The document discusses the procedure for chain surveying. Chain surveying involves dividing the survey area into a network of triangles. Survey stations are established at important points and include main stations and subsidiary stations. Survey lines connect the stations and the longest line is called the base line. Offsets are lateral measurements taken from survey lines to locate details on the ground. Key operations in chain surveying are marking stations, ranging, measuring lines, and taking offset measurements.
Metric Chain : It Consists of galvanized mild steel wire of 4mm diameter known as link.
It is available in 20m, 30m, 50m length which consists of 100 links.
Gunter’s Chain : A 66 feet long chain consists of 100 links, each of 0.66 feet, it is known as Gunter’s chain.
This chain is suitable for taking length in miles.
Engineer’s Chain : A 100 feet long chain consisting of 100 links each of 1 feet is known as engineer’s chain.
This chain is used to measure length in feet and area in sq.yard.
Revenue Chain : it is 33 feet long chain consisting of 16 links.
This chain is used for distance measurements in feet & inches for smaller areas.
Chain survey is the simplest method of surveying. ... The necessary requirements for field work are chain, tape, ranging rod, arrows and sometime cross staff. It is a system of surveying in which sides of various triangles are measured directly in the field and NO angular measurements are taken.
Metric Chain : It Consists of galvanized mild steel wire of 4mm diameter known as link.
It is available in 20m, 30m, 50m length which consists of 100 links.
Gunter’s Chain : A 66 feet long chain consists of 100 links, each of 0.66 feet, it is known as Gunter’s chain.
This chain is suitable for taking length in miles.
Engineer’s Chain : A 100 feet long chain consisting of 100 links each of 1 feet is known as engineer’s chain.
This chain is used to measure length in feet and area in sq.yard.
Revenue Chain : it is 33 feet long chain consisting of 16 links.
This chain is used for distance measurements in feet & inches for smaller areas.
Chain survey is the simplest method of surveying. ... The necessary requirements for field work are chain, tape, ranging rod, arrows and sometime cross staff. It is a system of surveying in which sides of various triangles are measured directly in the field and NO angular measurements are taken.
This ppt presentation covers compass surveying, which explains principal of compass surveying, Types of compass, Difference between compass, Bearing, Definitions related to compass surveying etc.
Surveying Complete Notes of Unit 1.pptxDenish Jangid
Surveying Subject Weightage for GATE & ESE.
Objective of Surveying
Scope of Surveying
Uses Of Surveying
LINEAR AND ANGULAR MEASUREMENTS in Surveying
Basic Definitions in Surveying
Divisions Of Surveying
Plumb Line
Plain & Geodetic Surveying
Fundamental Principles of Surveying
Plan, Maps & Scale & Their Types
RF
Classification of Surveying
Chain surveying
Methods of Linear measurements
Accessories used in Chain Surveying
Ranging Rod/Pole or Picket
Chaining
Types of Chains
types of tapes
Tape Correction
Ranging of Survey line
The process of ranging Direct Ranging & Indirect Ranging
Ranging by Line Ranger
Instrument used for measurement of Direction and Angle
Whole circle bearing (WCB)
Reduced Bearing (RB) Quadrant Bearing (QB)
Types of Meridian
Types of Bearing
Fore bearing and Back bearing
Compass Surveying
Traversing
Types of traverse surveying
Principle of Compass Surveying
Methods of Traversing
Traversing by Included Angle
Types of Compass
1.PrismaticCompass
2.Surveyor’sCompass
Temporary Adjustments for Prismatic Compass
Theodolite
Uses of Theodolite
Classification of Theodolite
Temporary adjustment of theodolite
MEASUREMENT OF HORIZONTAL ANGLES:-
a)Ordinary Method.
b)Repetition Method.
c)Reiteration Method.
This ppt presentation covers compass surveying, which explains principal of compass surveying, Types of compass, Difference between compass, Bearing, Definitions related to compass surveying etc.
Surveying Complete Notes of Unit 1.pptxDenish Jangid
Surveying Subject Weightage for GATE & ESE.
Objective of Surveying
Scope of Surveying
Uses Of Surveying
LINEAR AND ANGULAR MEASUREMENTS in Surveying
Basic Definitions in Surveying
Divisions Of Surveying
Plumb Line
Plain & Geodetic Surveying
Fundamental Principles of Surveying
Plan, Maps & Scale & Their Types
RF
Classification of Surveying
Chain surveying
Methods of Linear measurements
Accessories used in Chain Surveying
Ranging Rod/Pole or Picket
Chaining
Types of Chains
types of tapes
Tape Correction
Ranging of Survey line
The process of ranging Direct Ranging & Indirect Ranging
Ranging by Line Ranger
Instrument used for measurement of Direction and Angle
Whole circle bearing (WCB)
Reduced Bearing (RB) Quadrant Bearing (QB)
Types of Meridian
Types of Bearing
Fore bearing and Back bearing
Compass Surveying
Traversing
Types of traverse surveying
Principle of Compass Surveying
Methods of Traversing
Traversing by Included Angle
Types of Compass
1.PrismaticCompass
2.Surveyor’sCompass
Temporary Adjustments for Prismatic Compass
Theodolite
Uses of Theodolite
Classification of Theodolite
Temporary adjustment of theodolite
MEASUREMENT OF HORIZONTAL ANGLES:-
a)Ordinary Method.
b)Repetition Method.
c)Reiteration Method.
Plane Table Surveying is a graphical method of survey in which the field observations and plotting are done simultaneously.
It is simple and cheaper than theodolite survey. It is most suitable for small scale maps.
The plan is drawn by the surveyor in the field, while the area to be surveyed is before his eyes. Therefore, there is no possibility of omitting the necessary measurements.
La desviación permitida de los pilotes de la verticalidad se menciona en prácticamente todas las especificaciones de pilotes,
con valores típicos que van del 1,33 al 2 por ciento. Del mismo modo, las especificaciones también limitan la tolerancia de rastrillado
pilas de su inclinación especificada. Si bien esta restricción parece fundamental para los muros de contención apilados, la
El razonamiento detrás de esta restricción para los cimientos piloteados no se comprende bien. Simulación de elementos finitos
realizado ha demostrado que superar los límites anteriores puede introducir grandes momentos flectores y fuerzas cortantes
en pilotes diseñados estrictamente para cargas axiales e incluso pueden provocar fallas estructurales.
In this lecture we will cover
Applications of levelling
Equipment and procedures
Purposes of levelling
Some definitions
Applications
Longitudinal sections and cross sections
Plotting the profile
Procedure of profile
Procedure of cross-section:
Plotting the cross-section:
Prepared by:
Asst. Prof. Salar K.Hussein
Mr. Kamal Y.Abdullah
Asst.Lecturer. Dilveen H. Omar
Erbil Polytechnic University
Technical Engineering College
Civil Engineering Department
CFD Simulation of By-pass Flow in a HRSG module by R&R Consult.pptxR&R Consult
CFD analysis is incredibly effective at solving mysteries and improving the performance of complex systems!
Here's a great example: At a large natural gas-fired power plant, where they use waste heat to generate steam and energy, they were puzzled that their boiler wasn't producing as much steam as expected.
R&R and Tetra Engineering Group Inc. were asked to solve the issue with reduced steam production.
An inspection had shown that a significant amount of hot flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes, where the heat was supposed to be transferred.
R&R Consult conducted a CFD analysis, which revealed that 6.3% of the flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes without transferring heat. The analysis also showed that the flue gas was instead being directed along the sides of the boiler and between the modules that were supposed to capture the heat. This was the cause of the reduced performance.
Based on our results, Tetra Engineering installed covering plates to reduce the bypass flow. This improved the boiler's performance and increased electricity production.
It is always satisfying when we can help solve complex challenges like this. Do your systems also need a check-up or optimization? Give us a call!
Work done in cooperation with James Malloy and David Moelling from Tetra Engineering.
More examples of our work https://www.r-r-consult.dk/en/cases-en/
Industrial Training at Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL)MdTanvirMahtab2
This presentation is about the working procedure of Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL). A Govt. owned Company of Bangladesh Chemical Industries Corporation under Ministry of Industries.
Automobile Management System Project Report.pdfKamal Acharya
The proposed project is developed to manage the automobile in the automobile dealer company. The main module in this project is login, automobile management, customer management, sales, complaints and reports. The first module is the login. The automobile showroom owner should login to the project for usage. The username and password are verified and if it is correct, next form opens. If the username and password are not correct, it shows the error message.
When a customer search for a automobile, if the automobile is available, they will be taken to a page that shows the details of the automobile including automobile name, automobile ID, quantity, price etc. “Automobile Management System” is useful for maintaining automobiles, customers effectively and hence helps for establishing good relation between customer and automobile organization. It contains various customized modules for effectively maintaining automobiles and stock information accurately and safely.
When the automobile is sold to the customer, stock will be reduced automatically. When a new purchase is made, stock will be increased automatically. While selecting automobiles for sale, the proposed software will automatically check for total number of available stock of that particular item, if the total stock of that particular item is less than 5, software will notify the user to purchase the particular item.
Also when the user tries to sale items which are not in stock, the system will prompt the user that the stock is not enough. Customers of this system can search for a automobile; can purchase a automobile easily by selecting fast. On the other hand the stock of automobiles can be maintained perfectly by the automobile shop manager overcoming the drawbacks of existing system.
Sachpazis:Terzaghi Bearing Capacity Estimation in simple terms with Calculati...Dr.Costas Sachpazis
Terzaghi's soil bearing capacity theory, developed by Karl Terzaghi, is a fundamental principle in geotechnical engineering used to determine the bearing capacity of shallow foundations. This theory provides a method to calculate the ultimate bearing capacity of soil, which is the maximum load per unit area that the soil can support without undergoing shear failure. The Calculation HTML Code included.
Overview of the fundamental roles in Hydropower generation and the components involved in wider Electrical Engineering.
This paper presents the design and construction of hydroelectric dams from the hydrologist’s survey of the valley before construction, all aspects and involved disciplines, fluid dynamics, structural engineering, generation and mains frequency regulation to the very transmission of power through the network in the United Kingdom.
Author: Robbie Edward Sayers
Collaborators and co editors: Charlie Sims and Connor Healey.
(C) 2024 Robbie E. Sayers
Explore the innovative world of trenchless pipe repair with our comprehensive guide, "The Benefits and Techniques of Trenchless Pipe Repair." This document delves into the modern methods of repairing underground pipes without the need for extensive excavation, highlighting the numerous advantages and the latest techniques used in the industry.
Learn about the cost savings, reduced environmental impact, and minimal disruption associated with trenchless technology. Discover detailed explanations of popular techniques such as pipe bursting, cured-in-place pipe (CIPP) lining, and directional drilling. Understand how these methods can be applied to various types of infrastructure, from residential plumbing to large-scale municipal systems.
Ideal for homeowners, contractors, engineers, and anyone interested in modern plumbing solutions, this guide provides valuable insights into why trenchless pipe repair is becoming the preferred choice for pipe rehabilitation. Stay informed about the latest advancements and best practices in the field.
TECHNICAL TRAINING MANUAL GENERAL FAMILIARIZATION COURSEDuvanRamosGarzon1
AIRCRAFT GENERAL
The Single Aisle is the most advanced family aircraft in service today, with fly-by-wire flight controls.
The A318, A319, A320 and A321 are twin-engine subsonic medium range aircraft.
The family offers a choice of engines
Hybrid optimization of pumped hydro system and solar- Engr. Abdul-Azeez.pdffxintegritypublishin
Advancements in technology unveil a myriad of electrical and electronic breakthroughs geared towards efficiently harnessing limited resources to meet human energy demands. The optimization of hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems plays a pivotal role in utilizing natural resources effectively. This initiative not only benefits humanity but also fosters environmental sustainability. The study investigated the design optimization of these hybrid systems, focusing on understanding solar radiation patterns, identifying geographical influences on solar radiation, formulating a mathematical model for system optimization, and determining the optimal configuration of PV panels and pumped hydro storage. Through a comparative analysis approach and eight weeks of data collection, the study addressed key research questions related to solar radiation patterns and optimal system design. The findings highlighted regions with heightened solar radiation levels, showcasing substantial potential for power generation and emphasizing the system's efficiency. Optimizing system design significantly boosted power generation, promoted renewable energy utilization, and enhanced energy storage capacity. The study underscored the benefits of optimizing hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems for sustainable energy usage. Optimizing the design of solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems as examined across diverse climatic conditions in a developing country, not only enhances power generation but also improves the integration of renewable energy sources and boosts energy storage capacities, particularly beneficial for less economically prosperous regions. Additionally, the study provides valuable insights for advancing energy research in economically viable areas. Recommendations included conducting site-specific assessments, utilizing advanced modeling tools, implementing regular maintenance protocols, and enhancing communication among system components.
