This document discusses various topics related to the structure and function of the vertebral column and associated muscles. It describes the intervertebral discs, ribs, muscles of the back like the erector spinae, and cervical spine joints. It also lists common injuries such as strains, sprains, tendinitis, and herniated discs. Conditions affecting the spine like scoliosis, kyphosis, lordosis, and spinal stenosis are defined.

1. +
ESS 3092: KINESIOLOGY
Week 7

2. +
Intervertebral Disc
Bears & distributes load
Mobility
Nucleus pulposus
 80-90% water
 15-25 mm/day

3. +
How many true ribs?
How many false ribs?
How many floating ribs?
4

4. Thoracic Cavity
RIBS
 true (7)
 false (3)
 floating (2)
 costal cartilage
STERNUM
 manubrium
 clavicular notch
 body
 costal facets
 xiphoid process

5. +
What are the 3 major muscles
of the Erector Spinae?
6

6. Erector Spinae
(sacrospinalis) Origin
 Sacrum, spinous processes of
lower two thoracic & all
lumbar
 Insertion
 Transverse and spinous
processes as well as ribs and
skull
 Location: Posterior
 Movements (spine)
 Extension (C & L)
 Ipsilateral flexion
 (C & L)
Iliocostalis Longissimus Spinalis

7. +
Cervical Joints
8

8. +
Vertebral Column
Cervical Joints
Atlanto-occipital
 Occipital condyles, 1st vertebrae
 Flexion, extension (sag)
Atlanto-axial
 Atlas (C1), axis (C2)
 Rotation
 Pivot-joint
 Most mobile
Odontoid
Process

9. +
TPS:
4x6 card- List the stabilizers of the trunk
Anterior
Posterior
Lateral
10

10. TrapeziusOrigin
 spinous process (T), skull
Insertion
 lateral clavicle, acromion
process, scapular spine
Location
 posterior
Movements
 elevation (upper & middle),
 depression (lower)
 retraction (adduction)
 upward rotation (middle &
lower)
p. 66

11. Rhomboid Major & Minor
Origin
 spinous process (C7, T1-5)
Insertion
 medial border of scapula
Location
 posterior/medial
Movements
 downward rotation
 elevation
 retraction
p. 69

12. Levator Scapulae
Origin
 transverse processes (C)
Insertion
 medial border of scapula
Location
 posterior
Movements
 elevation (primary)
 retraction, downward rotation
(assists)
p. 68

13. VERTEBRAL COLUMN

14. +
Quadratus Lumborum
 Origin
 Iliac crest
 Insertion
 12th rib and transverse
process of the lumbar
vertebrae
 Actions
 Lateral flexion
 Lumbar extension
15

15. +
Multifidus
 Origin
 Posterior sacrum
 Superior iliac spine
 Insertion
 Spinous process of the vertebrae,
excluding C1
 Actions
 Lateral flexion
 Trunk extension
16

16. + Cervical Muscles
Capitis
 originate C vertebrae
 insert occipital bone
Anterior- flexors
 lateral flexion
Posterior – extensors
 rotation
 lateral flexion

17. SternocleidomastoidOrigin
 Sternal manubrium,
medial clavicle
Insertion
 Mastoid process of
temporal bone
Location: Lateral
Movements
 Flexion
 Lateral flexion
 Rotation

18. Splenius Capitis
Origin (inferior)
 Spinous process of C7-T4
Insertion
 Mastoid process & occipital bone
Location: Posterior
Movements
 Cervical Spine: Extension
 Ipsilateral rotation, ipsilateral flexion
CA

19. Splenius Cervicis
 Origin (inferior)
 Spinous processes of T3-6
 Insertion
 Transverse process of C1-3
 Movements
 Cervical Spine: Extension
 Ipsilateral rotation,
ipsilateral flexion
20

20. Semispinalis
Origin
 Transverse processes of
C4-T7
Insertion
 Occipital bone
Location: Posterior
Movements
 Cervical Spine: Extension
Contralateral rotation

21. Rectus Abdominis
Origin
 Pubic crest
Insertion
 Cartilage of ribs 5-7,
xiphoid process
Location: anterior
Movements
 Trunk flexion

22. Rectus Abdominis
Controls
 Post pelvic tilt & curvature LS
 Flattens lower back
 What effect does this have on
erector spinae & hip flexors?
 more effective
Definition
 3 depressions
 area of tendinous connective tissue

