal of necrotic tissue, exudate, bacteria, and metabolic waste from a wound in order to improve or facilitate the healing process
Chest pain or discomfort
Common presenting symptom of cardiovascular disease
May be cardiac or noncardiac in origin.
Cardiac – angina, MI, pericarditis, mitral valve prolapse, dissecting aortic aneurysm
Non cardiac – anemia (physical exertion), cervical disc disease, anxiety, trigger points etc
Follows pattern of ulnar nerve distribution (heart supplied by C3-T4 spinal segments)
Radiating pain to neck, jaw, upper trapezius, upper back, shoulder or arms (commonly left
Biologist & gerontologist used concept of senescence to explain biological aging
Senescence or normal aging refers to a gradual, time related to biological process that takes places as degenerative processes overtake regenerative or growth processes.
or
senescence: a change in the behavior of an organism with age leading to a decreased power of survival and adjustment
Immunology plays a very important role in homeostasis but it possesses two edge sword actions. Either hypo or hyperimmunity both can cause systemic diseases which will manifest in the oral cavity.
Immunomodulators are the agents which modulate the body immunity according to
the need.
There are natural and synthetic immunomodulatory agents .
Endocrinology is a specialty of medicine; some would say a sub-specialty of internal medicine, which deals with the diagnosis and treatment of diseases related to hormones. Endocrinology covers such human functions as the coordination of metabolism, respiration, reproduction, sensory perception, and movement
non-skeletal mesodermal tissues: adipose tissue, fibrous tissue, muscle, blood vessels and peripheral nerves (despite neuroectodermal origin)
benign, malignant and intermediate (low-grade malignant – locally aggressive, can recur, no metastatic potential)
originate from primitive mesenchymal stem cells
classification according to differentiation lines (e.g. liposarcoma is not a tumor arising from adipose tissue but exhibiting lipoblastic differentiation)
Down syndrome (DS or DNS), also known as trisomy 21, is a genetic disorder caused by the presence of all or part of a third copy of chromosome 21. It is typically associated with physical growth delays, characteristic facial features and mild to moderate intellectual disability. The average IQ of a young adult with Down syndrome is 50, equivalent to the mental ability of an 8- or 9-year-old child, but this can vary widely.
Facial pain is pain felt in any part of the face, including the mouth and eyes.
It’s normally due to an injury or a headache, occasionally facial pain may also be due to neurological or vascular causes, but equally well may be dental in origin.
The lymphatic system is responsible for the production, transport and filtration of lymph fluid throughout the body. In addition to its important circulatory functions, the lymphatic system also has important immunological functions
The pressure of the blood in the circulatory system, often measured for diagnosis since it is closely related to the force and rate of the heartbeat and the diameter and elasticity of the arterial walls.
Eating a diet high in vegetables, fruits, whole grains, and legumes.
Choosing lean, low-fat sources of protein.
Limiting sweets, soft drinks, and foods with added sugar.
Including proteins, carbohydrates, and a little good fat in all meals and snacks.
Vectors are organisms that transmit pathogens and parasites from one infected person (or animal) to another, causing serious diseases in human populations
She has a wonderful personality.”“He has no personality.”“He has a charming personality.”“We seem to have a personality conflict.”“It’s just her personality.”“She has her mother’s personality.”“He’s a real personality.”
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/lK81BzxMqdo
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/Ve4P0COk9OI
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
The Gram stain is a fundamental technique in microbiology used to classify bacteria based on their cell wall structure. It provides a quick and simple method to distinguish between Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, which have different susceptibilities to antibiotics
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnatakaaddon Scans
As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
Dr. Vidisha Kumari, a leading epidemiologist in Bangalore, emphasizes the importance of getting vaccinated. "The flu vaccine is our best defense against the influenza virus. It not only protects individuals but also helps prevent the spread of the virus in our communities," he says.
This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
To encourage widespread vaccination, the government is also collaborating with local schools, workplaces, and community centers to facilitate vaccination drives. Special attention is being given to ensuring that the vaccine is accessible to all, including marginalized communities who may have limited access to healthcare.
Residents are reminded that the flu vaccine is safe and effective. Common side effects are mild and may include soreness at the injection site, mild fever, or muscle aches. These side effects are generally short-lived and far less severe than the flu itself.
Healthcare providers are also stressing the importance of continuing COVID-19 precautions. Wearing masks, practicing good hand hygiene, and maintaining social distancing are still crucial, especially in crowded places.
Protect yourself and your loved ones by getting vaccinated. Together, we can help keep Bangalore healthy and safe this flu season. For more information on vaccination centers and schedules, residents can visit the Karnataka Health Department’s official website or follow their social media pages.
Stay informed, stay safe, and get your flu shot today!
Ozempic: Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists Saeid Safari
Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists like Ozempic and Semiglutide
ASA GUIDELINE
NYSORA Guideline
2 Case Reports of Gastric Ultrasound
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Ve...kevinkariuki227
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
3. objectives
• What is Interrupted direct current
• Terminologies
• Wave form types
• Physiological effects
• Therapeutic and diagnostic uses
• General technique of application
3
4. Interrupted Direct Current
IDC
(IDC) is used to describe continuous
unidirectional current when it is
interrupted to give pulses or phases
of any duration, shape, or frequency.
• commonly described the currents of
long duration (1msec or more).
4
5. ON time
The length of time an impulse is allowed
to flow.