2. Procedure of Chain Surveying
In Chain Surveying, the whole area to be surveyed is divided
into framework of triangles of suitable sizes. Network of
triangles is selected as these are simple geometrical figures
which can be easily plotted with the measurements of its sides
only. It is advisable to use well-conditioned triangles whose
sides are as nearly equal as possible with angles between 30° to
120°. The chain survey is preferred when the ground is nearly
flat and open and also when the area to be surveyed is smaller.
2Engr.Shams Ul Islam (shams@cecos.edu.pk)
3. Technical Terms Used in chain Surveying
Survey Stations
These are important point fixed on ground indicating the starting
point and the end point of the survey line. These are also the basic
control points of the survey. There can be two types of survey
stations.
Main Station
Main stations are control points at the ends of the chain lines
commanding the boundaries of survey.
3Engr.Shams Ul Islam (shams@cecos.edu.pk)
4. Continue..
Subsidiary or Tie Station
These are stations selected on the main survey lines for running
auxiliary lines drawn to locate, measure and plot interior details.
The survey stations are suitably selected with care so that at
least main survey stations are mutually visible and survey
lines run through as flat ground as possible and are as close
to the boundaries as possible.
4Engr.Shams Ul Islam (shams@cecos.edu.pk)
6. Survey Lines
The lines joining survey stations are the survey lines. The survey
lines between main stations are thus called main survey lines or
chain lines. The longest of the main survey line is normally called
Base Line (Line BE in Figure 1) running primarily through the
middle of the area to be surveyed.
The framework of triangles shall have one or two base lines since
the entire survey is built around base line. It shall be measured
with higher care and accuracy. The survey line joining the
subsidiary or tie stations on main line is termed Tie Line
6Engr.Shams Ul Islam (shams@cecos.edu.pk)
7. Offsets
The details on ground such as fences, buildings and towers, etc. are
to be located with reference to main chain lines by means of lateral
measurements. These lateral measurements with reference to the
chain line are referred to as offsets.
Type of Offsets
• Perpendicular offset/right angle offset
• Oblique offset
7Engr.Shams Ul Islam (shams@cecos.edu.pk)
9. Operations Involved in Chain Surveying
Various operations involved in the process of chain surveying
are as follows:
(a) Marking the stations
(b) Ranging
(c) Measurement of survey lines
(d) Offset measurements.
9Engr.Shams Ul Islam (shams@cecos.edu.pk)
10. Marking the Stations
The first step in chain survey is to decide and locate stations so that
they are distinctly visible and are quasi-permanently fixed during the
surveying process. The position of stations are located on map such
that the base survey line and other main survey lines are so aligned
that the positions of all salient ground features, either natural or
manmade, can be located and measured. The position of stations is
fixed with reference to some permanent ground features so that they
can be unambiguously and accurately located on ground at any time in
future also, if the station pegs are removed/misplaced.
10Engr.Shams Ul Islam (shams@cecos.edu.pk)
12. Continue…
It can be noted that the distance of station A must be measured from at least
three permanent ground features, e.g. large tree, electric pole, building or
culvert etc. existing in the vicinity of the station. The location sketch of the
station as given in Figure (previous slide) is very helpful in retracing the
station position in future.
The survey stations are marked temporarily on ground by fixing the ranging
rod at their location. A wooden peg is driven in the ground such that it is
projecting at least 40 mm above the ground to provide some permanency. A
cross can be painted or etched on ground if some hard surface like road,
pavement or rock is encountered at station location. For permanent marking, a
stone or concrete block can be embedded in ground.
12Engr.Shams Ul Islam (shams@cecos.edu.pk)
13. Offset Measurements
The chain survey is started with measurements along base line and
extended along all the frameworks of survey lines. The laying of
chain line and making measurement of distances along the survey
line were described in earlier section. The next important part of
distance measurement is locating the important details of features in
the vicinity of survey lines by means of offsets. Offsets up to or less
than 15 m from the survey lines are generally termed short offsets
while those larger than 15 m are called long offsets.
13Engr.Shams Ul Islam (shams@cecos.edu.pk)
14. Continue….
In normal course of chain surveying, perpendicular offsets are
measured. Oblique offsets are recorded only in exceptional cases
when it is difficult to obtain normal offsets or else these are
absolutely essential. Perpendicular offsets can be set either (a)
manually by 3-4-5 method or (b) with the help of offset
instruments like cross staff or optical square.
14Engr.Shams Ul Islam (shams@cecos.edu.pk)