Central Place Theory proposes that settlements form a hierarchy based on the goods and services they provide. Larger settlements can support more specialized, high-order functions and have a greater sphere of influence than smaller settlements. Christaller developed a central place model where the ideal shape for a settlement's sphere of influence is a hexagon to ensure all areas are served without gaps or overlaps. His K=3 and K=4 models show how consumers are distributed between central places based on thresholds and ranges. However, Christaller's model has limitations as it relies on assumptions rarely seen in reality, such as uniformly distributed populations and flat, isotropic landscapes.

1. Central Place Theory
This is theory concerned with the
functional importance of places

2. Central Place
• -is a settlement that provides goods &
services. It can be small (a village) or
large (primate city)
 all settlements form a link in a
hierarchy London 7m
Cambridge
108,000
Norwich 122,000
Peterborough
156,000

3. Why are there very few
large settlements?

4. Settlement hierarchy
• Why are there very few large settlements?
• Large settlements need a very large population
(threshold) to support all of their functions
(services)
• Large settlements provide very high order
functions (Great Ormond St, Houses of
Parliament). Because these functions are so
highly specialised there is not enough
demand to support more than a few of them

5. Sphere of influence
• Is the area around each settlement that
comes under it’s economic, social &
political control.
Reading
Luton
London 7m
Cambridge

6. Sphere of influence
• The extent of the sphere of influence will
depend upon the spacing size & functions
of the surrounding central places
Luton
Reading
London
Cambridge Norwich

7. Central place functions
• These are the goods & services it provides
for local customers & for clients drawn
from it’s wider sphere of influence
Luton
Reading London
Cambridge
Function= a service
Population size does not necessarily determine the importance
of the central place

8. Range & Threshold
• The range of a good or services is the maximum
distance that people are prepared to travel in order to
obtain it. (short distances for a low order item e.g.
newspaper)
• The threshold of a good or services is the minimum
number of people required to support it i.e. 2500- doctors
surgery
• 500-primary school/ 25,000-shoe shop 60,000 for a large
supermarket/
• 100,000- large department store/ 1million University
• The more specialised the service the greater the
number of people needed to make it profitable.
Range (km)
Threshold =

9. Range & Threshold
• Low order items (basic items)= newspaper
• High order items (specialised items)= furniture
• Low order functions (basic services)= corner
shop/ Primary school
• High order functions (specialised services)=
university/ hospital
• Settlements providing low order services = low
order settlements (rural)
• Settlements providing high order services= high
order settlements (urban)

10. Changes in population size & number of
functions
• Settlement sizes
change over time (via
births, deaths,
migration)
• Settlement functions
(services) change
over time
• Over the past 50yrs in
the UK= decrease in
the no’ of services
available in small
settlements and an
increase in the no’ of
services provided by
larger settlements
Settlement size- increases
Numberoffunctions
1940
1998

11. Factors that affect a settlements
number of functions
• Settlement depopulation or increased population
• Greater wealth & mobility means some rural
populations no longer visit their own local
services but go further afield seeking services
from higher order settlements
• Domestic changes (deep freezers) means rural
household, no longer make use of daily low
order services (village shop)
Population size does not necessarily determine the
importance of the central place but there is a strong
correlation

12. The rules of functional hierarchies
• 1. The larger the settlements are in size, the
fewer in number they will be
• 2. The larger the settlements grow in size the
greater the distance between them
• 3. As a settlement increases in size the range
and number of it’s functions will increase
• 4. As a settlement increases in size, the number
of higher-order services will also increase (the
services become more specialised)
(service)

13. Walter Christaller’s model of central
places
• The theory states that threshold and range act as laws
that govern the number, size and distribution of
settlements
• When these 2 factors act together they create a
hierarchical landscape
• Christaller noticed in the flat land of South Germany that
towns of a certain size were roughly equidistant
(uniformly spread)
• He stated that the ideal shape for each towns sphere of
influence should be a hexagon because circles either
leave gaps (which are unserved by any central place) or
they overlap (meaning one area is served by too many
central places)

14. Christaller's central place theory
• Christaller stated that the best shape for a sphere of influence is a hexagon.
This shape means that consumers still have accessibility to the highest
order central place and its trading area from all parts of the hexagon.
• Christaller's key idea was that customers would go to the nearest higher
order central place to buy goods and services
• High order central places act like a magnet for consumers.
• He called this phenomenon K=3 (or the marketing principle)
• In order to make his theory work Christaller had to make a few assumptions
• He assumed that each trading area had an isotropic surface (that the
whole area was the same all over) i.e.
  the whole area was flat
  there was only 1 form of transport (and transport costs were
proportional to distance)
  the population was distributed evenly across the plain

15. Source: http://www.uwec.edu/bfoust/155/G155_RS3/sld002.htm
What's wrong with circles?
What’s wrong with circles

16. The areas within the
black dots shows the
sphere of influence
(trading area) of the
largest settlements
Like London

17. Example -the highlighted lower order settlement
(village X) will have 1/3 of is consumers go to
the city (settlement A) and 1/3 will go to town Y
and 1/3 will go to town Z (middle order
settlements)
All the other lower order settlements (red dots)
will follow the same pattern.
Settlement X
The high order (3rd
order) settlement (A) in
the middle is
surrounded by medium
order settlements
(black dots) and lower
order settlements
(small red dots). These
consumers are
attracted in equal
amounts to whichever
large central place is
nearby.
K=3 The marketing principle
Y
Z
Why is K=3 called K=3?
Hint look at the numbers of consumers
who visit the highest order settlement

18. K4= The Traffic Principle
In the K=4 model
the lower order
settlements (red
dots) only have a
choice of 2 higher
order settlements
to visit, in order to
buy goods and
services.
-Half of them go to
settlement A and
the other half go to
a medium order
settlement (black
dot)
How did K=4 get its name?
Why is K=4 called the Traffic
Principle (model)

19. How the K=4 Traffic principle got it’s name
The K=4 model is
called the traffic
principle because the
model shows how
consumers are
influenced in where
they go to shop for
goods and services by
transport routes
The Crossways
train-line
In this example the low
order settlements (red dots)
are located along a
transport route. This means
that these low order villages
can only visit other
settlements that are also on
their transport route. So
they are limited to visiting
the settlement behind them
on the transport route or the
settlement in front of them.

20. Why is K7 called K7?
U
V
X
Y
W
Z
A high order
central place is
shown.
-All the low order
settlements lie
within the
hexagonal trade
area (U,V,W,X,Y)
This model shows a hierarchy of
control -Lower level settlements are
arranged within the sphere of
influence of the highest order
settlement. This is done so that the
lower order settlements can be
completely controlled by higher levels.
K=7 The Administrative
Principle

21. The uses of Christaller’s central
place model
• The model is often used by governments
to plan the location of new towns (i.e.
Milton Keynes) and high order services i.e.
hospitals
• It is used by transport authorities to plan
transport routes( so that all areas have
equal access i.e. K4 model)
• Businesses can use the model to decide
where to locate a new shop

22. Limitations of Christaller's model
• Few real-life regions fit Christaller's model (except the flat lands of
the Dutch Polders and East Anglia in the UK)
• The problem lies in the basic assumptions of the model:
• People do not always go to the nearest central place (they may
chose a new edge of city superstore further away) So the K3 theory
wouldn’t work.
• Large areas of flat land rarely exist. Mountains & hills etc distort
transport routes (so the K4 theory wouldn’t work)
• People and wealth are not evenly distributed (if poorer people live in
a certain area & their nearest high order settlement is expensive
then they won’t visit it)
• Governments often control where new towns are located, not market
forces (i.e. not necessarily where the demand for goods and
services is highest)
Hill
Train-line