It is the same as pulse duration
50ms 50ms
Flow
50ms
5
6. Off time/ Interpulse duration
The duration of no flow, is the same as
inter-pulse duration
50ms 50ms
50ms
No flow
6
7. Rise time/on ramp
Is the duration the current takes to
reach the desired intensity (0 to desired
intensity)
Rise time Decay time
7
8. Decay time/off ramp
Is the time taken for the current to come
down to base line(zero)
Decay time
8
9. ELECTRIC PULSE
Can be more fully describe according to
• PULSE DURATION: expressed in seconds
• INTENSITY: expressed in amperes or volts
• SHAPE: wave form
9
10. WAVE FORM
Describe the rise and fall pattern of a pulse
the shape of the wave form reflects the time
required for the current to reach to maximum
intensity
10
11. WAVE FORM
There are two types of long duration
• interrupted direct current:
• 1- Rectangular wave pulses.
• 2- Accommodation pulses.
11
12. Rectangular wave pulses
pulses of any duration between 1 and 600msec
separated by pulse interval of any duration from 1 to
many seconds. Used to stimulate sensory and motor
Wave form with sudden rise in intensity are suitable for
innervated muscles
12
13. Accommodation pulses
have many types like triangular, trapezoidal, and
saw tooth.
The pulse duration ranged from 300 to 1000msec.
These pulses are used for stimulation of
Denervated muscle.
13
14. EXCITABILITY OF NERVE
• SIGNAL
• RESTING MEMBRANE POTENTIAL
• CHANGE IN RESTING MEMBRANE POTENTIAL
• ACTION POTENTIAL GENERATE
• NERVE EXCITATION
14
15. • POLARITY:
• Cathode is used as active electrode because it causes
decrease in potential difference
• ACCOMODATION:
• The nerve and muscle tissue posses the property to adapt
itself to slowly increasing stimulation intensities.
• This causes a decrease of excitability of the membrane,
and thus requiring more intensity of stimulating current.
• Nerve fibre has a high accommodation rate.
15
17. Motor point
• Is a region of a muscle
where a great density of
terminal motor end
plates is found near the
surface.
• Stimulation of motor
point isolate a muscle or
segment of a muscle
• It is generally present at
the middle of the
longitudinal axis of the
muscle
17
18. Electro tonus
Sub threshold nerve stimuli do not
cause an action potential but they
do affect the membrane potential. This
phenomenon is known as electro tonus.
18
19. • Catelectrotonus:
The cathode produces a local depolarizing
potential that rises rapidly but falls exponentially
with time making the outer nerve membrane
surface less positive lowers the threshold, which
increases the nerve’s excitability known as
catelectrotonus
• Anelectrotonus:
The anode produces hyperpolarization making the
outer membrane surface more positive, which has
the reverse effect known as anelectrotonus
19
20. Physiological effects of IDC
A change in the concentration of ions at
the cell membrane when an electric
current is passed.
The ionic concentration occurring at the
nerve membrane causes a muscle
contraction
20
23. Sensory nerve stimulation:
Long pulse duration stimulates the
sensory nerve and cause stabbing or
burning sensation
The sensory nerve irritation bring
about an increase in dilation of
superficial blood vessels which is
manifested in the form of erythema
23
24. Motor nerve stimulation:
Stimulation of motor nerve cause
contraction in the muscle (in form
of brisk twitches)
Denervated muscle stimulation:
IDC of sufficiently long pulse
duration are required to produce
muscle twitches
24
25. Hyperaemia
Since this erythema is confined it indicates a
capillary hyperaemia unlike that due to heat in
which arteriolar dilatation occurs.
The erythema causes vasomotor stimulation
and increased circulation may promote
improved nutrition of the area and speed up
the resolution of inflammatory products.
25
28. Contraindications
1-Skin lesions as cuts and abrasions to avoid the
difference of skin resistance which may lead to
more concentration of current on some points
especially under electrodes causing discomfort
and pain.
2- Cardiac pacemaker.
3- Infection to avoid spread of infection by low
frequency current.
4- Superficial metal to avoid concentration of
current on metal and cause burn.
28
29. GENERAL TECHNIQUE OF APPLICATION FOR
IDC
• PREPARATION OF EQUIPMENT
• Select the apparatus that provides interrupted direct current
impulses.
• Check to see that:
– No current is leaking onto the casing.
– The polarity is marked.
– The duration of impulses and the frequency controls are available
as desired.
• The current output is smooth.
• Keep all controls at zero.
• Connect wire and electrodes.
• Select the appropriate probe, if used.
• Make appropriate size of indifferent electrode.
29
30. PREPARATION OF PATIENT.
1. Have patient in an carefully selected position and that the position is
comfortable, the part is adequately supported.
2. Explain the patient in simple words about the treatment, its procedure
and what sensation he/she will experience.
3. Explain to the patient the characteristics of muscle twitches.
4. Warn the patient not to touch the machine and not to manipulate any
control, especially when both electrodes are tied to patients part.
Report any other sensation then explained.
5. Expose only the area to be treated, cover the rest of the body.
6. Inspect the skin, avoid stimulation where the skin has rashes.
7. Test skin sensation for “pin-prick”.
8. Wash the area with soap and water then dry and then soak the area
with warm saline for five minutes.
9. Place the indifferent electrode to appropriate area and secure with
bandage.
30
31. TREATMENT.
1. Before switching on the mains and selector switch,
check to see that the intensity control is at zero.
2. Select the desired duration of impulse.
3. Set the repetition rate – frequency and rest periods.
4. Turn the main switch and selector switch on.
5. Place the probe near the motor point of the muscle.
6. Give a total of 90 to 120 contractions (twitches)
7. When all required muscles have been treated,
switch the apparatus and mains off. Remove the
indifferent electrode.
8. Clean the area and note skin reaction, if any.
31