23. External Oblique
Origin
 Lateral side of ribs 5-12
Insertion
 Anterior iliac crest, pubic crest
Location:
 Lateral/Anterior
Movements
 Flexion (together)
 Ipsilateral flexion
 Contralateral rotation
(independently)

24. Internal Oblique
Origin
 Anterior iliac crest
Insertion
 Cartilage of ribs 8-10
Location:
anterior/medial
Movements (LS)
 Flexion
 Ipsilateral flexion
Fiber direction

25. Movement Analysis:
Boxing
Plane
Axis
Action
Agonist
Antagonist
26
PHASE
1
2

26. + KINESIOLOGICAL ANALYSIS SUMMARY SHEET
ACTIVITY: Boxing
27
JOINT
ANATOMICAL
ACTION
PLANE OF
MOTION
AXIS OF
MOTION
AGONIST
MUSCLE(S)
ANTAGONIST
MUSCLE(S)
Wrist
Shoulder
Elbow
Neck
Spine

27. +
Common Injuries
28

28. +
Common Injuries- Sprain
Stretch and/or tear of a ligament, the fibrous band
of connective tissue that joins the end of one bone
with another
Direct or indirect trauma knocks a joint out of
position, and overstretches, and, in severe cases,
ruptures the supporting ligaments
 Landing on an outstretched arm; slides into a base; jumps
up and lands on the side of the foot; or runs on an uneven
surface
29

29. +
Strain
A strain is an injury of a muscle and/or tendon
Chronic strains are the result of overuse
(prolonged, repetitive movement) of muscles and
tendons
 Inadequate rest breaks during intensive training
 Acute strains are caused by a direct blow to the body
 Overstretching
 Excessive muscle contraction
30

30. +
Tendinitis
 Inflammation, irritation, and swelling of a tendon
 Can occur as a result of injury, overuse, or with aging as the
tendon loses elasticity
 Commonly affected sites include:
 Elbow
 Heel
 Shoulder
 Wrist
31

31. +
Bursitis
What is a bursa?
“Flattened connective tissue sac that is lined by a
synovial membrane”
Fluid filled sac
What causes bursitis?
Injury
Chronic pressure
Infection
32

32. +
Bursitis Cont.
 X-ray testing can sometimes detect calcifications in the
bursa when bursitis has been chronic or recurrent.
 MRI scanning (magnetic resonance imaging) can also
detect bursitis
33

33. +
Herniated Disc
34

34. +
Herniated Disc
 When these cartilaginous discs
are damaged from an injury,
normal wear and tear, or
disease, they may bulge
abnormally or break open
 If the herniated disc presses on
a nerve root, it may cause pain,
numbness, or tingling
35

35. +
Osteoporosis/Osteopenia
 Bone is living tissue, which is constantly being absorbed and replaced
 Osteoporosis occurs when the creation of new bone doesn't keep up
with the removal of old bone (osteoblast/osteoclasts)
 Approximately 10 million Americans have osteoporosis
 Estimates suggest that about half of all women older than 50, and up to one
in four men, will break a bone because of osteoporosis
36

36. +
Osteoporosis/Osteopenia
 Women are far more likely to develop osteopenia and osteoporosis
than men
 RISK factors
 Eating disorders or metabolism problems
 Chemotherapy, or medicines such as steroids
 Exposure to radiation
 Genetics
 Low body mass
 White or Asian
 Limited physical activity
 Smoking
 Regularly drinking soda
 Drinking excessive amounts of alcohol
37

37. +Scoliosis
Lateral deviation of the spine
Primary cause: Weak musculature on the convex
side
Curvature plus vertebral rotation

38. +Kyphosis
Excessive curvature of the thoracic region
Primary cause: Compression/collapse or lack of vertebral
bodies

39. +Lordosis (Lumbar/Cervical)
Lumbar curvature
Counteracts the anterior gravitational shift of
kyphosis or seen with pregnancy

40. +Rotator Cuff Tear
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sVHe
rudtPxEhttp://www.youtube.com/watch
?v=sVHerudtPxE
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sVHerudtPxE
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sVHerudtPxE

41. +
Conditions associated with the spine
Spinal Stenosis
Causes: Abuse, age, natural progression
Spurs, connective tissue changes,
herniation, disease,
inflammation
Symptoms:
Treatment:

42. +
DJD/DDD

43. +
Herniation/Rupture
Intervertebral discs: Structural anatomy
Function:
Nutrient supply:
As we age:
Protrusion of the intervertebral disc
Anteriorolateral/posterolateral
Symptoms:
Treatment: